1-6. Mixtures, Substances, Compounds, and Elements
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Vapor Pressure of a Mixture: Raoult's Law The measurement of pressure exerted by a vapor is demonstrated using barometers. Vapor pressure varies with the strength of the intermolecular forces in the liquid.
In this section we will look at vapor pressure of mixtures. We can calculate the vapor pressure of a mixture using Raoult's law.
Gases |
Liquids |
Noncovalent Interactions |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Physical Properties
Scattering and Absorption of Light The effects of passing light through a colloidal suspension of milk in water and through a solution of copper sulfate are shown.
Fog Machines, Vapors, and Phase DiagramsEd Vitz This series of demonstrations elucidate the operation of commercial fog machines using common laboratory materials and can be adapted for elementary through tertiary levels. The formation of fogs is discussed in terms of the phase diagram for water and other chemical principles. Vitz, Ed. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 1385.
Liquids |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Physical Properties |
Water / Water Chemistry
Using Graphs of Gibbs Energy versus Temperature in General Chemistry Discussions of Phase Changes and Colligative PropertiesRobert M. Hanson, Patrick Riley, Jeff Schwinefus, and Paul J. Fischer The use of qualitative graphs of Gibbs energy versus temperature is described in the context of chemical demonstrations involving phase changes and colligative properties at the general chemistry level. Hanson, Robert M.; Riley, Patrick; Schwinefus, Jeff; Fischer, Paul J. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 1142.
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Physical Properties |
Thermodynamics
Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation To Reinforce Student Understanding of Intermolecular ForcesPhillip R. Burkholder, Gordon H. Purser, and Renee S. Cole This article presents a series of experiments incorporating molecular dynamics simulations which predict the motion of chemical species based on the application of empirical rules and a physical analysis of the forces that act between the species. These motions can then be shown in vivid graphical form. Burkholder, Phillip R.; Purser, Gordon H.; Cole, Renee S. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 1071.
Boiling and Freezing PointsEd Vitz, John W. Moore A section of ChemPrime, the Chemical Educations Digital Library's free General Chemistry textbook.
Physical Properties
Floating Squares (GCMP)David M. Whisnant Floating Squares: this is a resource in the collection "General Chemistry Multimedia Problems". In this problem we will coat a piece of notecard with graphite (from pencil lead). We then will float the piece in two beakers containing water and a second solvent. General Chemistry Multimedia Problems ask students questions about experiments they see presented using videos and images. The questions asked apply concepts from different parts of an introductory course, encouraging students to decompartmentalize the material.
Physical Properties
Floating FootballsEd Vitz A section of ChemPrime, the Chemical Educations Digital Library's free General Chemistry textbook.
