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A New "Bottom-Up" Framework for Teaching Chemical BondingTami Levy Nahum, Rachel Mamlok-Naaman, Avi Hofstein, and Leeor Kronik This article presents a general framework for bonding that can be presented at different levels of sophistication depending on the student's level and needs. The pedagogical strategy for teaching this model is a "bottom-up" one, starting with basic principles and ending with specific properties. Levy Nahum, Tami; Mamlok-Naaman, Rachel; Hofstein, Avi; Kronik, Leeor. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 1680.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding |
Ionic Bonding |
Lewis Structures |
Materials Science |
MO Theory |
Noncovalent Interactions
Lewis Structure Representation of Free Radicals Similar to ClOWarren Hirsch and Mark Kobrak An unconventional Lewis structure is proposed to explain the properties of the free radical ClO and a series of its isoelectronic analogues, particularly trends in the spin density of these species. Hirsch, Warren; Kobrak, Mark. J. Chem. Educ.2007, 84, 1360.
Atmospheric Chemistry |
Computational Chemistry |
Covalent Bonding |
Free Radicals |
Lewis Structures |
Molecular Modeling |
MO Theory |
Valence Bond Theory
Introducing the Practical Aspects of Computational Chemistry to Undergraduate Chemistry StudentsJason K. Pearson Presents a laboratory exercise in which students use traditional second-year concepts such as the rigid rotor and harmonic oscillator approximations in conjunction with Gaussian 03 to reinforce practical aspects of computational chemistry. Pearson, Jason K. J. Chem. Educ.2007, 84, 1323.
Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecular Orbital FormationWilliam F. Coleman Here is a set of movies that demonstrates heteronuclear diatomic molecular orbital formation. The orbitals start at a distance where there is little or no interatomic interaction and move to the appropriate bond distance. Orbital phase is shown by the different colors.
Covalent Bonding |
MO Theory |
Enrichment / Review Materials
Interactive Molecular OrbitalsWilliam F. Coleman The majority of Introductory Chemistry texts provide students with an adequate introduction to the visual aspects of the molecular orbital model for homonuclear diatomic molecules. The treatment of heteronuclear diatomic and polyatomic molecules is less uniform. Heteronuclear diatomics, when mentioned, are invariably treated as being derived from homonuclear diatomics. While the atomic orbital energy level differences in heteronuclear diatomics is sometimes pictured, the consequences of those differences for the resultant molecular orbitals are rarely discussed. The discussion of polyatomic molecular orbitals in these texts is limited to showing that parallel p-orbitals produce delocalized pi molecular orbitals. The molecules typically mentioned in this context are benzene, nitrate ion and carbonate ion. However, It is rarely pointed out that the six p-orbitals in benzene would form 6 pi molecular orbitals, and that only one of these orbitals would look like the picture in the text.These interactive modules are designed to clarify this subject.
MO Theory
Interactive Molecular Orbital DiagramsWilliam F. Coleman Here is an application for constructing the molecular orbital electron configurations of heteronuclear diatomic molecules. Energy level diagrams are given for the two different cases encountered in heteronuclear diatomics of the first short period (Li2 - Ne2). This is a useful tool for having students explore questions of bond order, magnetic properties and numbers of unpaired electrons.
