4.5. Thermochemistry and Mechanism of Acid-Base Reactions
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Sulfuric Acid into Water and Ice When sulfuric acid is mixed with water the temperature rises. When sulfuric acid is added to ice, the temperature rises at first, but as the ice melts, the temperature falls.
Thermochemistry : SystemSurrExoEndo (4 Variations)
Sulfuric acid is added to water in a beaker and the resulting solution is much warmer than either the water or acid was initially.
Identify the following items as being part of the system or the surroundings, and indicate whether the process is exothermic or endothermic.
Using "Basic Principles" To Understand Complex Science: Nicotine Smoke Chemistry and Literature AnalogiesJeffrey I. Seeman The HendersonHasselbalch equation calculates the equilibrium distribution of 50:50 for nicotine in its nonprotonated (free base form), relative to its monoprotonated form, at pH of 8 in dilute aqueous solution. This ratio has then been used in the literature to predict the effect of ammonia compounds in tobacco and in smoke on nicotine pyrolysis and smoke chemistry. Experiments demonstrate that neither the thermal chemistry of tobacco alkaloids nor the transfer of nicotine from tobacco to smoke can be explained by the position of the nonprotonated versus monoprotonated form equilibrium in aqueous extracts of tobacco. The high thermal stability of nicotine in air allows nicotine salts to be converted to nonprotonated nicotine and volatilize during heating prior to any substantial decomposition of the nicotine moiety. In contrast, cocaine hydrochloride is thermally unstable and will rapidly decompose upon heating; cocaine hydrochloride must first be converted to its nonprotonated form prior to heating and volatilization. Seeman, Jeffrey I. J. Chem. Educ.2005, 82, 1577.
Acids / Bases |
Applications of Chemistry |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |
Heterocycles |
pH |
Natural Products |
Gases
Sulfuric Acid and Water: Paradoxes of DilutionI. A. Leenson The principal goal of this article is to elucidate some uncommon phenomena that can be observed in the process of diluting sulfuric acid with water. Leenson, I. A. J. Chem. Educ.2004, 81, 991.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry
A common misunderstanding of Hess' lawDavis, Thomas. W. The statement, sometimes attributed to Hess, that "In any series of chemical or physical changes the total heat effect is independent of the path by which the system goes from its initial to its final state" is incorrect. Davis, Thomas. W. J. Chem. Educ.1951, 28, 584.
Stoichiometry |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry
Other Resources: First 3 results
General Chemistry Multimedia ProblemsDavid M. Whisnant General Chemistry Multimedia Problems ask students questions about experiments they see presented using videos and images. The questions asked apply concepts from different parts of an introductory course, encouraging students to decompartmentalize the material.
Acids / Bases |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |
Isotopes |
Magnetic Properties |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Surface Science |
Thermodynamics |
Equilibrium |
Oxidation / Reduction
ChemPaths 104 F Mar 25John W. Moore Today in Chem 104:
* Lecture: Thermochemistry
* Reading:
Kotz: Review Ch. 5, Sec. 1-8
Moore: Review Ch. 6, Sec. 1-10
* Homework #8 due by 11:55 PM F Apr 1
* Quiz in second discussion section next week
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry
Measuring the Enthalpy ChangeEd Vitz, John W. Moore A section of ChemPrime, the Chemical Educations Digital Library's free General Chemistry textbook.
