TIGER

Journal Articles: 61 results
A More Challenging Interpretative Nitration Experiment Employing Substituted Benzoic Acids and Acetanilides  Edward M. Treadwell and Tung-Yin Lin
An experiment is described involving the nitration of ortho or meta, monosubstituted benzoic acids and monochlorinated acetanilides with nitric acid to evaluate the regioselectivity of addition through computational methods and 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Treadwell, Edward M.; Lin, Tung-Yin. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1541.
Aromatic Compounds |
Computational Chemistry |
Electrophilic Substitution |
Molecular Modeling |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Synthesis
A Green, Guided-Inquiry Based Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution for the Organic Chemistry Laboratory  Eric Eby and S. Todd Deal
This alternative, electrophilic aromatic substitutionan iodination reaction of salicylamide, a popular analgesicuses environmentally friendly reagents and serves as a guided-inquiry experiment in which students are asked to predict the orientation of the substitution reaction and determine the product's structure using FT-IR spectroscopy.
Eby, Eric; Deal, S. Todd. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1426.
Aromatic Compounds |
Constitutional Isomers |
Electrophilic Substitution |
Green Chemistry |
IR Spectroscopy |
Synthesis
The Comparative Nucleophilicity of Naphthoxide Derivatives in Reactions with a Fast-Red TR Dye  Cheryl M. Mascarenhas
In this experiment, organic chemistry students perform reactions between three naphthyl acetate derivatives and the diazonium salt Fast-Red TR. Students discover under what conditions the hydrolysis and electrophilic aromatic substitution is fastest and slowest, allowing them to conclude that latter, rather than the former, is rate-limiting.
Mascarenhas, Cheryl M. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1271.
Alcohols |
Aromatic Compounds |
Dyes / Pigments |
Esters |
IR Spectroscopy |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Synthesis |
Thin Layer Chromatography |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
Synthesis and Characterization of 9-Hydroxyphenalenone Using 2D NMR Techniques  Benjamin Caes and Dell Jensen Jr.
The synthesis of 9-Hydroxyphenalenone produces a planar multicyclic beta-ketoenol, the tautomerization of which results in C2v symmetry on the NMR time scale, thus simplifying the spectra and providing a unique structure for teaching 2D NMR spectroscopy.
Caes, Benjamin; Jensen, Dell, Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 413.
Alcohols |
Aldehydes / Ketones |
Aromatic Compounds |
IR Spectroscopy |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Synthesis
Zeroing In on Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution  David C. Forbes, Mohini Agarwal, Jordan L. Ciza, and Heather A. Landry
Presents a unique and novel illustration of reactivity trends in the formation of trisubstituted benzene derivatives from disubstituted systems using electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.
Forbes, David C.; Agarwal, Mohini; Ciza, Jordan L.; Landry, Heather A. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1878.
Aromatic Compounds |
Constitutional Isomers |
Electrophilic Substitution |
Reactions
Synthesis of Triarylmethane and Xanthene Dyes Using Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions  James V. McCullagh and Kelly A. Daggett
In this experiment, electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are used to synthesize several triarylmethane and xanthene dyes (fluorescein, erythrosin B, thymolphthalein, and rhodamine B) using common equipment while avoiding often troublesome, hydroscopic Lewis acids. Subsequent UVvis analysis produce spectra that match commercially available dye samples.
McCullagh, James V.; Daggett, Kelly A. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1799.
Acids / Bases |
Aromatic Compounds |
Dyes / Pigments |
Electrophilic Substitution |
Equilibrium |
Synthesis |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
Discovering Electronic Effects of Substituents in Nitrations of Benzene Derivatives Using GC–MS Analysis  Malgorzata M. Clennan and Edward L. Clennan
Describes an organic lab in which students pool mass spectral data to identify the distribution of isomer products generated by the nitration of six benzene derivatives whose substituents differ in their electronic effects. Students also determine which substituents direct nitration predominantly to the ortho- or para- and to the meta positions.
Clennan, Malgorzata M.; Clennan, Edward L. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1679.
Aromatic Compounds |
Constitutional Isomers |
Electrophilic Substitution |
Gas Chromatography |
Mass Spectrometry
Incorporation of Microwave Synthesis into the Undergraduate Organic Laboratory  Alan R. Katritzky, Chunming Cai, Meghan D. Collins, Eric F. V. Scriven, Sandeep K. Singh, and E. Keller Barnhardt
Describes a simple way to effectively implement microwave synthesis into the undergraduate organic laboratory curriculum.
Katritzky, Alan R.; Cai, Chunming; Collins, Meghan D.; Scriven, Eric F. V.;Singh, Sandeep K.; Barnhardt, E. Keller. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 634.
Aromatic Compounds |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Reactions |
Synthesis
Formation of α-Tetralone by Intramolecular Friedel–Crafts Acylation  Michael S. Holden, R. David Crouch, and Kathryn A. Barker
A microscale procedure is described for the formation of the industrially-important compound alpha-tetralone. This is an example of an intramolecular FriedelCrafts acylation, utilizing 4-phenylbutanoic acid and a proton source. The title reaction demonstrates the concept of ring-forming reactions and highlights the use of carboxylic acids as an electrophile precursor in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.
Holden, Michael S.; Crouch, R. David; Barker, Kathryn A. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 934.
Aromatic Compounds |
Microscale Lab |
Synthesis |
Carboxylic Acids |
IR Spectroscopy |
NMR Spectroscopy
A Discovery-Based Friedel–Crafts Acylation Experiment: Student-Designed Experimental Procedure  Anne McElwee Reeve
A discovery-based FriedelCrafts acylation experiment that includes a student-designed procedure, spectroscopic analysis of an unknown aromatic product, and molecular modeling is described. Students design the synthetic procedure and workup for the acylation of an unknown aromatic starting material in an instructor-guided classroom discussion that integrates concepts from the first semester of organic lab into a new context.
Reeve, Anne McElwee. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 1497.
Aromatic Compounds |
Chromatography |
IR Spectroscopy |
Molecular Modeling |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Synthesis
The Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution of Fluorobenzene   Addison Ault
Joel Rosenthal and David Schuster published a paper entitled The Anomalous Reactivity of Fluorobenzene in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution and Related Phenomena. The authors and the reviewers, apparently, were not aware of my publication in this Journal in 1966 entitled The Activating Effect of Fluorine in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution.
Ault, Addison. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 644.
Aromatic Compounds |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Synthesis
Microscale Synthesis of 1-Bromo-3-chloro-5-iodobenzene: An Improved Deamination of 4-Bromo-2-chloro-6-iodoaniline  Michael W. Pelter, Libbie S.W. Pelter, Dusanka Colovic, and Regina Strug
Overall, we find this procedure to be advantageous to the published methods owing to its requirement of less starting material, higher product yields, and a greatly simplified procedure.
Pelter, Michael W.; Pelter, Libbie S.W.; Colovic, Dusanka; Strug, Regina. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 111.
Microscale Lab |
Synthesis |
Aromatic Compounds |
Amines / Ammonium Compounds
The Anomalous Reactivity of Fluorobenzene in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution and Related Phenomena  Joel Rosenthal and David I. Schuster
Extensive analysis of the reactivity of fluorobenzene (electrophilic substitution); includes resonance and other inductive effects, acidities of fluorinated aromatic compounds, and properties of other organofluorine compounds.
Rosenthal, Joel; Schuster, David I. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 679.
Aromatic Compounds |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Synthesis |
Electrophilic Substitution |
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Resonance Theory
Spiral Puzzle for Organic Chemistry Students  Ender Erdik
Puzzle to review organic reactions and their reagents.
Erdik, Ender. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 428.
Synthesis |
Learning Theories |
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Addition Reactions |
Alkylation |
Electrophilic Substitution |
Elimination Reactions |
Reactions |
Nucleophilic Substitution |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Grignard Reagents
Dendrimers: Branching Out of Polymer Chemistry  Eric E. Simanek and Sergio O. Gonzalez
Addresses synthetic concepts surrounding dendrimers including the use of protecting groups, functional group interconversions, and convergent and divergent synthetic strategies.
Simanek, Eric E.; Gonzalez, Sergio O. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 1222.
Materials Science |
Synthesis |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Addition Reactions |
Aromatic Compounds |
Alkylation |
Nucleophilic Substitution
Preparing Students for Research: Synthesis of Substituted Chalcones as a Comprehensive Guided-Inquiry Experience  James R. Vyvyan, Donald L. Pavia, Gary M. Lampman, and George S. Kriz Jr.
An aldol condensation of substituted benzaldehydes with substituted acetophones to produce substituted benzalacetophenones (chalcones) in a guided-inquiry approach.
Vyvyan, James R.; Pavia, Donald L.; Lampman, Gary M.; Kriz, George S., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 1119.
Medicinal Chemistry |
Microscale Lab |
Natural Products |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Synthesis |
Aromatic Compounds |
Aldehydes / Ketones
Determination of the Regiochemistry of Disubstituted Arenes Generated by Addition of a Carbanion to the (h6-Anisole)Cr(CO)3 Complex  Ashfaq A. Bengali, Cindy Samet, and Samantha B. Charlton
A laboratory activity that integrates fundamental concepts of organic and organometallic chemistry and then employs standard instrumental techniques (GC) and molecular modeling to justify the results.
Bengali, Ashfaq A.; Samet, Cindy; Charlton, Samantha B. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 68.
Aromatic Compounds |
Synthesis |
Organometallics |
Gas Chromatography |
Molecular Modeling
Molecular Orbital Animations for Organic Chemistry  Steven A. Fleming, Greg R. Hart, and Paul B. Savage
Introduces the application of highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs and LUMOs) in animated form.
Fleming, Steven A.; Hart, Greg R.; Savage, Paul B. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 790.
MO Theory |
Molecular Modeling |
Mathematics / Symbolic Mathematics |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Electrophilic Substitution |
Nucleophilic Substitution
Comments on the Treatment of Aromaticity and Acid-Base Character of Pyridine and Pyrrole in Contemporary Organic Chemistry Textbooks  Hugh J. Anderson and Ludwig Bauer
Presentations of aromaticity and acid-base character of pyridine and pyrrole in 18 contemporary organic chemistry textbooks were surveyed.
Anderson, Hugh J.; Bauer, Ludwig. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1151.
Acids / Bases |
Aromatic Compounds
Preparation and Identification of Benzoic Acids and Benzamides: An Organic "Unknown" Lab  Douglass F. Taber, Jade D. Nelson, and John P. Northrop
The reaction of an unknown substituted benzene derivative with oxalyl chloride and aluminum chloride gives the acid chloride. Hydrolysis of the acid chloride gives the acid, and reaction of the acid with concentrated aqueous ammonia gives the benzamide. The equivalent weight of the acid can be determined by titration; given this information and the melting points of the acid and the benzamide, it is possible to deduce the structure of the initial unknown.
Taber, Douglass F.; Nelson, Jade D.; Northrop, John P. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 828.
Qualitative Analysis |
Aromatic Compounds |
Carboxylic Acids
Mechanism Templates: Lecture Aids for Effective Presentation of Mechanism in Introductory Organic Chemistry  Brian J. McNelis
To promote active student learning of mechanism in introductory organic chemistry, hand-outs have been developed with incomplete structures for reaction processes depicted, which are called mechanism templates. The key to these lecture aids is to provide only enough detail in the diagram to facilitate notetaking, ensuring that these templates are dynamic learning tools that must be utilized by an engaged and alert student.
Brian J. McNelis. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 479.
Learning Theories |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Reactions |
Addition Reactions |
Acids / Bases |
Electrophilic Substitution |
Nucleophilic Substitution
The Use of MO Calculations to Teach Students Some Concepts of Aromatic Substitution Reactions  Petrus Zeegers
The experiments described here are an attempt to help students unify the theoretical and practical aspects of their studies in organic chemistry. Simple aromatic compounds (4-X-phenols) have been used to illustrate the relationship between theoretical molecular orbital calculations and an industrially useful multi step organic synthesis.
Zeegers, Petrus. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 299.
MO Theory |
Aromatic Compounds |
Phenols
Reactions of Bromine with Diphenylethylenes: an Introduction to Electrophilic Substitution  Ronald M. Jarret, Jamie New, and Kalliopi Karaliolios
Pooling the results obtained from the reaction between bromine and the cis and trans isomers of 1,2-diphenylethylenes allows students to discover the mechanism of anti addition which is common to most situations. Expansion of this experiment to include 1,1-diphenylethylene allows students the opportunity to discover the electrophilic substitution reaction. This serves as an excellent springboard for follow-up experiments on, and discussion of, electrophilic aromatic substitution.
Jarret, Ronald M.; New, Jamie; Karaliolios, Kalliopi . J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 109.
Electrophilic Substitution |
Aromatic Compounds
Microscale Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution of p-Toluidine  Kady, Ismail O.
Experimental procedure for first-year organic chemistry students to apply the principles of group protection and study the effect of ring substituents on reaction orientation.
Kady, Ismail O. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, A9.
Synthesis |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Aromatic Compounds |
Microscale Lab |
Electrophilic Substitution
Steric Hindrance by Bromination of Alkylbenzenes: Experimental Demonstration  Cooley, James H.; Abobaker, Nagib M.
Procedure to illustrate the influence of steric hindrance on organic chemistry in which students must decide what data to collect and how to interpret it.
Cooley, James H.; Abobaker, Nagib M. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 463.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Synthesis |
Chirality / Optical Activity |
Aromatic Compounds |
Stereochemistry
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Discovery Lab  Jarret, Ronald M.; New, Jamie; Patraitis, Cynthia
An organic chemistry lab for introductory chemistry in which students must determine the reaction mechanism of an organic synthesis; includes sample data and analysis.
Jarret, Ronald M.; New, Jamie; Patraitis, Cynthia J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 457.
Synthesis |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Electrophilic Substitution
Dinitration of 2-Benzylpyyridine: Microscale Synthesis of a Photochromic Compound  Gilfillan, Elizabeth D.; Pelter, Michael W.
Microscale synthesis of 2-[(2,4-dinitrophenyl)methyl]pyridine, which is tan in the absence of light but turns blue when exposed to light.
Gilfillan, Elizabeth D.; Pelter, Michael W. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, A4.
Microscale Lab |
Synthesis |
Photochemistry |
Aromatic Compounds
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Promoted by Bentonitic Clay  Angeles, Enrique; Ramirez, Alberto; Martinez, Ignacio; Moreno, Enrique
Experiment that uses bentonitic clay as a catalyst instead of the conventional Lewis acid in the chlorination and bromination of benzene and dimerization of toluene.
Angeles, Enrique; Ramirez, Alberto; Martinez, Ignacio; Moreno, Enrique J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 533.
Aromatic Compounds |
Electrophilic Substitution |
Catalysis
A New Approach To Teaching Organic Chemical Mechanisms  Wentland, Stephen H.
Describing the mechanisms of organic reactions using five simple steps or operations.
Wentland, Stephen H. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 3.
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Addition Reactions |
Nucleophilic Substitution |
Electrophilic Substitution |
Elimination Reactions |
Resonance Theory |
Molecular Properties / Structure
GC/MS experiments for the organic laboratory: II. Friedel-Crafts alkylation of p-xylene   Novak, Michael; Heinrich, Julie
Experiments for the sophomore organic chemistry laboratory that make use of capillary gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectroscopy(MS), teach the use of MS fragmentation patterns in structure determination, and also illustrate the effects of reaction conditions on the product distribution in well-known reactions.
Novak, Michael; Heinrich, Julie J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, A150.
Mass Spectrometry |
Gas Chromatography |
Aromatic Compounds |
Alkylation
A new method for the oxidation of 4-phenylurazole to 4-phenyltriazolinedione.  Mallakpour, Shadpour E.
The procedures describe the synthesis of 4-phenyl-urazole from ethyl carbazate and then the oxidation of the urazole with NO2-N2O4 to yield 4-phenyl-1,2,4-trizoline-3,5-dione.
Mallakpour, Shadpour E. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 238.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Aldehydes / Ketones |
Synthesis |
Aromatic Compounds
A simple preparation of 1,4-di-tert-butylbenzene without AICI3: An undergraduate organic chemistry experiment  Castrillon, Jose
Alkylation of benzene with tert-butyl chloride and aluminum chloride has been very popular in first year organic chemistry courses, but it releases HCl gas fumes. This problem has lead to a replacement preparation using tert-butyl acetate, which provides better yield and eliminated the fumes.
Castrillon, Jose J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 793.
Alkylation |
Aromatic Compounds |
Alcohols |
Microscale Lab
NMR analysis of product mixtures in electrophilic aromatic substitution  Clark, Mary Ann; Duns, Glenn; Golberg, Danny; Karwowska, Anna; Turgeon, Andree; Turley, Jolanda
Use of mole fraction analysis permits precise quantitative product mixture analysis, a large improvement over qualitative and semiquantitative techniques.
Clark, Mary Ann; Duns, Glenn; Golberg, Danny; Karwowska, Anna; Turgeon, Andree; Turley, Jolanda J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 802.
NMR Spectroscopy |
Electrophilic Substitution |
Aromatic Compounds |
Quantitative Analysis
Industrial chemistry in the organic laboratory: C4 alkylations  Teegarden, David M.; Varco-Shea, Theresa C.; Conklin, Karen T.; Markle, Cynthia A.; Anderson, Scott D.
A set of experiments to illustrate reactions of the tertiary-butyl group; the products are all compounds that occur in consumer products and have received considerable attention in the popular press (BHT, BHA, TBHQ, and MTBE).
Teegarden, David M.; Varco-Shea, Theresa C.; Conklin, Karen T.; Markle, Cynthia A.; Anderson, Scott D. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 619.
Industrial Chemistry |
Aromatic Compounds |
Phenols |
Synthesis |
Mechanisms of Reactions
A new approach to the generation of sigma complex structures  Young, Joseph G.
An alternative to the electron pushing approach for determining intermediate resonance structures for electrophilic aromatic substitutions.
Young, Joseph G. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 550.
Aromatic Compounds |
Electrophilic Substitution |
Resonance Theory |
Mechanisms of Reactions
Friedel Crafts acylation and alkylation with acid chlorides  Jarret, Ronald M.; Keil, Nora; Allen, Susan; Cannon, Lisa; Coughlan, Julie; Cusumano, Leonarda; Nolan, Brian
A shortened Friedel-Crafts experiment; the extra time available allows for additional experiments designed to illustrate the finer points of the reaction, such as electrophile rearrangements and decarbonylation of acyl cations.
Jarret, Ronald M.; Keil, Nora; Allen, Susan; Cannon, Lisa; Coughlan, Julie; Cusumano, Leonarda; Nolan, Brian J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 1056.
Electrophilic Substitution |
Aromatic Compounds |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Microscale Lab
Undergraduate experiments with a long-lived radical (Fremy's salt): Synthesis of 1,4-benzoquinones by degradative oxidation of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohols  Morey, J.
The long-lived, stable radical described in this article can be prepared and stored for several months and therefore is an excellent basis for a series of experiments that the author designed for his class.
Morey, J. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 627.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Free Radicals |
Alcohols |
Aromatic Compounds
Relative activating ability of various ortho, para-directors  Zaezek, Norbert M.; Tyszkiewicz, Robert B.
The authors saw a need to develop an experiment for students to comprehensively learn about electrophilic aromatic substitution.
Zaezek, Norbert M.; Tyszkiewicz, Robert B. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 510.
Aromatic Compounds |
Reactions |
Diastereomers |
Stereochemistry
Aromatic substitution reactions: when you've said ortho, meta, and para you haven't said it all  Traynham, James G.
The author presents a range of examples for nucleophilic, electrophilic, and free-radical reactions where the ipso is an important, predominant, or even exclusive site of reaction.
Traynham, James G. J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 937.
Nucleophilic Substitution |
Electrophilic Substitution |
Free Radicals |
Diastereomers |
Stereochemistry |
Reactions
The synthesis of 4,6,8-trimethylazulene: an organic laboratory experiment  Garst, Michael E.; Hochlowski, Jill; Douglass, III, James G.; Sasse, Scott
A procedure for a two-step synthesis of 4,6,8-trimethylazulene.
Garst, Michael E.; Hochlowski, Jill; Douglass, III, James G.; Sasse, Scott J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 510.
Synthesis |
Heterocycles |
Aromatic Compounds |
Resonance Theory |
Chromatography
The synthesis of 4,4'-di-tertbutyl biphenyl: a sophomore organic chemistry experiment  Horne, Deane A.
A brief note providing a sequence of experiments for an introductory organic course that is inexpensive and does not pose a health hazard.
Horne, Deane A. J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 246.
Acids / Bases |
Aromatic Compounds |
Catalysis |
Alkylation |
Solutions / Solvents
Benzene, a familiar hazard?  Smith, Roger M.
Reviews the hazards of benzene.
Smith, Roger M. J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, A85.
Aromatic Compounds |
Toxicology
Friedel-Crafts acylation: An experiment incorporating spectroscopic structure determination  Schatz, Paul F.
Students use IR and NMR methods to determine the product of an aromatic substitution.
Schatz, Paul F. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 480.
Spectroscopy |
IR Spectroscopy |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Aromatic Compounds
Dealkylation-isomerization of p-di-t-butylbenzene  Hawbecker, Byron L.; Kurtz, David W.; Elliott, Howard A.
The experiment described here can be conveniently used to explore several important facets of electrophilic aromatic substitution often ignored in typical laboratory programs.
Hawbecker, Byron L.; Kurtz, David W.; Elliott, Howard A. J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 777.
Aromatic Compounds |
Electrophilic Substitution
Substituent effects in electrophilic aromatic substitution. A laboratory in organic chemistry  Gilow, Helmuth
The acid catalyzed bromination of aromatic substrates with hydrobromous acid.
Gilow, Helmuth J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 450.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Aromatic Compounds |
Electrophilic Substitution |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Catalysis
Experiments with electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions  Cox, B.; Kubler, D. G.; Wilson, C. A.
Comparing the bromination and nitration of benzene.
Cox, B.; Kubler, D. G.; Wilson, C. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 379.
Reactions |
Aromatic Compounds |
Electrophilic Substitution |
Stereochemistry |
Diastereomers
The Friedel-Crafts pathway to diarylcyclopropenones. An undergraduate organic experiment  Agranat, Israel; Tapuhi, Yitzhak
The authors describe a facile entry into the cyclopropenone series which may conveniently be practiced in an undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory.
Agranat, Israel; Tapuhi, Yitzhak J. Chem. Educ. 1976, 53, 531.
Aromatic Compounds |
Reactions
The scope of the Haworth synthesis  Agranat, Israel; Shih, Yu-Shan
The duality of the Haworth synthesis as revealed most conspicuously in the preparation of both anthracene and phenanthrene, widens the scope of the method. On the basis of the reversibility of Friedel-Crafts acylation in PPA, the Haworth synthesis may serve as a route to linearly annelated-as well as to angularly annelated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
Agranat, Israel; Shih, Yu-Shan J. Chem. Educ. 1976, 53, 488.
Synthesis |
Catalysis |
Aromatic Compounds |
Aldehydes / Ketones
A laboratory study of strike and inductive effects  Fulkrod, John E.
The authors describe a general reaction that can be successfully used to teach both strike and inductive effects in the laboratory by discovery.
Fulkrod, John E. J. Chem. Educ. 1974, 51, 115.
Constitutional Isomers |
Electrophilic Substitution |
Aromatic Compounds
Experimental illustration of chemical principles in organic chemistry lectures  Haberfield, Paul
Lists a series of demonstrations used in the second semester of a one year organic chemistry course.
Haberfield, Paul J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 702.
Electrophilic Substitution |
Aromatic Compounds |
Amines / Ammonium Compounds |
Nucleophilic Substitution
Directive effects in electrophilic aromatic substitution. An organic chemistry experiment  Beishline, Robert R.
The student is given the procedure for the monobromination of acetanilide in glacial acetic acid, but is not told where on the ring the bromine will substitute; he is required to prove the structure of the product through an independent synthesis of the preparation of a known derivative.
Beishline, Robert R. J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 128.
Aromatic Compounds |
Electrophilic Substitution |
Synthesis |
Alkylation
Substituent effects on aromatic electrophilic substitution. An "experimental" class exercise  Fergwon, Philip R.
The exercise described here illustrates aromatic electrophilic substitution.
Fergwon, Philip R. J. Chem. Educ. 1971, 48, 405.
Electrophilic Substitution |
Aromatic Compounds
The isomerization of xylenes. An experiment for the organic or instrumental laboratory  Harbison, Kenneth G.
This experiment illustrates both qualitative and quantitative applications of infrared spectroscopy for the analysis of mixtures, as well as providing an interesting study of the mechanism of Friedel-Crafts reactions.
Harbison, Kenneth G. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 837.
Instrumental Methods |
Aromatic Compounds |
IR Spectroscopy |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Reactions |
Constitutional Isomers
Aromatic nitro musk synthesis  Nash, E. Gary; Nienhouse, Everett J.; Silhavy, Thomas A.; Humbert, Dale E.; Mish, Mary Jo
This synthesis involves the preparation of the nitro-musks, musk xylene and/or musk ketone, from readily available m-xylene.
Nash, E. Gary; Nienhouse, Everett J.; Silhavy, Thomas A.; Humbert, Dale E.; Mish, Mary Jo J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 705.
Aromatic Compounds |
Synthesis
The activating effect of fluorine in electrophilic aromatic substitution  Ault, Addison
It is demonstrated here that in certain electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions fluorine is actually an activating substituent.
Ault, Addison J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 329.
Electrophilic Substitution |
Aromatic Compounds |
Mechanisms of Reactions
Aromatic substitution  Duewell, H.
Reports on the use of the molecular orbit theory in a qualitative approach to the activation and orientation of substitution in aromatic systems.
Duewell, H. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 138.
Aromatic Compounds |
MO Theory |
Mechanisms of Reactions
The Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene: A first year organic laboratory experiment  Dunathan, H. C.
This experiment involves the alkylation of benzene with each of the four butyl chlorides and aluminum chloride; the monobutylbenzenes from each reaction are then analyzed by vapor phase chromatography and IR spectroscopy.
Dunathan, H. C. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 278.
Aromatic Compounds |
Reactions |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
IR Spectroscopy
The acylation of aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbons  Sharefkin, Jacob G.
Introductory organic chemistry textbooks discuss the Friedel-Crafts synthesis of aromatic ketones but usually do not treat the corresponding reaction in the aliphatic series.
Sharefkin, Jacob G. J. Chem. Educ. 1962, 39, 206.
Aromatic Compounds |
Aldehydes / Ketones |
Reactions |
Synthesis |
Mechanisms of Reactions
Apparatus for the Friedel-Crafts reaction: For the undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory  Kremer, Chester B.; Wilen, Samuel H.
A simple and practical reaction apparatus has been designed that offers several advantages over earlier set-ups.
Kremer, Chester B.; Wilen, Samuel H. J. Chem. Educ. 1961, 38, 306.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Electrophilic Substitution
The orientation and mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution  Ferguson, Lloyd N.
Electrophilic aromatic substitution apparently takes place by the formation of an intermediate pentadienate cation, +ArG, where Ar is an aromatic molecule and G is a portion of the reagent.
Ferguson, Lloyd N. J. Chem. Educ. 1955, 32, 42.
Electrophilic Substitution |
Reactions |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Aromatic Compounds
The organization of subject matter in elementary organic chemistry  MacKenzie, Charles A.
Describes a curricular approach in which aliphatic and aromatic compounds are treated simultaneously rather than separately.
MacKenzie, Charles A. J. Chem. Educ. 1953, 30, 243.
Aromatic Compounds |
Alkanes / Cycloalkanes