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Equilibrium : KspSaturation (12 Variations)
Zn(OH)2 has a Ksp of 4.5 x 10-17. If you have a solution of Zn(OH)2 that has a hydroxide ion concentration equal to 4.6 x 10-6 mol/L, the solution is ... (Assume that the only relevant reaction is the solubility-product equilibrium.)
Does the Addition of Inert Gases at Constant Volume and Temperature Affect Chemical Equilibrium?João C. M. Paiva, Jorge Gonçalves, and Susana Fonseca This article examines three approaches, leading to different conclusions, for answering the question "Does the addition of inert gases at constant volume and temperature modify the state of equilibrium?" Paiva, João C. M.; Gonçalves, Jorge; Fonseca, Susana. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 1133.
Equilibrium |
Gases |
Thermodynamics
Introducing Undergraduate Students to Electrochemistry: A Two-Week Discovery Chemistry ExperimentKenneth V. Mills, Richard S. Herrick, Louise W. Guilmette, Lisa P. Nestor, Heather Shafer, and Mauri A. Ditzler, Within the framework of a laboratory-focused, guided-inquiry pedagogy, students discover the Nernst equation, the spontaneity of galvanic cells, concentration cells, and the use of electrochemical data to calculate equilibrium constants. Mills, Kenneth V.; Herrick, Richard S.; Guilmette, Louise W.; Nestor, Lisa P.; Shafer, Heather;Ditzler, Mauri A. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 1116.
Electrochemistry |
Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials |
Equilibrium
Configurational Entropy RevisitedFrank L. Lambert Positional entropy should be eliminated from general chemistry instruction and replaced by emphasis on the motional energy of molecules as enabling entropy change. Lambert, Frank L. J. Chem. Educ.2007, 84, 1548.
Contrail. A Module from the Physical Chemistry On-Line ProjectFranklin M. C. Chen The condensation trail, or contrail, that trails behind a jet plane is an everyday observable phenomenon. These manmade cirrus clouds can persist for hours, or even days and can spread over thousands of square kilometers. This is a concern because clouds are major variables that control Earth's atmospheric temperature and climate. Understanding the impact of contrails on Earth's climate is an active area of research. Further, contrail formation can be examined in terms of the operative thermodynamic phenomena. The process of contrail formation involves combustion, cooling, and ice formation, all common topics in the undergraduate physical chemistry curriculum. The project when it is subdivided into separate manageable subjects is a good, comprehensive exercise for physical chemistry students.
Thermodynamics |
Equilibrium
Predicting the Direction of a ReactionEd Vitz, John W. Moore A section of ChemPrime, the Chemical Educations Digital Library's free General Chemistry textbook.
Equilibrium |
Thermodynamics
JavaScript Programs To Calculate Thermodynamic Properties Using Cubic Equations of StatePatrick J. Barrie Cubic equations of state are widely used by chemists and chemical engineers to predict the thermodynamic properties of both pure substances and mixtures. In particular, these equations enable predictions concerning the temperature and pressure at which vapor liquid equilibrium occurs. These two educational JavaScript programs perform calculations using cubic equations of state and, equally importantly, explain how the calculations are performed.
