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Sulfuric Acid into Water and Ice When sulfuric acid is mixed with water the temperature rises. When sulfuric acid is added to ice, the temperature rises at first, but as the ice melts, the temperature falls.
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry
Endothermic Reaction Solid barium hydroxide octahydrate (Ba(OH)2*8H2O) and ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) are mixed in a beaker, which is then placed on a few drops of water on a small board. The reaction that occurs is highly endothermic.
Thermochemistry : SystemSurrExoEndo (4 Variations)
Sulfuric acid is added to water in a beaker and the resulting solution is much warmer than either the water or acid was initially.
Identify the following items as being part of the system or the surroundings, and indicate whether the process is exothermic or endothermic.
E = mc2 for the Chemist: When Is Mass Conserved?Richard S. Treptow Einstein's famous equation is frequently misunderstood in textbooks and popular science literature. Its correct interpretation is that mass and energy are different measures of a single quantity known as massenergy, which is conserved in all processes. Treptow, Richard S. J. Chem. Educ.2005, 82, 1636.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Theoretical Chemistry |
Thermodynamics
Teaching Entropy Analysis in the First-Year High School Course and BeyondThomas H. Bindel A 16-day teaching unit is presented that develops chemical thermodynamics at the introductory high school level and beyond from exclusively an entropy viewpoint referred to as entropy analysis. Many concepts are presented, such as: entropy, spontaneity, the second law of thermodynamics, qualitative and quantitative entropy analysis, extent of reaction, thermodynamic equilibrium, coupled equilibria, and Gibbs free energy. Entropy is presented in a nontraditional way, using energy dispersal. Bindel, Thomas H. J. Chem. Educ.2004, 81, 1585.
Standard Enthalpies of FormationEd Vitz, John W. Moore A section of ChemPrime, the Chemical Educations Digital Library's free General Chemistry textbook.
A Lattice Energy SpreadsheetChristopher King A Lattice Energy Spreadsheet is a tool that easily calculates lattice energies. It also illustrates the relation between crystal structure, coordination number, and ionic radii. A Lattice Energy Spreadsheet contains five related worksheets: Lattice Energy, MX Structure Map, Kapustinsky Lattice Energy, Directions, and Discussion, each described below. In the Lattice Energy worksheet, the lattice energy of many binary compounds can be calculated in about a dozen mouse clicks. An element is selected, and the radius corresponding to the desired charge and coordination number is selected. The same is done for the counter ion, and the anticipated crystal structure of the compound is chosen (rock salt, wurtzite, etc.). The lattice energy is then calculated. This sheet uses enthalpies of formation of monatomic gaseous atoms from the elements, ΔH°form, to calculate lattice energies. The results are more accurate than the values obtained by simply summing enthalpies of fusion and vaporization. The results of the corresponding Born-Haber cycle are also graphed on this sheet.
