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Centrifuging a SampleJohn W. Moore, Jerrold J. Jacobsen, Lois M. Browne, John F. Zimmerman The demonstration on this page shows a technique that should not be used by undergraduate chemistry laboratory. This video shows what happens to sample in a centrifuge while the centrifuge is on, and the result of stopping the centrifuge improperly. A narrative is included in this video: The centrifuging process allows the solvent to completely settle out. The jarring caused by hand braking destroys the distinct separation between supernatant and solid.
Separation Science |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
Centrifuge Centrifuging safety considerations, centrifuging a sample, loading and unloading a centrifuge, removing the supernatant, and washing the precipitate are discussed and demonstrated.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Separation Science
Extraction Use of a separatory funnel to carry out extraction is demonstrated.
The Resolution of Ibuprofen, 2-(4′-Isobutylphenyl)propionic AcidJames V. McCullagh In this experiment the over-the-counter pain reliever ibuprofen is resolved using (S)-(-)-a-phenethylamine as the resolving agent. This procedure has several key advantages over previous resolution experiments. McCullagh, James V. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 941.
Chirality / Optical Activity |
Drugs / Pharmaceuticals |
Enantiomers |
Quantitative Analysis |
Separation Science
Enantiomeric Resolution of (±)-Mandelic Acid by (1R,2S)-(–)-Ephedrine. An Organic Chemistry Laboratory Experiment Illustrating StereoisomerismMarsha R. Baar and Andrea L. Cerrone-Szakal There has been an increasing need, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry, to prepare chiral substances in single-isomer form. A chiral technique that makes an excellent introductory organic chemistry experiment is enantiomeric resolution. The classical resolution of ()-mandelic acid using the chiral amine, (1R,2S)-()-ephedrine, was adapted for use in introductory organic chemistry lab curricula. Baar, Marsha R.; Cerrone-Szakal, Andrea L. J. Chem. Educ.2005, 82, 1040.
Acids / Bases |
Chirality / Optical Activity |
Separation Science |
Stereochemistry |
Diastereomers |
Enantiomers
Enantiomeric and Diastereoisomeric Relationships: A Practical ApproachV. Durieu, G. Martiat, M. Ch. Vandergeten, F. Pirsoul, F. Toubeau, and Agnès Van Camp An experiment in organic chemistry in which the students prepare, purify, and characterize optical isomers. The three optical isomers of the bisoxalamides obtained by the reaction of racemic 1-phenylethylamine with diethyloxalate are separable by flash chromatography into the racemic mixture of (R,R) + (S,S) oxalamides and the (R,S) meso compound. Durieu, V.; Martiat, G.; Vandergeten, M. Ch.; Pirsoul, F.; Toubeau, F.; Van Camp, Agnès. J. Chem. Educ.2000, 77, 752.
The Separation of MixturesEd Vitz, John W. Moore A section of ChemPrime, the Chemical Educations Digital Library's free General Chemistry textbook.
Separation Science
DistillationEd Vitz, John W. Moore A section of ChemPrime, the Chemical Educations Digital Library's free General Chemistry textbook.
Physical Properties |
Separation Science
Mechanisms That Interchange Axial and Equatorial Atoms in Fluxional ProcessesMarion E. Cass, Henry S. Rzepa, King Kuok Hii The Berry pseudorotation is a classical mechanism for interchanging axial and equatorial ligands in molecules with trigonal bipyramidal geometry. Teaching this mechanism presents particular pedagogic problems due to both its dynamic and three dimensional character. The approach taken here illustrates these processes using interactive animations embedded in a Web page and overcomes many limitations of a printed page.
