14.1 Hybridization and the Localized Electron Model
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Gases : IDGasFromVelocity (8 Variations)
The following are graphs of molecular velocities versus the relative number of molecules for argon, chlorine, methane and xenon at 300K. Which graph is for argon?
The Genius of Slater's RulesJames L. Reed With only a few modifications a procedure has been developed that yields the one-electron energies for atoms and ions with a level of detail very well suited for instruction in the structure and properties of atoms. It provides for the computation of very reasonable values for such properties as ionization energies, electron affinities, promotion energies, electronic transitions, and even XPS and ESCA spectra. Reed, James L. J. Chem. Educ.1999, 76, 802.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry |
Theoretical Chemistry |
Spectroscopy
Orbital Models Made of Plastic Soda BottlesVyacheslav V. Samoshin The models for demonstration of shape and direction of atomic and molecular orbitals, their overlaps, interactions, and hybridizations may be easily constructed from plastic soda bottles. When the bottles are screwed into the lids, the models of sp3, sp2, or sp hybridized atoms are obtained. Samoshin, Vyacheslav V. J. Chem. Educ.1998, 75, 985.
Hybrid OrbitalsEd Vitz, John W. Moore A section of ChemPrime, the Chemical Educations Digital Library's free General Chemistry textbook.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
MO Theory
Inorganic Molecules; A Visual DatabaseCharles E. Ophardt, Evan M. Davis, Dustin Underwood Inorganic Molecules: A Visual Data Base contains text and graphics describing 66 molecules and ions commonly used as examples in general chemistry courses. For each molecule, fifteen molecular properties are presented visually by eight or nine different molecular models created by the CAChe Scientific Molecular Modeling program.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
MO Theory |
Molecular Properties / Structure
Interactive Molecular OrbitalsWilliam F. Coleman The majority of Introductory Chemistry texts provide students with an adequate introduction to the visual aspects of the molecular orbital model for homonuclear diatomic molecules. The treatment of heteronuclear diatomic and polyatomic molecules is less uniform. Heteronuclear diatomics, when mentioned, are invariably treated as being derived from homonuclear diatomics. While the atomic orbital energy level differences in heteronuclear diatomics is sometimes pictured, the consequences of those differences for the resultant molecular orbitals are rarely discussed. The discussion of polyatomic molecular orbitals in these texts is limited to showing that parallel p-orbitals produce delocalized pi molecular orbitals. The molecules typically mentioned in this context are benzene, nitrate ion and carbonate ion. However, It is rarely pointed out that the six p-orbitals in benzene would form 6 pi molecular orbitals, and that only one of these orbitals would look like the picture in the text.These interactive modules are designed to clarify this subject.
