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Crystallization of Supersaturated Sodium Acetate A supersaturated solution of sodium acetate is poured onto one small sodium acetate crystal. Crystals form from the liquid immediately upon contact with the seed crystal. A thermometer shows that the crystallization process is exothermic. A chemical hot pack is shown as an example of a commercially available supersaturated solution.
Precipitation / Solubility |
Solutions / Solvents |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry
Solutions Reactions and demonstrations exploring the concepts of solutions.
Solutions : FreezePtDepression (20 Variations) It takes 6.86 kg of ethylene glycol (antifreeze) to decrease the freezing point of 6.50 kg of water to -25.0oF (-31.7oC). How much sodium chloride (NaCl) would it take to decrease the freezing point of 6.50 kg of water to -25.0oF? (Assuming all the salt will dissolve in that amount of water.)
Investigating the Stability of Benzoyl Peroxide in Over-the-Counter Acne MedicationsMarina Canepa Kittredge, Kevin W. Kittredge, Melissa S. Sokol, Arlyne M. Sarquis, and Laura M. Sennet Students use peroxide strips to investigate the stability of the benzoyl peroxide found in an over-the-counter acne medication when added to various solutions of water, ethanol, polyethylene glycol, and isopropyl myristate. Canepa Kittredge, Marina; Kittredge, Kevin W.; Sokol, Melissa S.; Sarquis, Arlyne M.; Sennet, Laura M. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 1655.
Consumer Chemistry |
Drugs / Pharmaceuticals |
Nonmajor Courses |
Solutions / Solvents
An Inexpensive Solution CalorimeterEmma Kavanagh, Sam Mindel, Giles Robertson, and D. E. Peter Hughes Describes the construction of a simple solution calorimeter, using a miniature bead thermistor as a temperature-sensing element, that has a response time of a few seconds and made it possible to carry out a thermometric reaction in under a minute. Kavanagh, Emma; Mindel, Sam; Robertson, Giles; Hughes, D. E. Peter. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 1129.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Thermal Analysis |
Thermodynamics
Flame Emission Spectrometry in General Chemistry Labs: Solubility Product (Ksp) of Potassium Hydrogen PhthalateFrazier W. Nyasulu, William Cusworth III, David Lindquist, and John Mackin In this general chemistry laboratory, flame emission spectrometry is used to determine the potassium ion concentration in saturated solutions of potassium hydrogen phthalate. From these data the solubility products, the Gibbs free energies of solution, the standard enthalpy of solution, and the standard entropy of solution are calculated. Nyasulu, Frazier W.; Cusworth, William, III; Lindquist, David; Mackin, John. J. Chem. Educ.2007, 84, 456.
Measuring the Composition of a SolutionEd Vitz, John W. Moore A section of ChemPrime, the Chemical Educations Digital Library's free General Chemistry textbook.
Solutions / Solvents
Ideal Solutions: Raoult's LawEd Vitz, John W. Moore A section of ChemPrime, the Chemical Educations Digital Library's free General Chemistry textbook.
