17.5 Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression
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Vapor Pressure: Molecular Size The measurement of pressure exerted by a vapor is demonstrated using barometers. Vapor pressure varies with the strength of the intermolecular forces in the liquid.
Gases |
Liquids |
Noncovalent Interactions |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Physical Properties
Vapor Pressure of a Mixture: Raoult's Law The measurement of pressure exerted by a vapor is demonstrated using barometers. Vapor pressure varies with the strength of the intermolecular forces in the liquid.
In this section we will look at vapor pressure of mixtures. We can calculate the vapor pressure of a mixture using Raoult's law.
Gases |
Liquids |
Noncovalent Interactions |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Physical Properties
Vapor Pressure: Drinking Bird A novelty store "Drinking Bird" repeatedly dips is beak into a beaker of water and then bobs back to an upright position. Visible movement of a liquid in the bird's body accompanies the bobbing; the movement is caused by changing vapor pressure of the liquid due to different temperatures at the bird's head and the bird's body.
Solutions : FreezePtDepression (20 Variations) It takes 6.86 kg of ethylene glycol (antifreeze) to decrease the freezing point of 6.50 kg of water to -25.0oF (-31.7oC). How much sodium chloride (NaCl) would it take to decrease the freezing point of 6.50 kg of water to -25.0oF? (Assuming all the salt will dissolve in that amount of water.)
Using Graphs of Gibbs Energy versus Temperature in General Chemistry Discussions of Phase Changes and Colligative PropertiesRobert M. Hanson, Patrick Riley, Jeff Schwinefus, and Paul J. Fischer The use of qualitative graphs of Gibbs energy versus temperature is described in the context of chemical demonstrations involving phase changes and colligative properties at the general chemistry level. Hanson, Robert M.; Riley, Patrick; Schwinefus, Jeff; Fischer, Paul J. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 1142.
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Physical Properties |
Thermodynamics
Freezing Point of Milk: A Natural Way To Understand Colligative PropertiesMercedes Novo, Belén Reija, and Wajih Al-Soufi Presents a laboratory experiment that illustrates the use of freezing point measurements to control milk quality and determine molecular weight. Novo, Mercedes; Reija, Belén; Al-Soufi, Wajih. J. Chem. Educ.2007, 84, 1673.
Boiling PointEd Vitz, John W. Moore A section of ChemPrime, the Chemical Educations Digital Library's free General Chemistry textbook.
Physical Properties |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
Critical Temperature and PressureEd Vitz, John W. Moore A section of ChemPrime, the Chemical Educations Digital Library's free General Chemistry textbook.
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Physical Properties
States of MatterAmerican Chemical Society ACS Science for Kids activities explore phase changes of matter and their properties.
