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Phase Changes By using a coolant at a temperature below the boiling point of the gases chlorine, bromine and iodine, the gases are condensed into liquid form.
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
Vapor Pressure Pressure exerted by vapor of several organic substances is demonstrated using barometers. Molecular models of the substances are shown.
A Non-Mercury Thermometer Alternative for Use in Older Melting Point ApparatusesLois K. Ongley, Clayton S. Kern, and Barry W. Woods This work demonstrates that lab-calibrated thermocouples are a statistically accurate and economically reasonable substitute for mercury thermometers to measure the melting point temperature for organic compounds in older Mel-Temp devices. Ongley, Lois K.; Kern, Clayton S.; Woods, Barry W. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 1263.
Calibration |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Physical Properties |
Laboratory Management
Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation To Reinforce Student Understanding of Intermolecular ForcesPhillip R. Burkholder, Gordon H. Purser, and Renee S. Cole This article presents a series of experiments incorporating molecular dynamics simulations which predict the motion of chemical species based on the application of empirical rules and a physical analysis of the forces that act between the species. These motions can then be shown in vivid graphical form. Burkholder, Phillip R.; Purser, Gordon H.; Cole, Renee S. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 1071.
Computational Chemistry |
Hydrogen Bonding |
Molecular Mechanics / Dynamics |
Physical Properties |
Solutions / Solvents
Enthalpy of Vaporization and Vapor Pressures: An Inexpensive ApparatusRubin Battino, David A. Dolson, Michael R. Hall, and Trevor M. Letcher Describes an inexpensive apparatus for the determination of the vapor pressure of a liquid as a function of temperature for the purpose of calculating enthalpy changes of vaporization. Also described are a simple air thermostat and an inexpensive temperature controller based on an integrated temperature sensor. Battino, Rubin; Dolson, David A.; Hall, Michael R.; Letcher, Trevor M. J. Chem. Educ.2007, 84, 822.
Boiling PointEd Vitz, John W. Moore A section of ChemPrime, the Chemical Educations Digital Library's free General Chemistry textbook.
Physical Properties |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
Critical Temperature and PressureEd Vitz, John W. Moore A section of ChemPrime, the Chemical Educations Digital Library's free General Chemistry textbook.
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Physical Properties
States of MatterAmerican Chemical Society ACS Science for Kids activities explore phase changes of matter and their properties.
