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Entropy These processes are shown in reverse. The situations shown are so highly improbable that we would not expect to observe them in nature.
Thermodynamics
Endothermic Reaction Solid barium hydroxide octahydrate (Ba(OH)2*8H2O) and ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) are mixed in a beaker, which is then placed on a few drops of water on a small board. The reaction that occurs is highly endothermic.
Thermochemistry : FuelAmpWattHeat (4 Variations)
Gasoline has an enthalpy of combustion of approximately 24000 kJ/gallon. When gasoline burns in an automobile engine, approximately 30% of the energy released is used to produce mechanical work. The remainder is lost as heat transfer to the engine's cooling system and eventually the atmosphere. As a start on estimating how much heat transfer is required, calculate what mass of water could be heated from 25 to 100oC by the combustion of 1.0 gallon of gasoline in an automobile.
If 67.2 g of P4 is burned,1620 kJ of energy is evolved. What is the molar enthalpy of combustion of P4 if the process was carried out under constant pressure?
An Inexpensive Solution CalorimeterEmma Kavanagh, Sam Mindel, Giles Robertson, and D. E. Peter Hughes Describes the construction of a simple solution calorimeter, using a miniature bead thermistor as a temperature-sensing element, that has a response time of a few seconds and made it possible to carry out a thermometric reaction in under a minute. Kavanagh, Emma; Mindel, Sam; Robertson, Giles; Hughes, D. E. Peter. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 1129.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Thermal Analysis |
Thermodynamics
Gas Clathrate Hydrates Experiment for High School Projects and Undergraduate LaboratoriesMelissa P. Prado, Annie Pham, Robert E. Ferazzi, Kimberly Edwards, and Kenneth C. Janda Presents a procedure for preparing and studying propane clathrate hydrate. This experiment introduces students to this unusual solid while stimulating a discussion of the interplay of intermolecular forces, thermodynamics, and solid structure. Prado, Melissa P.; Pham, Annie; Ferazzi, Robert E.; Edwards, Kimberly; Janda, Kenneth C. J. Chem. Educ.2007, 84, 1790.
Alkanes / Cycloalkanes |
Applications of Chemistry |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |
Gases |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Thermodynamics |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Hydrogen Bonding
Mass-Elastic Band Thermodynamics: A Visual Teaching Aid at the Introductory LevelWilliam C. Galley Demonstrations of five spontaneous isothermal processes involving the coupling of a mass and elastic band and arising from combinations of enthalpy and entropy changes are presented and then dissected. Analogies are drawn between these processes and common spontaneous molecular events such as chemical reactions and phase transitions. Galley, William C. J. Chem. Educ.2007, 84, 1147.
P4O10(s)
