| Journal Articles: 755 results |
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The Fuge Tube Diode Array Spectrophotometer B. T. Arneson, S. R. Long, K. K. Stewart, and J. J. Lagowski
Presents details for adapting a diode array UVvis spectrophotometer to incorporate the use of polypropylene microcentrifuge tubesfuge tubesas cuvettes. The fuge tubes also can serve as reaction vessels, which permits the ready study of chemical systems involving heterogeneous phases by eliminating the need for tedious separations.
Arneson, B. T.; Long, S. R.; Stewart, K. K.; Lagowski, J. J. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1663.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Solutions / Solvents |
Spectroscopy |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
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Designing and Conducting a Purification Scheme as an Organic Chemistry Laboratory Practical Kate J. Graham, Brian J. Johnson, T. Nicholas Jones, Edward J. McIntee, and Chris P. Schaller
Describes an open-ended laboratory practical that challenges students to evaluate when different purification techniques are appropriate.
Graham, Kate J.; Johnson, Brian J.; Jones, T. Nicholas; McIntee, Edward J.; Schaller, Chris P. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1644.
IR Spectroscopy |
Microscale Lab |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Physical Properties |
Separation Science
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Revising the ACS Guidelines for Chemistry Programs in Two-Year Colleges: Exploring Changes and Opportunities John V. Clevenger, Margaret S. Richards, and Jodi L. Wesemann
A draft of the next edition of the ACS Guidelines for Chemistry Programs in Two-Year Colleges contains guidelines designed to maximize the potential of students, faculty, and programs in two-year colleges; reflect changes in pedagogy, technology, and accountability; facilitate student transfer; and provide a more useful resource for strengthening programs.
Clevenger, John V.; Richards, Margaret S.; Wesemann, Jodi L. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1602.
Administrative Issues |
Chromatography |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Laboratory Management |
Nonmajor Courses |
Professional Development |
Spectroscopy |
Undergraduate Research
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Separation Anxiety: An In-Class Game Designed To Help Students Discover Chromatography Michael J. Samide
An in-class activity, designed on the basis of plate theory, allows students to physically separate coins on the basis of a provided partition coefficient. Students move coins between stationary and mobile phases to establish equilibrium conditions. The goal is to have students understand equilibration as it relates to separation, which can lead into a discussion of more complex topics.
Samide, Michael J. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1512.
Chromatography |
Equilibrium
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The Electrochemical Synthesis of Transition-Metal Acetylacetonates S. R. Long, S. R. Browning, and J. J. Lagowski
The electrochemical synthesis of transition-metal acetylacetonates can assist in the transformation of an entry-level laboratory course into a research-like environment where all members of a class are working on the same problem, but each student has a personal responsibility for the synthesis and characterization of a specific compound.
Long, S. R.; Browning, S. R.; Lagowski, J. J. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1429.
Coordination Compounds |
Electrochemistry |
IR Spectroscopy |
Physical Properties |
Synthesis |
Transition Elements |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
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Using Graphics Calculators and Spreadsheets in Chemistry: Solving Equilibrium Problems Kieran F. Lim ( )
Discusses tabular and graphical approaches to equilibrium calculations.
Lim, Kieran F. (). J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1347.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium
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Does the Addition of Inert Gases at Constant Volume and Temperature Affect Chemical Equilibrium? João C. M. Paiva, Jorge Gonçalves, and Susana Fonseca
This article examines three approaches, leading to different conclusions, for answering the question "Does the addition of inert gases at constant volume and temperature modify the state of equilibrium?"
Paiva, João C. M.; Gonçalves, Jorge; Fonseca, Susana. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1133.
Equilibrium |
Gases |
Thermodynamics
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An Updated Equilibrium Machine Emeric Schultz
Describes a device that can demonstrate equilibrium and the Le Châtelier principle, as well as kinetic and thermodynamic concepts. The device consists of a leaf blower attached to a plastic container divided into two chambers by a barrier of variable size and form. Styrofoam balls can be exchanged across the barrier when various air pressures are applied by the blower.
Schultz, Emeric. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1131.
Equilibrium |
Kinetics |
Thermodynamics
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Data Pooling in a Chemical Kinetics Experiment: The Aquation of a Series of Cobalt(III) Complexes Richard S. Herrick, Kenneth V. Mills, and Lisa P. Nestor
Describes an experiment that introduces students to integrated rate laws, the search for a mechanism that is consistent with chemical and kinetic data, and the concept of activation barriers and their measurement in a curriculum whose pedagogical philosophy makes the laboratory the center of learning for undergraduates in their first two years of instruction.
Herrick, Richard S.; Mills, Kenneth V.; Nestor, Lisa P. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1120.
Coordination Compounds |
Kinetics |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Rate Law |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
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Introducing Undergraduate Students to Electrochemistry: A Two-Week Discovery Chemistry Experiment Kenneth V. Mills, Richard S. Herrick, Louise W. Guilmette, Lisa P. Nestor, Heather Shafer, and Mauri A. Ditzler,
Within the framework of a laboratory-focused, guided-inquiry pedagogy, students discover the Nernst equation, the spontaneity of galvanic cells, concentration cells, and the use of electrochemical data to calculate equilibrium constants.
Mills, Kenneth V.; Herrick, Richard S.; Guilmette, Louise W.; Nestor, Lisa P.; Shafer, Heather;Ditzler, Mauri A. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1116.
Electrochemistry |
Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials |
Equilibrium
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Sampling the Soils Around a Residence Containing Lead-Based Paints: An X-ray Fluorescence Experiment Steven J. Bachofer
A soil sampling experiment using field portable instruments was conducted at a pre-1950 construction known to have lead-based paint. Students collected data following regulatory protocols at multiple locations within and outside of the house's dripline, reported their results, and provided the owner advice on methods to minimize contact with contaminated soil.
Bachofer, Steven J. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 980.
Applications of Chemistry |
Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
Instrumental Methods |
Nonmajor Courses |
Spectroscopy |
Toxicology |
Metals
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EQVAPSIM: A Vapor–Liquid Equilibria of Binary Systems Computer Simulation by LabVIEW A. Belletti, R. Borromei, and G. Ingletto
Reports the results of a program using LabVIEW software to simulate the construction of a phase diagram representing a liquidvapor equilibrium. The program models work in a real laboratory, including mistakes commonly made in this context.
Belletti, A.; Borromei, R.; Ingletto, G. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 879.
Equilibrium |
Thermodynamics |
Student-Centered Learning
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Resolving Spectral Lines with a Periscope-Type DVD Spectroscope Fumitaka Wakabayashi
Describes the periscope-type of DVD spectroscope and demonstrates the numerical analysis of its emission and absorption spectra. This improved design allows one to observe and photograph visible spectra more easily and clearly than earlier models; it thus has the potential to be a cost-effective, powerful, and versatile tool for science education.
Wakabayashi, Fumitaka. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 849.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Solutions / Solvents |
Spectroscopy |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
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Identification of an Unknown Compound by Combined Use of IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and Mass Spectrometry: A Real-Life Experience in Structure Determination Louis J. Liotta and Magdalena James-Pederson
In this introductory organic chemistry experiment, students are expected to operate NMR, IR, and GCMS instrumentation to obtain spectra which are interpreted to elucidate the chemical structure of the assigned compounds without the benefit of a list of possible unknowns.
Liotta, Louis J.; James-Pederson, Magdalena. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 832.
Gas Chromatography |
Instrumental Methods |
IR Spectroscopy |
Mass Spectrometry |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Qualitative Analysis |
Spectroscopy
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Size Exclusion Chromatography: An Experiment for High School and Community College Chemistry and Biotechnology Laboratory Programs Linda S. Brunauer and Kathryn K. Davis
Describes an experiment in which students use column chromatography to separate and characterize biomolecules, thus expanding their exposure to chromatographic procedures beyond those more commonly employed at the secondary level (e.g., paper or thin-layer chromatography).
Brunauer, Linda S.; Davis, Kathryn K. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 683.
Biotechnology |
Chromatography |
Enzymes |
Separation Science |
Spectroscopy
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Prussian Blue: Artists' Pigment and Chemists' Sponge Mike Ware
The variable composition of Prussian blue tantalized chemists until investigations by X-ray crystallography in the late 20th century explained its many properties and uses.
Ware, Mike. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 612.
Applications of Chemistry |
Coordination Compounds |
Dyes / Pigments |
Electrochemistry |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Photochemistry |
Toxicology
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Phenolphthalein—Pink Tornado Demonstration Bruce R. Prall
This demonstration uses the vortex generated by a spinning magnetic stir bar to demonstrate Le Châtelier's principle as it applies to the phenolphthalein equilibrium in water and provides an excellent opportunity to discuss limiting and excess reagents.
Prall, Bruce R. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 527.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Kinetics |
pH
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Flames Tests with Flair Nicholas C. Thomas
When conducted in a suitable fume hood, spraying hydrogen-filled balloons with aqueous solutions of metal salts provides a simple and safe method for demonstrating flame tests.
Thomas, Nicholas C. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 521.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Gases |
Metals
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Using Hydrogen Balloons To Display Metal Ion Spectra James H. Maynard
Describes a procedure for igniting hydrogen-filled balloons containing metal salts to obtain the brightest possible flash while minimizing the quantity of airborne combustion products.
Maynard, James H. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 519.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Gases |
Metals |
Solutions / Solvents
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The Chemical Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: The Serpentine Remains Ken Shaw
This story is a chemical mystery, set in the context of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, that emphasizes qualitative analysis, descriptive chemistry, and forensics.
Shaw, Ken. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 507.
Acids / Bases |
Applications of Chemistry |
Coordination Compounds |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |
Forensic Chemistry |
Qualitative Analysis
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A Simple Method for Drawing Chiral Mononuclear Octahedral Metal Complexes Aminou Mohamadou and Arnaud Haudrechy
This article presents a simple and progressive method to draw all of the octahedral complexes of coordination units with at least two different monodentate ligands and show their chiral properties.
Mohamadou, Aminou; Haudrechy, Arnaud. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 436.
Asymmetric Synthesis |
Chirality / Optical Activity |
Coordination Compounds |
Diastereomers |
Enantiomers |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Stereochemistry |
Transition Elements
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Can a Non-Chiral Object Be Made of Two Identical Chiral Moieties? Jean François LeMaréchal
Uses the cut of an apple to show that the association of identical chiral moieties can form a non-chiral object.
LeMaréchal, Jean François. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 433.
Chirality / Optical Activity |
Coordination Compounds |
Enantiomers |
Group Theory / Symmetry |
Stereochemistry |
Transition Elements
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Preparation and Characterization of Solid Co(II) Pyrimidinolates in a Multifaceted Undergraduate Laboratory Experiment Norberto Masciocchi, Simona Galli, Angelo Sironi, Gabriella Dal Monte, Elisa Barea, Juan Manuel Salas, and Jorge A. R. Navarro
Presents an integrated set of experiments involving the [Co(4-pyrimidinolate)2(H2O)n] species, including synthesis; analytical characterization by conventional titration and colorimetric methods; thermal, spectroscopic and structural characterization; and advanced analytical techniques (XRF, XRD).
Masciocchi, Norberto; Galli, Simona; Sironi, Angelo; Dal Monte, Gabriella; Barea, Elisa; Salas, Juan Manuel; Navarro, Jorge A. R. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 422.
Coordination Compounds |
Solid State Chemistry |
Synthesis |
Thermal Analysis |
X-ray Crystallography
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Kinetic Analysis of Amylase Using Quantitative Benedict's and Iodine Starch Reagents Beverly Cochran, Deborah Lunday, and Frank Miskevich
This laboratory emphasizes that enzymes mediate the conversion of a substrate into a product and that either the concentration of product or reactant may be used to follow the course of a reaction. It does so by using an inexpensive scanner and open-source image analysis software to quantify amylase activity through the breakdown of starch and the appearance of glucose.
Cochran, Beverly; Lunday, Deborah; Miskevich, Frank. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 401.
Biosynthesis |
Carbohydrates |
Catalysis |
Enzymes |
Food Science |
Nutrition |
Quantitative Analysis |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
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Integrating Advanced High School Chemistry Research with Organic Chemistry and Instrumental Methods of Analysis Brian J. Kennedy
Describes the unique opportunities in chemistry available at a science and technology magnet high school. Students may select entry-level courses such as honors and advanced placement chemistry, take electives in organic chemistry with instrumental methods of analysis, and ultimately complete a senior chemical analysis research course.
Kennedy, Brian J. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 393.
Applications of Chemistry |
Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
Gas Chromatography |
Instrumental Methods |
IR Spectroscopy |
Quantitative Analysis |
Undergraduate Research |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Student-Centered Learning
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Peer Mentoring in the General Chemistry and Organic Chemistry Laboratories Caleb A. Arrington, Jameica B. Hill, Ramin Radfar, David M. Whisnant, and Charles G. Bass
This article describes a discovery experiment in which organic chemistry students act as mentors to general chemistry students. Members from both groups work together to isolate an unknown compound using distillation. The structure of the product is then determined collaboratively using IR and NMR spectroscopy.
Arrington, Caleb A.; Hill, Jameica B.; Radfar, Ramin; Whisnant, David M.; Bass, Charles G. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 288.
IR Spectroscopy |
NMR Spectroscopy
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A Simple Experiment in the Separation of a Solid-Phase Mixture and Infrared Spectroscopy for Introductory Chemistry Paul S. Szalay
In this guided-inquiry experiment, a two-component solid mixture of caffeine and ibuprofen is separated through a series of solution extractions and precipitations. The components are then analyzed using IR spectrophotometry to determine how effectively they were separated.
Szalay, Paul S. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 285.
Acids / Bases |
Drugs / Pharmaceuticals |
IR Spectroscopy |
Qualitative Analysis |
Separation Science |
Solutions / Solvents
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Determining the Solubility Product of Fe(OH)3: An Equilibrium Study with Environmental Significance Michelle Meighan, Joseph MacNeil, and Renee Falconer
This study explores the environmental impact of acidic mine drainage by investigating the relationship between pH and the aqueous solubility of heavy metals. Students precipitate Fe(OH)3 from acidic FeCl3 and NaOH and use the concentrations of ferric and hydroxide ionsdetermined through pH and flame spectroscopyto calculate the Ksp of Fe(OH)3.
Meighan, Michelle; MacNeil, Joseph; Falconer, Renee. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 254.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Spectroscopy
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Connecting Solubility, Equilibrium, and Periodicity in a Green, Inquiry Experiment for the General Chemistry Laboratory Kristen L. Cacciatore, Jose Amado, Jason J. Evans, and Hannah Sevian
Presents a novel first-year chemistry experiment that asks students to replicate procedures described in sample lab reports that lack essential information. This structure is designed to promote students' experimental design and data analysis skills as well as their understanding of the importance and essential qualities of written and verbal communication between scientists.
Cacciatore, Kristen L.; Amado, Jose; Evans, Jason J.; Sevian, Hannah. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 251.
Equilibrium |
Green Chemistry |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Solutions / Solvents |
Stoichiometry |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
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A Simplified Model To Predict the Effect of Increasing Atmospheric CO2 on Carbonate Chemistry in the Ocean Brian J. Bozlee, Maria Janebo, and Ginger Jahn
The chemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon in seawater is reviewed and used to predict the potential effect of rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It is found that calcium carbonate may become unsaturated in cold surface seawater by the year 2100, resulting in the destruction of calcifying organisms such as coral.
Bozlee, Brian J.; Janebo, Maria; Jahn, Ginger. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 213.
Applications of Chemistry |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Atmospheric Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Green Chemistry |
Water / Water Chemistry
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An Experimental Approach to Teaching and Learning Elementary Statistical Mechanics Frank B. Ellis and David C. Ellis
This article details demonstrations that show how equilibrium changes with temperature, energy, and entropy and involve exothermic and endothermic reactions, the dynamic nature of equilibrium, and Le Châtelier's principle.
Ellis, Frank B.; Ellis, David C. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 78.
Equilibrium |
Kinetics |
Statistical Mechanics |
Thermodynamics
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Using the Science Writing Heuristic To Improve Students' Understanding of General Equilibrium James A. Rudd, II, Thomas J. Greenbowe, and Brian M. Hand
This study examines the performance of students using the Science Writing Heuristic approach, which facilitates scientific inquiry by structuring the laboratory notebook in a format that guides students to answer directed questions, on lecture exams and a laboratory practical exam on chemical equilibrium.
Rudd, James A., II; Greenbowe, Thomas J.; Hand, Brian M. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 2007.
Equilibrium |
Learning Theories |
TA Training / Orientation |
Student-Centered Learning
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Experimental Determination of Ultraviolet Radiation Protection of Common Materials Susana C. A. Tavares, Joaquim C. G. Esteves de Silva, and João Paiva
The oxidation of iodide is used as an indicator for the degree of exposure to UV radiation and to investigate the protection given by a simulation of ozone using plexiglass plates, sunscreen lotions, cotton cloth with different colors, and aqueous solutions with different concentrations of natural organic matter.
Tavares, Susana C. A.; Esteves de Silva, Joaquim C. G.; Paiva, João. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1963.
Atmospheric Chemistry |
Consumer Chemistry |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
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Paint Analysis Using Visible Reflectance Spectroscopy Erin M. Hoffman and Douglas J. Beussman
This paint analysis lab is meant to allow students to determine if paint samples that may appear similar to the human eye have measurable differences. The forensic aspect of the experiment lies in the application of reflectance spectroscopy to determine if a paint sample found at a crime scene matches that found in a suspect's possession.
Hoffman, Erin M.; Beussman, Douglas J. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1806.
Dyes / Pigments |
Forensic Chemistry |
Nonmajor Courses |
Spectroscopy |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
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Geographical Information Systems (GIS) Mapping of Environmental Samples across College Campuses Kathleen L. Purvis-Roberts, Harriet P. Moeur, and Andrew Zanella
In this laboratory experiment, students take environmental samples (concentrations of nitrogen dioxide) and geospatial coordinates with a global position systems unit at various locations around campus, map their data on a geo-referenced map with geographical information systems software, and compare their results to those observed by governmental agencies.
Purvis-Roberts, Kathleen L.; Moeur, Harriet P.; Zanella, Andrew. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1691.
Applications of Chemistry |
Atmospheric Chemistry |
Gases |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
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A Qualitative Experiment To Analyze Microbial Activity in Topsoil Using Paper and a Handmade Reflection Photometer Julius Kofi Agbeko and Masakazu Kita
This article describes a novel method to qualitatively determine the extent of microbial activity in topsoil using blank paper containing high amounts of starch and a simple, handmade, cadmium sulfidelight emitting diode (CdSLED) reflection photometer.
Agbeko, Julius Kofi; Kita, Masakazu. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1689.
Bioanalytical Chemistry |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Quantitative Analysis |
Spectroscopy
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A New Colorimetric Assay of Tabletop Sweeteners Using a Modified Biuret Reagent Christopher J. Fenk, Nathan Kaufman, and Donald G. Gerbig, Jr.
Presents a new, fast and effective colorimetric analysis of aspartame that incorporates a less caustic biuret reagent and visible spectroscopic analysis for selective detection in aqueous solutions using readily available instrumentation.
Fenk, Christopher J.; Kaufman, Nathan; Gerbig, Donald G., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1676.
Consumer Chemistry |
Coordination Compounds |
Crystal Field / Ligand Field Theory |
Food Science |
Qualitative Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Amino Acids
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The Use of Limits in an Advanced Placement Chemistry Course Paul S. Matsumoto, Jonathan Ring, and Jia Li (Lily) Zhu
This article describes the use of limits in topics usually covered in advanced placement or first-year college chemistry. This approach supplements the interpretation of the graph of an equation since it is usually easier to evaluate the limit of a function than to generate its graph.
Matsumoto, Paul S.; Ring, Jonathan; Zhu, Jia Li (Lily). J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1655.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Gases |
Mathematics / Symbolic Mathematics |
Thermodynamics
|
Teaching Science in Art Erich S. Uffelman
Describes two linked, interdisciplinary courses examining conservation science and the history of 17th-century Dutch painting. Strengths and limitations of the approaches taken are discussed and key resources cited.
Uffelman, Erich S. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1617.
Applications of Chemistry |
Dyes / Pigments |
Instrumental Methods |
Lasers |
Mass Spectrometry |
Spectroscopy
|
Redox Titration of Ferricyanide to Ferrocyanide with Ascorbic Acid: Illustrating the Nernst Equation and Beer–Lambert Law Tina H. Huang, Gail Salter, Sarah L. Kahn, and Yvonne M. Gindt
In this simple experiment, which illustrates the Nernst equation and BeerLambert law, students monitor the reduction of ferricyanide ion to ferrocyanide electrochemically and spectrophoto-metrically upon titration with ascorbic acid. The Nernst equation is used to calculate the standard reduction potential of the redox couple at pH 7 and the number of electrons transferred.
Huang, Tina H.; Salter, Gail; Kahn, Sarah L.; Gindt, Yvonne M. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1461.
Coordination Compounds |
Electrochemistry |
Potentiometry |
Spectroscopy |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Equilibrium: A Teaching/Learning Activity Douglas A. Vander Griend
Suggests a modification to an earlier published classroom activity for the study of chemical equilibrium.
Vander Griend, Douglas A. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1428.
Equilibrium
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Exception to the Le Châtelier Principle David S. Corti and Mark J. Uline
Disagreement regarding an apparent exception to the Le Chtelier principle involving the effects of nonideality on the direction in which the ammonia synthesis reaction shifts upon addition of infinitesimal and finite quantities of nitrogen at constant pressure and temperature.
Corti, David S.; Uline, Mark J. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1427.
Equilibrium
|
Exception to the Le Châtelier Principle Thomas R. Herrinton
Disagreement regarding an apparent exception to the Le Chtelier principle involving the effects of nonideality on the direction in which the ammonia synthesis reaction shifts upon addition of infinitesimal and finite quantities of nitrogen at constant pressure and temperature.
Herrinton, Thomas R. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1427.
Equilibrium |
Gases
|
Exception to the Le Châtelier Principle Thomas R. Herrinton
Disagreement regarding an apparent exception to the Le Chatelier principle involving the effects of nonideality on the direction in which the ammonia synthesis reaction shifts upon addition of infinitesimal and finite quantities of nitrogen at constant pressure and temperature.
Herrinton, Thomas R. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1427.
Equilibrium |
Gases
|
Fluorescent Fun: Using a Homemade Fluorometer M. Farooq Wahab
A homemade fluorometer is used to investigate the fluorescence of highlighter marker ink with a flashlight or white LED as a light source, colored cellophane sheets as filters, and the human eye as a detector. The activity illustrates the concepts of excitation and emission, Stokes shift, and the dependence of fluorescence on the intensity of light.
Wahab, M. Farooq. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1312A.
Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
Instrumental Methods |
Student-Centered Learning
|
Fluorescence Spectroscopy in a Shoebox M. Farooq Wahab
Concepts related to fluorescence spectroscopy are demonstrated with a simple fluorometer that examines highlighter ink using a flashlight or the sun as a light source, a bowl of water with a mirror as the dispersing element, colored cellophane as filters, and the human eye as a detector. In addition, a spectrofluorometer is constructed using gratings made from a DVD or CD.
Wahab, M. Farooq. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1308.
Dyes / Pigments |
Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Qualitative Analysis |
Spectroscopy
|
Optical Properties of Fluorescent Mixtures: Comparing Quantum Dots to Organic Dyes Benjamin M. Hutchins, Thomas T. Morgan, Miné G. Ucak-Astarlioglu, and Mary Elizabeth Williams
Visually observed fluorescent colors of quantum dots in conjunction with spectroscopic data show students the additive emission of such mixtures; while some appear to emit white light, their fluorescence peaks remain spectroscopically resolved.
Hutchins, Benjamin M.; Morgan, Thomas T.; Ucak-Astarlioglu, Miné G.; Williams, Mary Elizabeth. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1301.
Dyes / Pigments |
Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
Materials Science |
Nanotechnology |
Photochemistry |
Qualitative Analysis |
Spectroscopy |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Guitar Strings as Standing Waves: A Demonstration Michael Davis
This demonstration uses an acoustic guitar to produce three unique harmonic vibrations, each of which is representative of a standing wave and illustrates the concept of quantization.
Davis, Michael. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1287.
Atmospheric Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Atomic Spectroscopy
|
Imidazole as a pH Probe: An NMR Experiment for the General Chemistry Laboratory William J. Hagan, Jr., Dennis L. Edie, and Linda B. Cooley
An experiment is described that employs the 1H-NMR signal of aqueous imidazole to determine the pH of an unknown solution. The procedure involves the preparation of a calibration curve, which is then used for the analysis of the unknown(s).
Hagan, William J., Jr.; Edie, Dennis L.; Cooley, Linda B. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1188.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Aromatic Compounds |
Calibration |
NMR Spectroscopy |
pH
|
Modifying Optical Properties of ZnO Films by Forming Zn1-xCoxO Solid Solutions via Spray Pyrolysis Anne K. Bentley, Gabriela C. Weaver, Cianán B. Russell, William L. Fornes, Kyoung-Shin Choi, and Susan M. Shih
Presents a simple experiment demonstrating the presence of an energy band gap in a semiconductor and its relationship to the material's composition through observed color and UVvis absorption.
Bentley, Anne K.; Weaver, Gabriela C.; Russell, Cianán B.; Fornes, William L.; Choi, Kyoung-Shin; Shih, Susan M. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1183.
Materials Science |
Semiconductors |
Solid State Chemistry |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
From the Research Bench to the Teaching Laboratory: Gold Nanoparticle Layering Maria Oliver-Hoyo and Ralph W. Gerber
The procedures presented here involve the synthesis of gold colloidal suspensions, attachment of a functional group to glass with subsequent creation of self-assembled monolayers through deposition of gold nanoparticles, and measurements of wavelengths, absorbance, and conductivity.
Oliver-Hoyo, Maria; Gerber, Ralph W. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1174.
Nanotechnology |
Surface Science |
Synthesis |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Circuit Board Analysis for Lead by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy in a Course for Nonscience Majors Jeffrey D. Weidenhamer
The analysis for lead through atomic absorption spectroscopy applied to the qualitative screening of circuit boards and the quantitative analysis of environmental samples demonstrates the potential hazards of improper disposal of used electronic equipment.
Weidenhamer, Jeffrey D. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1165.
Applications of Chemistry |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Metals |
Nonmajor Courses |
Quantitative Analysis
|
News from the Periodic Table: An Introduction to "Periodicity Symbols, Tables, and Models for Higher-Order Valency and Donor–Acceptor Kinships" Henry A. Bent and Frank Weinhold
Proposes that alternative display topologies such as a 2D "left-step" or "step-pyramid" table or 3D "periodic towers" can supplement or supplant the standard periodic table by better emphasizing higher-order patterns of chemical association and reactivity, rather than the physical resemblances of standard-state elemental substances.
Bent, Henry A.; Weinhold, Frank. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1145.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Spectroscopy
|
Peer-Developed and Peer-Led Labs in General Chemistry Lorena Tribe and Kim Kostka
Describes a student-developed and led laboratory curriculum as a model for producing a more student-centered and rich laboratory experience in general chemistry laboratories.
Tribe, Lorena; Kostka, Kim. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1031.
Acids / Bases |
Electrochemistry |
Equilibrium |
Kinetics |
Laboratory Management |
Thermodynamics |
Student-Centered Learning
|
A New Tool To Aid Students in NMR Interpretation John V. McClusky
Presents a tool that allows students to logically analyze NMR spectra and to visualize how peak multiplicity reveals molecular connectivity.
McClusky, John V. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 983.
NMR Spectroscopy |
Spectroscopy
|
Using Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy To Analyze Archaeological Materials Adam D. Hill, Ann H. Lehman, and Maria L. Parr
In a course linking chemistry and archaeology, students analyze artifacts with a scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to discover the relationship between materials and the culture that produced them.
Hill, Adam D.; Lehman, Ann H.; Parr, Maria L. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 810.
Applications of Chemistry |
Nonmajor Courses |
Spectroscopy
|
The Physical Meaning of the Mathematical Formalism Present in Limiting Chemical Equations; Or, How Dilute Is Dilute? C. Contreras-Ortega, N. Bustamante, J. L. Guevara, C. Portillo, and V. Kesternich
Proposes general mathematical formulations to offer students a better understanding of the real scope of scientific expressions dealing with limiting physical conditions, such as those concerning dilute and concentrated solutions and low and high temperatures and pressures.
Contreras-Ortega, C.; Bustamante, N.; Guevara, J. L.; Portillo, C.; Kesternich, V. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 788.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Gases |
Mathematics / Symbolic Mathematics |
Quantitative Analysis |
Solutions / Solvents
|
The Origin of the s, p, d, f Orbital Labels William B. Jensen
Traces the origins of the s, p, d, and f orbital labels.
Jensen, William B. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 757.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Spectroscopy
|
Preparation of CdS Nanoparticles by First-Year Undergraduates Kurt Winkelmann, Thomas Noviello, and Steven Brooks
First-year undergraduate students prepare bulk and nanometer-sized cadmium sulfide clusters within water-in-oil micelles and calculate particle size using the effective mass model.
Winkelmann, Kurt; Noviello, Thomas; Brooks, Steven. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 709.
Colloids |
Materials Science |
Nanotechnology |
Micelles |
Semiconductors |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
The Analysis of a Murder, a Case Study Frank J. Dinan, Steven H. Szczepankiewicz, Melinda Carnahan, and Michael T. Colvin
In conjunction with a forensic chemistry case study, students perform strontium determinations, use the data to locate a victim's origin, and act as detectives to formulate a plan to apprehend the murderers.
Dinan, Frank J.; Szczepankiewicz, Steven H.; Carnahan, Melinda; Colvin, Michael T. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 617.
Applications of Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Spectroscopy |
Instrumental Methods |
Atomic Spectroscopy
|
Constructing a Graphic Organizer in the Classroom: Introductory Students' Perception of Achievement Using a Decision Map To Solve Aqueous Acid–Base Equilibria Problems Stephen DeMeo
A decision map is a directional heuristic that helps learners solve problems within a generic framework. The decision map that is presented was created to solve pH problems of varying difficulty that introductory college chemistry students encounter when studying acidbase equilibria.
DeMeo, Stephen. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 540.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium
|
Hydrophilic Inorganic Macro-Ions in Solution: Unprecedented Self-Assembly Emerging from Historical "Blue Waters" Tianbo Liu, Ekkehard Diemann, and Achim Müller
The behavior of supramolecular structures in solution is different from that of simple ions, polymers, surfactant micelles, and colloids. New research involving polyoxometalates, which are fully hydrophilic but tend to self-associate into macro-ionic structures, may change our understanding of inorganic ionic solutions.
Liu, Tianbo; Diemann, Ekkehard; Müller, Achim. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 526.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Colloids |
Materials Science |
Nanotechnology |
Solutions / Solvents |
Spectroscopy |
Lasers |
Physical Properties
|
An Inexpensive Kinetic Study: The Reaction of FD&C Red #3 (Erythrosin B) with Hypochlorite Maher M. Henary and Arlene A. Russell
Students use a desktop visible spectrophotometer to quantitatively follow the rate of disappearance of FD&C Red #3 with hypochlorite. The first-order reaction in both dye and bleach yields simple data that students can easily process and graph using spreadsheet software to obtain the rate constant and the rate law.
Henary, Maher M.; Russell, Arlene A. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 480.
Dyes / Pigments |
Kinetics |
Rate Law |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Flame Emission Spectrometry in General Chemistry Labs: Solubility Product (Ksp) of Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate Frazier W. Nyasulu, William Cusworth III, David Lindquist, and John Mackin
In this general chemistry laboratory, flame emission spectrometry is used to determine the potassium ion concentration in saturated solutions of potassium hydrogen phthalate. From these data the solubility products, the Gibbs free energies of solution, the standard enthalpy of solution, and the standard entropy of solution are calculated.
Nyasulu, Frazier W.; Cusworth, William, III; Lindquist, David; Mackin, John. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 456.
Acids / Bases |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Spectroscopy |
Equilibrium |
Quantitative Analysis |
Thermodynamics |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Solutions / Solvents |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Atomic Spectroscopy
|
Discovering the Thermodynamics of Simultaneous Equilibria. An Entropy Analysis Activity Involving Consecutive Equilibria Thomas H. Bindel
This activity explores the thermodynamics of simultaneous, consecutive equilibria and is appropriate for second-year high school or AP chemistry. Students discover that a reactant-favored (entropy-diminishing) reaction can be caused to happen if it is coupled with a product-favored reaction of sufficient entropy production.
Bindel, Thomas H. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 449.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Thermodynamics
|
Application of Calibrated Peer Review (CPR) Writing Assignments To Enhance Experiments with an Environmental Chemistry Focus Lawrence D. Margerum, Maren Gulsrud, Ronald Manlapez, Rachelle Rebong, and Austin Love
Proposes the use of Web-based peer-reviewed writing for pre- and postlab assignments for large enrollment first-semester general chemistry laboratory courses. Results show that students submit average essays, but master the material via sequential reviews of exemplary and peer essays.
Margerum, Lawrence D.; Gulsrud, Maren; Manlapez, Ronald; Rebong, Rachelle; Love, Austin. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 292.
Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantitative Analysis |
Atomic Spectroscopy
|
More Thoughts on the Narra Tree Fluorescence A. Ulises Acuña
The source of L. nephriticum and the substance responsible for the intense blue fluorescence in an earlier published demonstration may require further consideration.
Acuña, A. Ulises. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 231.
Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
Natural Products |
Plant Chemistry |
Solutions / Solvents |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Acids / Bases
|
Plasmons: Why Should We Care? D. J. Campbell and Younan Xia
Reviews the techniques of surface plasmon resonance, optical sensing methods, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.
Campbell, D. J.; Xia, Younan. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 91.
Nanotechnology |
Raman Spectroscopy |
Surface Science
|
The Art and Science of Science and Art John W. Moore
Is teaching an art or a science? Like both it requires creativity and hard work, but can it be quantified sufficiently to satisfy a scientist?
Moore, John W. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 7.
TA Training / Orientation |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Student-Centered Learning
|
pHantastic Fluorescence Mark Muyskens
Students easily extract a fluorescent substance from shavings of a wood called narra. The fluorescence is dramatically pH dependent and can be turned on and off repeatedly using commonly available acid and base solutions.
Muyskens, Mark. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 768A.
Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
Natural Products |
Nucleophilic Substitution |
pH |
Solutions / Solvents |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
A Method of Visual Interactive Regression Michelle S. Kim, Maureen Burkart, and Myung-Hoon Kim
The process behind the least-squares method, minimizing the sum of the deviations squared, is made visible, interactive, and dynamic by allowing the user to adjust heights in a bar graph.
Kim, Michelle S.; Burkart, Maureen; Kim, Myung-Hoon. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1884.
Kinetics |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
Quantitative Analysis |
Spectroscopy |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Student-Centered Learning
|
Effectiveness of Conceptual Change-Oriented Teaching Strategy To Improve Students' Understanding of Galvanic Cells Ali Riza Özkaya, Musa Üce, Hakan Sariçayir, and Musa Sahin
This article presents efforts to develop a conceptual change-oriented strategy to teaching galvanic cells in electrochemistry. The objective is to assess the effectiveness of conceptual change-oriented instruction relative to conventional instruction using statistical comparisons.
Özkaya, Ali Riza; Üce, Musa; Sariçayir, Hakan; Sahin, Musa. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1719.
Electrochemistry |
Equilibrium |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Undergraduate Research
|
Astrochemistry Examples in the Classroom Reggie L. Hudson
In this article some recent developments in astrochemistry are suggested as examples for the teaching of acid-base chemistry, molecular structure, and chemical reactivity. Suggestions for additional reading are provided, with an emphasis on readily-accessible materials.
Hudson, Reggie L. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1611.
Acids / Bases |
Astrochemistry |
IR Spectroscopy |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Brønsted-Lowry Acids / Bases
|
Using Visible Absorption To Analyze Solutions of Kool-Aid and Candy Karen E. Stevens
This article describes materials and a technique to introduce concepts of color and visible absorption to students; Kool-Aid solutions are used to prepare a Beer's law plot from which an unknown's concentration can be determined.
Stevens, Karen E. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1544.
Dyes / Pigments |
Food Science |
Nonmajor Courses |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
A Polymer in Everyday Life: The Isolation of Poly(vinyl alcohol) from Aqueous PVA Glues. An Undergraduate Chemistry Experiment Yueh-Huey Chen and Jing-Fun Yaung
The IR spectra of three common and related polymers are used to identify functional groups and rationalize molecular structures.
Chen, Yueh-Huey; Yaung, Jing-Fun. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1534.
Applications of Chemistry |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Esters |
IR Spectroscopy |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
Teaching Physical Chemistry Experiments with a Computer Simulation by LabVIEW A. Belletti, R. Borromei, and G. Ingletto
This article reports on a computer simulation developed with the software LabVIEW of the physical chemistry experiment regarding the vapor pressure measurements of a pure liquid as a function of temperature, as well as a system of data collecting that emphasizes the similarities between the virtual and real experiment.
Belletti, A.; Borromei, R.; Ingletto, G. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1353.
Equilibrium |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
Liquids |
Thermodynamics |
Gases |
Student-Centered Learning
|
Solar Irradiation of Bilirubin: An Experiment in Photochemical Oxidation A. E. Pillay and F. M. Salih
Describes an experiment on photochemical oxidation employing solar irradiation of bilirubin followed by spectrophotometric absorption. The bilirubin undergoes depletion, and the declining concentration can be expressed exponentially as a function of time. The instantaneous reaction rates, half-life, and rate constant can be derived directly from the exponential plot.
Pillay, A. E.; Salih, F. M. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1327.
Applications of Chemistry |
Bioanalytical Chemistry |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Photochemistry
|
Equilibrium Constants and Water Activity Revisited David Keeports
Subtle arguments based upon the use of chemical potentials show that numerical values of solute molar concentrations can be used as good approximate activities in equilibrium calculations for reactions involving dilute solutions.
Keeports, David. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1290.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Alcohols
|
Equilibrium Constants and Water Activity Revisited E. J. Behrman
In teaching the effects of structure on acid strength, it is useful to compare, inter alia, water with primary alcohols.
Behrman, E. J. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1290.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Alcohols
|
Equilibrium Constants and Water Activity Revisited E. J. Behrman
In teaching the effects of structure on acid strength, it is useful to compare, inter alia, water with primary alcohols.
Behrman, E. J. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1290.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Alcohols
|
Lecture Templates: Convenient Partial Lecture Delivery System Elzbieta Cook and Robert L. Cook
Reports on the use of two forms of PowerPoint lecture presentationsa complete version used by the lecturer and a corresponding partial version available in advance to students. Pre-prepared lecture presentations allow for the sharing of lecture materials among teaching faculty and ensure consistency among several lecture sections in team taught courses.
Cook, Elzbieta; Cook, Robert L. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1176.
Equilibrium |
Lewis Structures |
Professional Development
|
A Colorful Look at the Chelate Effect Donald C. Bowman
The relative stabilities of several copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes are visually compared by noting color changes due to ligand exchange reactions. The demonstration illustrates the chelate effectthe increased stability of bi- and tetradentate ligands.
Bowman, Donald C. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1158.
Coordination Compounds |
Transition Elements
|
Achieving Chemical Equilibrium: The Role of Imposed Conditions in the Ammonia Formation Reaction Joel Tellinghuisen
The conditions under which chemical reactions occur determine which thermodynamic functions are minimized or maximized. This point is illustrated for the formation of ammonia in the ideal gas approximation using a numerical exercise.
Tellinghuisen, Joel. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1090.
Gases |
Equilibrium |
Thermodynamics
|
The Synthesis of Copper(II) Carboxylates Revisited Kevin Kushner, Robert E. Spangler, Ralph A. Salazar, Jr., and J. J. Lagowski
Describes an electrochemical synthesis of copper(II) carboxylates for use in the general chemistry laboratory course for chemistry majors.
Kushner, Kevin; Spangler, Robert E.; Salazar, Ralph A., Jr.; Lagowski, J. J. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1042.
Carboxylic Acids |
Coordination Compounds |
Electrochemistry |
Metals |
Solutions / Solvents |
Transition Elements |
Undergraduate Research |
Synthesis
|
A Sequence of Linked Experiments, Suitable for Practical Courses of Inorganic, Organic, Computational Chemistry, and NMR Spectroscopy Grigoriy A. Sereda
A sequence of investigations associated with the iodochlorination of styrene and 1-hexene is described. The sequence is flexible enough to be used in inorganic, organic, computational, and instrumental courses.
Sereda, Grigoriy A. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 931.
Alkenes |
Computational Chemistry |
Constitutional Isomers |
MO Theory |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Synthesis
|
A Simple Method for Rapidly Obtaining Absorption Spectra with a Spectronic-20D+ Spectrophotometer Jonathan E. Thompson
This article describes how simple modifications to the Spectronic 20D+ and interfacing this instrument to a popular data acquisition system allows for a significant decrease in the time necessary for collection of an absorption spectrum from 400 to 650 nm.
Thompson, Jonathan E. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 913.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Spectroscopy |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Complexometric Titration of Aluminum and Magnesium Ions in Commercial Antacids. An Experiment for General and Analytical Chemistry Laboratories Shui-Ping Yang and Ruei-Ying Tsai
A novel experiment for determining the total and individual aluminum and magnesium ion content in commercial antacids is described. This experiment is developed with three independent protocols based on complexometric direct and back titrations containing the concepts and usages of blocking, masking, buffer controls and metallic indicators.
Yang, Shui-Ping; Tsai, Ruei-Ying. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 906.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Chemometrics |
Consumer Chemistry |
Medicinal Chemistry |
Quantitative Analysis |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Do the Series in the Hydrogen Atom Spectrum Ever Overlap? David W. Ball
Addresses the question, do the series in the hydrogen atom spectrum ever overlap?
Ball, David W. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 883.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry |
Spectroscopy |
Atomic Spectroscopy
|
Valence, Oxidation Number, and Formal Charge: Three Related but Fundamentally Different Concepts Gerard Parkin
The purpose of this article is to clarify the terms valence, oxidation number, coordination number, formal charge, and number of bonds and illustrate how the valence of an atom in a molecule provides a much more meaningful criterion for establishing the chemical reasonableness of a molecule than does the oxidation number.
Parkin, Gerard. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 791.
Coordination Compounds |
Covalent Bonding |
Lewis Structures |
Oxidation State |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols
|
(Strept)Avidin–Biotin: Two Interrelated Experiments for the Introductory Chemistry Laboratory David E. Hansen, Dengda Tang, Jon A. Sanborn, and Mark D. Marshall
Describes a two-experiment sequence focusing on the noncovalent complex between the egg white protein avidin (or the similar protein streptavidin, which is expressed by the bacterium Streptomyces avidinii) and the essential cofactor biotin. The equilibrium constant for the binding of HABA to avidin is calculated from the data collected.
Hansen, David E.; Tang, Dengda; Sanborn, Jon A.; Marshall, Mark D. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 777.
Bioorganic Chemistry |
Computational Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
An Introduction to UV–Vis Spectroscopy Using Sunscreens Harriet P. Moeur, Andrew Zanella, and Thomas Poon
Two commercially available lotions that utilize only one active ingredient as a sunscreen were used to develop a general chemistry laboratory experiment involving the quantitative determination of the active component in each lotion by UVvis spectroscopy.
Moeur, Harriet P.; Zanella, Andrew; Poon, Thomas. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 769.
Drugs / Pharmaceuticals |
Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
Spectroscopy |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
The Fluorescence of Lignum nephriticum: A Flash Back to the Past and a Simple Demonstration of Natural Substance Fluorescence Mark Muyskens
This article describes a simple but visually striking demonstration of fluorescence from the aqueous extract of the tropical hardwood Pterocarpus indicus.
Muyskens, Mark. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 765.
Acids / Bases |
Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
Natural Products |
pH |
Solutions / Solvents |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Simultaneous Display of Spectral Images and Graphs Using a Web Camera and Fiber-Optic Spectrophotometer Brian K. Niece
A method is presented for displaying images and graphs of spectra on a single screen in the classroom. The simultaneous display of both forms of the spectra helps students to make connections between the qualitative, visual spectra and quantitative, graphical representations.
Niece, Brian K. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 761.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Solid State Chemistry |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Classroom Demonstrations of Concepts in Molecular Fluorescence Jonathan P. Blitz, Daniel J. Sheeran, and Thomas L. Becker
A multichannel CCD-array spectrophotometer and handheld UV lamp are utilized to acquire and project in real-time the fluorescence emission spectra of quinine, fluorescein, eosin yellow, and rhodamine B.
Blitz, Jonathan P.; Sheeran, Daniel J.; Becker, Thomas L. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 758.
Dyes / Pigments |
Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
Instrumental Methods |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
The Discovery and Development of Cisplatin Rebecca A. Alderden, Matthew D. Hall, and Trevor W. Hambley
Cisplatin is currently one of the most widely used anticancer drugs in the world. The unlikely events surrounding the discovery of its anticancer activity, subsequent introduction into the clinic, and the continuing research into platinum compounds is the subject of this review.
Alderden, Rebecca A.; Hall, Matthew D.; Hambley, Trevor W. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 728.
Bioinorganic Chemistry |
Coordination Compounds |
Drugs / Pharmaceuticals |
Medicinal Chemistry |
Metallic Bonding |
Oxidation State |
Synthesis
|
Demonstration of Absorbance Using Digital Color Image Analysis and Colored Solutions Shane K. Kohl, James D. Landmark, and Douglas F. Stickle
This article describes a simple experiment in which the principle of absorbance may be demonstrated using digital color image analysis.
Kohl, Shane K.; Landmark, James D.; Stickle, Douglas F. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 644.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Dyes / Pigments |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
Quantitative Analysis |
Solutions / Solvents |
Spectroscopy |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
An Enzyme Kinetics Experiment Using Laccase for General Chemistry Yaqi Lin and Patrick M. Lloyd
This article describes the use of laccase, an oxidoreductase enzyme, to study the effects of enzyme catalysts on reaction rates.
Lin, Yaqi; Lloyd, Patrick M. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 638.
Aldehydes / Ketones |
Bioanalytical Chemistry |
Catalysis |
Enzymes |
Kinetics |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Give Them Money: The Boltzmann Game, a Classroom or Laboratory Activity Modeling Entropy Changes and the Distribution of Energy in Chemical Systems Robert M. Hanson and Bridget Michalek
Described here is a short, simple activity that can be used in any high school or college chemistry classroom or lab to explore the way energy is distributed in real chemical systems and as an entry into discussions of the probabilistic nature of entropy.
Hanson, Robert M.; Michalek, Bridget. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 581.
Equilibrium |
Statistical Mechanics |
Thermodynamics
|
Modeling Dynamic Equilibrium with Coins Martin Bartholow
Students explore the concept of equilibrium by moving small objects between two piles.
Bartholow, Martin. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 48A.
Computational Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Rate Law
|
Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Alkynes via the Alkylation of Sodium Acetylides. An Introduction to Synthetic Design for Organic Chemistry Students Jennifer N. Shepherd and Jason R. Stenzel
Teams of students design a microscale synthesis of an unsymmetrical alkyne using commercially available terminal alkynes and alkyl halides and characterize the resulting products using TLC, IR, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Depending on the chosen reactants, students observe both substitution and elimination products, or in some cases, no reaction at all.
Shepherd, Jennifer N.; Stenzel, Jason R. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 425.
Alkylation |
Alkynes |
Elimination Reactions |
IR Spectroscopy |
Microscale Lab |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Nucleophilic Substitution |
Synthesis
|
The Reaction Quotent Is Unnecessary To Solve Equilibrium Problems. The Limitation of a Qualitative Reasoning—Editor's Note John W. Moore
Discusses the relationship between the concentration of an aqueous solution of acetic acid, its ion concentration, and its equivalent conductance.
Moore, John W. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 384.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Conductivity |
Mathematics / Symbolic Mathematics
|
The Reaction Quotent Is Unnecessary To Solve Equilibrium Problems. The Limitation of a Qualitative Reasoning Rob Lederer
Discusses the relationship between the concentration of an aqueous solution of acetic acid, its ion concentration, and its equivalent conductance.
Lederer, Rob. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 384.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Mathematics / Symbolic Mathematics |
Conductivity
|
The Reaction Quotent Is Unnecessary To Solve Equilibrium Problems. The Limitation of a Qualitative Reasoning Paul Matsumoto
Discusses the relationship between the concentration of an aqueous solution of acetic acid, its ion concentration, and its equivalent conductance.
Matsumoto, Paul. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 383.
Equilibrium |
Mathematics / Symbolic Mathematics |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Conductivity
|
The Reaction Quotent Is Unnecessary To Solve Equilibrium Problems. The Limitation of a Qualitative Reasoning Michiel Vogelezang
Discusses the relationship between the concentration of an aqueous solution of acetic acid, its ion concentration, and its equivalent conductance.
Vogelezang, Michiel. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 383.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Mathematics / Symbolic Mathematics |
Conductivity
|
The Reaction Quotent Is Unnecessary To Solve Equilibrium Problems. The Limitation of a Qualitative Reasoning Michiel Vogelezang
Discusses the relationship between the concentration of an aqueous solution of acetic acid, its ion concentration, and its equivalent conductance.
Vogelezang, Michiel. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 383.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Mathematics / Symbolic Mathematics |
Conductivity
|
Mechanisms That Interchange Axial and Equatorial Atoms in Fluxional Processes: Illustration of the Berry Pseudorotation, the Turnstile, and the Lever Mechanisms via Animation of Transition State Normal Vibrational Modes Marion E. Cass, King Kuok Hii, and Henry S. Rzepa
Teaching the Berry pseudorotation mechanism presents particular pedagogic problems due to both its dynamic and three dimensional character. The approach described here illustrates these processes using interactive animations embedded in a Web page.
Cass, Marion E.; Hii, King Kuok; Rzepa, Henry S. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 336.
Computational Chemistry |
Enantiomers |
Molecular Mechanics / Dynamics |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Nonmetals
|
Using Jmol To Help Students Better Understand Fluxional Processes William F. Coleman and Edward W. Fedosky
This new WebWare neatly combines instructional text and Jmol interactive, animated illustrations to teach mechanisms that need to be clearly visualized in order to be well understood.
Coleman, William F.; Fedosky, Edward W. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 336.
Computational Chemistry |
Enantiomers |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Molecular Mechanics / Dynamics |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Nonmetals
|
4-Dimethylaminopyridine or Acid-Catalyzed Syntheses of Esters: A Comparison Annemieke W. C. van den Berg and Ulf Hanefeld
Students compare acid-catalyzed ester synthesis and the 4-dimethylaminopyridine-catalyzed reaction. Based on the outcome of the experiments, students discuss the different reaction mechanisms and reason why different products are formed.
van den Berg, Annemieke W. C.; Hanefeld, Ulf. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 292.
Acids / Bases |
Catalysis |
Chromatography |
Esters |
IR Spectroscopy |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Mass Spectrometry |
Synthesis |
Mechanisms of Reactions
|
An Improved Flame Test for Qualitative Analysis Using a Multichannel UV–Visible Spectrophotometer Jonathan P. Blitz, Daniel J. Sheeran, and Thomas L. Becker
Describes the application of a multichannel array spectrometer equipped with a fiber optic probe for the acquisition of emission spectra as a means of performing flame tests for qualitative analysis in the general chemistry laboratory.
Blitz, Jonathan P.; Sheeran, Daniel J.; Becker, Thomas L. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 277.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Instrumental Methods |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Qualitative Analysis |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Atomic Spectroscopy
|
An Environmentally Focused General Chemistry Laboratory Morgan Mihok, Joseph T. Keiser, Jacqueline M. Bortiatynski, and Thomas E. Mallouk
A one-semester laboratory has been developed in which principles of general chemistry (aqueous acidbase equilibria, kinetics, thermodynamics, chromatographic separations, spectroscopy) are presented in the context of environmental aquatic chemistry.
Mihok, Morgan; Keiser, Joseph T.; Bortiatynski, Jacqueline M.; Mallouk, Thomas E. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 250.
Acids / Bases |
Chromatography |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Ion Exchange |
Kinetics |
Nonmajor Courses |
Spectroscopy |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Reducing the Use of Agrochemicals: A Simple Experiment M. M. Vidal, Olga M. S. Filipe, and M. C. Cruz Costa
This article describes a simple laboratory project to demonstrate that dissemination of nutrients and pesticides is prone to surface runoff and groundwater leaching by following the movement of inorganic phosphorus into groundwater.
Vidal, M. M.; Filipe, Olga M. S.; Costa, M. C. Cruz. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 245.
Agricultural Chemistry |
Applications of Chemistry |
Natural Products |
Quantitative Analysis |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Computer Simulations of Salt Solubility Victor M. S. Gil and João C. M. Paiva
Computer Simulations of Salt Solubility provides an animated, visual interpretation of the different solubilities of related salts based on simple entropy changes associated with dissolution: configurational disorder and thermal disorder.
Gil, Victor M. S.; Paiva, João C. M. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 173.
Thermodynamics |
Equilibrium |
Solutions / Solvents |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Computational Chemistry
|
A New Java Animation in Peer-Reviewed JCE WebWare William F. Coleman and Edward W. Fedosky
Just added to JCE WebWare, Computer Simulations of Salt Solubility uses a Java applet and Web browser to present an animated illustration of differences in the solubility of salts due to differences in the entropy of solvation.
Coleman, William F.; Fedosky, Edward W. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 173.
Computational Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Thermodynamics |
Solutions / Solvents |
Precipitation / Solubility
|
Using Computer Simulations To Teach Salt Solubility. The Role of Entropy in Solubility Equilibrium Victor M. S. Gil and João C. M. Paiva
Pairs of salts are discussed to illustrate the interpretation of their different behavior in water in terms of the fundamental concept of entropy. The ability of computer simulations to help improve students' understanding of these chemistry concepts is also examined.
Gil, Victor M. S.; Paiva, João C. M. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 170.
Computational Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Thermodynamics |
Solutions / Solvents |
Precipitation / Solubility
|
Derivatization of Fullerenes: An Organic Chemistry Laboratory Charles T. Cox Jr. and Melanie M. Cooper
Presents two undergraduate organic chemistry laboratories detailing the synthesis of fullerene derivatives, using the Bingel (carbene insertion) and Prato (1,3-dipolar addition) protocols.
Cox, Charles T., Jr.; Cooper, Melanie M. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 99.
Acids / Bases |
Addition Reactions |
Chromatography |
Heterocycles |
IR Spectroscopy |
Microscale Lab |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Synthesis |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Simple and Inexpensive Computer Interface to a Durrum Stopped-Flow Apparatus Tested Using the Iron(III)–Thiocyanate Reaction Craig M. Hoag
Describes a computer interface between a Durrum model 110 stopped-flow apparatus and a LabPro voltage probe using LoggerPro software from Vernier. This probe and software can be used to measure and record data from most instruments normally connected to an oscilloscope or chart recorder.
Hoag, Craig M. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1823.
Instrumental Methods |
Kinetics |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
Coordination Compounds |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Determination of Hypochlorite in Bleaching Products with Flower Extracts To Demonstrate the Principles of Flow Injection Analysis Luiz Antônio Ramos, Kátia Roberta Prieto, Éder Tadeu Gomes Cavalheiro, and Carla Cristina Schmitt Cavalheiro
Proposes the use of crude flower extracts and a bleaching reaction between hypochlorite and anthocyanins to teach the principles of flow injection procedures.
Ramos, Luiz Antônio; Prieto, Kátia Roberta; Cavalheiro, Éder Tadeu Gomes; Cavalheiro, Carla Cristina Schmitt. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1815.
Dyes / Pigments |
Natural Products |
pH |
Quantitative Analysis |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Aromatic Compounds
|
Presumptive and Confirmatory Drug Tests Craig Anderson
Tests for illegal drugs were performed on unknowns obtained from over-the-counter cold medicines. Substances that tested positive for the qualitative Marquis color test were found to be false positives for illegal substances, while scopolamine hydrochloride shows a false positive for cocaine hydrochloride with the cobalt thiocyanate reagent.
Anderson, Craig. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1809.
Drugs / Pharmaceuticals |
Qualitative Analysis |
Acids / Bases |
Gas Chromatography |
IR Spectroscopy |
Mass Spectrometry
|
The Virtual ChemLab Project: A Realistic and Sophisticated Simulation of Organic Synthesis and Organic Qualitative Analysis Brian F. Woodfield, Merritt B. Andrus, Gregory L. Waddoups, Melissa S. Moore, Richard Swan, Rob Allen, Greg Bodily, Tricia Andersen, Jordan Miller, Bryon Simmons, and Richard Stanger
Describes a set of sophisticated and realistic laboratory simulations for use in freshman- and sophomore-level chemistry classes and laboratories called Virtual ChemLab. The purpose of these simulations is to reinforce concepts taught in the classroom, provide an environment for creative learning, and emphasize the thinking behind instructional laboratory experiments.
Woodfield, Brian F.; Andrus, Merritt B.; Waddoups, Gregory L.; Moore, Melissa S.; Swan, Richard; Allen, Rob; Bodily, Greg; Andersen, Tricia; Miller, Jordan; Simmons, Bryon; Stanger, Richard. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1728.
IR Spectroscopy |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Qualitative Analysis |
Synthesis |
Reactions |
Thin Layer Chromatography
|
Using Visible Spectrophotometers and pH Measurements To Study Speciation in a Guided-Inquiry Laboratory William H. Otto, Cynthia K. Larive, Susan L. Mason, Janet B. Robinson, Joseph A. Heppert, and James D. Ellis
A collective-effort, guided-inquiry laboratory investigation was developed for the second-semester general chemistry laboratory for the purpose of increasing student conceptual understanding of equilibrium and speciation phenomena. This investigation required students to employ the chemical indicator phenol red in phosphate buffer solution, computer interfaced pH probes, and visible spectrophotometers. Through a combination of potentiometric and visible absorption measurements, the students determined the pH conditions that alter equilibrium concentrations of multiple species (colored and transparent) in solution.
Otto, William H.; Larive, Cynthia K.; Mason, Susan L.; Robinson, Janet B.; Heppert, Joseph A.; Ellis, James D. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1552.
Acids / Bases |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Equilibrium |
pH |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Dyes / Pigments
|
Gas Permeability of Polymers Bruno Lunelli
By studying a number of soft drinks with color but with or without phosphoric acid, the authors have determined that the required 20-fold dilution required in the Determination of Phosphorus in Cola Drinks is not to dilute the color but merely to place the sample within the calibration range of the analysis.
Lunelli, Bruno. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1471.
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Instrumental Methods |
Gases |
Transport Properties
|
Measurement of the Isotopic Ratio of 10B/11B in NaBH4 by 1H NMR Murray Zanger and Guillermo Moyna
A simple and remarkably accurate method for estimating the isotopic ratio between 10B and 11B through the use of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is presented. The experiment relies on the splitting caused by 10B (I = 3) and 11B (I = 3/2) on the 1H signal of a proton directly bound to boron, a phenomenon readily observed on an aqueous sample of NaBH4. In combination with a brief lecture or prelaboratory presentation, this laboratory can serve to introduce students to magnetic properties as well as theoretical and experimental aspects of NMR spectroscopy as early as the freshman-level chemistry.
Zanger, Murray; Moyna, Guillermo. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1390.
Instrumental Methods |
Magnetic Properties |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Isotopes
|
Thermal Degradation and Identification of Heat-Sensitive Polymers. Applications of Pyrolysis and Distillation and Instrumental Methods of Analysis Stuart C. Clough and Emma W. Goldman
An experiment for undergraduate teaching laboratories is described that involves the identification of samples of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate). This involves the thermal degradation of the polymers (a destructive distillation) into their respective monomers. The monomers are then identified using infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and gas chromatographymass spectrometry.
Clough, Stuart C.; Goldman, Emma W. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1378.
Nonmajor Courses |
IR Spectroscopy |
Mass Spectrometry |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Polymerization
|
Making and Using a Sensing Polymeric Material for Cu2+: An Introduction to Polymers and Chemical Sensing Jean R. Paddock, Anne T. Maghasi, William R. Heineman, and Carl J. Seliskar
In this experiment, students will be introduced to concepts of polymer chemistry, chemical sensors, metal chelates, spectroscopy, and quantitative analytical methods. A polymer network is generated by students and consists of crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) blended with the polyelectrolyte poly(acrylic acid), which is then doped with the spectroscopically-active chelating agent PAN, 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-napthol. All components of this hydrogel serve as an ion-exchange medium trapping cations that, when exposed to solutions of 2+ metals, can act as a material in a chemical sensor.
Paddock, Jean R.; Maghasi, Anne T.; Heineman, William R.; Seliskar, Carl J. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1370.
Quantitative Analysis |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Polymerization |
Ion Exchange |
Quantitative Analysis
|
Colors in Liquid Crystals George Lisensky and Elizabeth Boatman
This activity is suitable for exploring relationships between color, wavelength, reflection, and transmission and illustrates how temperature changes the liquid crystal's Bragg reflection wavelength.
Lisensky, George; Boatman, Elizabeth. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1360A.
Nanotechnology |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Spectroscopy |
Fatty Acids
|
Synthesis and Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals: An Interdisciplinary Experiment Gerald R. Van Hecke, Kerry K. Karukstis, Hanhan Li, Hansford C. Hendargo, Andrew J. Cosand, and Marja M. Fox
This experiment features an investigative approach designed for the introductory science or engineering major and integrates concepts in the fields of chemistry, biology, and physics. Derived from faculty research interests, this novel experiment gives students the opportunity to draw conclusions from tests performed to illustrate the connection between molecular structure and macroscopic properties. The chemical synthesis of the compounds studied further enhances the connection between molecular structure and macroscopic physical properties. The results of two separate physical measurements, refractometry and absorption spectroscopy, are combined to calculate a microscopic, but very practical, property of chiral nematic liquidsthe pitch of the helix formed in the liquid crystalline phase.
Van Hecke, Gerald R.; Karukstis, Kerry K.; Li, Hanhan; Hendargo, Hansford C.; Cosand, Andrew J.; Fox, Marja M. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1349.
Chirality / Optical Activity |
Crystals / Crystallography |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Acids / Bases |
Esters |
Physical Properties |
Physical Properties
|
A Networked NMR Spectrometer: Configuring a Shared Instrument David Alonso, G. William Mutch, Peter Wong, Steven Warren, Bal Barot, Jan Kosinski, and Mark Sinton
Andrews University, Lake Michigan College, and Southwestern Michigan College established an educational consortium in southwest lower Michigan. An FT-NMR spectrometer was installed at AU and networked with the community colleges. Students and faculty from LMC and SMC visit Andrews on a regular basis to receive training and operate the NMR. The instrument is accessible via the Internet for data acquisition, processing, and transfer. The spectrometer has helped the consortium schools improve the quality of chemistry education, exposed students in chemistry courses to the concepts and techniques of modern NMR spectroscopy, and strengthened the collaboration between the chemistry faculty of the three schools. This article describes the NMR network configuration and the methodology for NMR data acquisition and distribution.
Alonso, David; Mutch, G. William; Wong, Peter; Warren, Steven; Barot, Bal; Kosinski, Jan; Sinton, Mark. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1342.
Instrumental Methods |
NMR Spectroscopy
|
A Passive Sampler for Determination of Nitrogen Dioxide in Ambient Air Dan Xiao, Lianzhi Lin, Hongyan Yuan, Martin M. F. Choi, and Winghong Chan
This article describes the use of a passive sampler for detecting and collecting nitrogen dioxide, NO2, in ambient air. This device is based on microporous PTFE membranes that allow air samples to diffuse through and subsequently react with an absorbing reagent solution. The absorbance value of this reagent is proportional to the NO2 concentration in ambient air. It has been successfully applied to determine the NO2 concentrations in various sampling sites.
Xiao, Dan; Lin, Lianzhi; Yuan, Hongyan; Choi, Martin M. F.; Chan, Winghong. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1231.
Calibration |
Membranes |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Amines / Ammonium Compounds |
Coordination Compounds |
Gases |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Nonmajor Courses |
Quantitative Analysis
|
Mineral Analysis of Whole Grain Total Cereal Paul Hooker
This article describes the quantitative analysis of the elements iron, zinc, and calcium in Whole Grain Total Cereal, a cereal product that claims to contain 100% of the daily value of several vitamins and minerals. This experiment can be implemented at several instructional levels including chemistry courses for science and nonscience majors, and in more advanced chemistry courses such as quantitative or instrumental analysis.
Hooker, Paul. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1223.
Consumer Chemistry |
Food Science |
Nutrition |
Quantitative Analysis |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Nonmajor Courses
|
Valence, Covalence, Hypervalence, Oxidation State, and Coordination Number Derek W. Smith
It is argued that the terms valence, covalence, hypervalence, oxidation state, and coordination number are often confused and misused in the literature. It is recommended that use of the term valence, and its associated terminology, should be restricted to simple molecular main group substances and to some oxoacids and derivatives, but avoided in both main group and transition element coordination chemistry.
Smith, Derek W. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1202.
Coordination Compounds |
Covalent Bonding |
Main-Group Elements |
Oxidation State
|
Equilibria That Shift Left upon Addition of More Reactant Jeffrey E. Lacy
Most textbook presentations of Le Chtelier's principle in general and physical chemistry do not include a discussion of constant pressure conditions for which addition of a reactant can shift the equilibrium to the left. We propose presentations of isothermal, open systems at constant pressure for both levels of study by using concepts and skills that the respective students already possess. In addition, we derive novel criteria based on the stoichiometry of the reaction that can be used to identify those equilibria that will shift left upon addition of more reactant.
Lacy, Jeffrey E. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1192.
Equilibrium |
Mathematics / Symbolic Mathematics |
Thermodynamics
|
Microscopic Description of Le Châtelier's Principle Igor Novak
The analysis based on microscopic descriptors (energy levels and their populations) is given that provides visualization of free energies and conceptual rationalization of Le Châtelier's principle. The misconception "nature favors equilibrium" is highlighted.
Novak, Igor. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1190.
Equilibrium |
Thermodynamics
|
The Reaction Quotient Is Unnecessary To Solve Equilibrium Problems Paul S. Matsumoto
While my paper states that the reaction quotient (Q) is not needed to solve equilibrium problems, it does not imply that Q is not valuable. In fact, when I teach this topic to my AP chemistry class, I initially use Q to solve the problem, then mention the alternative method described in the paper.
Matsumoto, Paul S. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1150.
Equilibrium |
Learning Theories |
Mathematics / Symbolic Mathematics
|
The Reaction Quotient Is Unnecessary To Solve Equilibrium Problems: No Problems with Q Robert Lederer
Mr. Matsumotos students are to be congratulated for discerning an interesting mathematical procedure. Exclusively utilizing this algorithm, however, short-cuts the understanding of the chemistry involved. Students of chemistry should be challenged to understand why something occurs, and not to be satisfied with how to perform the often mundane calculations.
Lederer, Robert. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1149.
Equilibrium |
Mathematics / Symbolic Mathematics
|
The Reaction Quotient Is Unnecessary To Solve Equilibrium Problems: The Reaction Quotient (Q) IS Useful After All Todd P. Silverstein
Paul Matsumoto was absolutely correct in writing The Reaction Quotient Is Unnecessary To Solve Equilibrium Problems.
Silverstein, Todd P. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1149.
Equilibrium |
Thermodynamics
|
The Reaction Quotient Is Unnecessary To Solve Equilibrium Problems: The Reaction Quotient (Q) IS Useful After All Todd P. Silverstein
Paul Matsumoto was absolutely correct in writing The Reaction Quotient Is Unnecessary To Solve Equilibrium Problems.
Silverstein, Todd P. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1149.
Equilibrium |
Thermodynamics
|
Kinetics of Alcohol Dehydrogenase-Catalyzed Oxidation of Ethanol Followed by Visible Spectroscopy Kestutis Bendinskas, Christopher DiJiacomo, Allison Krill, and Ed Vitz
A two-week biochemistry experiment was introduced in the second-semester general chemistry laboratory to study the oxidation of ethanol in vitro in the presence of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). This reaction should pique student interest because the same reaction also occurs in human bodies when alcoholic drinks are consumed. Procedures were developed to follow the biochemical reaction by visible spectroscopy and to avoid specialized equipment. The effect of substrate concentration on the rate of this enzymatic reaction was investigated during the first week. The effects of temperature, pH, the specificity of the enzyme to several substrates, and the enzyme's inhibition by heavy metals were explored during the second week.
Bendinskas, Kestutis; DiJiacomo, Christopher; Krill, Allison; Vitz, Ed. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1068.
Enzymes |
Kinetics |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Reactions |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Alcohols |
Biophysical Chemistry |
Food Science
|
Equilibrium Constants and Water Activity David Keeports
General chemistry instructors are faced with a dilemma when introducing the topic of equilibrium constants: These constants are correctly written in terms of activities, yet activity is a complex topic better treated rigorously in a physical chemistry course than superficially in a general chemistry course. Thus, to introduce equilibrium calculations, it is necessary to use approximate forms for equilibrium constants. However, I find that some commonly used textbooks provide incorrect arguments leading to approximate equilibrium constants for aqueous reactions.
Keeports, David. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 999.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Water / Water Chemistry
|
JavaScript Programs To Calculate Thermodynamic Properties Using Cubic Equations of State
Cubic equations of state are widely used by chemists and chemical engineers to predict the thermodynamic properties of both pure substances and mixtures. In particular, these equations enable predictions concerning the temperature and pressure at which vaporliquid equilibrium occurs. These two educational JavaScript programs perform calculations using cubic equations of state and, equally importantly, explain how the calculations are performed.
J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 960.
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Equilibrium |
Thermodynamics
|
JavaScript Programs To Calculate Thermodynamic Properties Using Cubic Equations of State Patrick J. Barrie
In this article, two JavaScript programs are described. The first program gives students the choice of five different cubic equations of state and performs calculations for pure substances. The second program predicts vaporliquid equilibrium for binary mixtures using a choice of three modern equations of state and the van der Waals mixing rules.
Barrie, Patrick J. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 958.
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Thermodynamics |
Equilibrium
|
Investigating the Photoelectric Effect Using LEDs and a Modular Spectroscope Lucia Diaz and Charles A. Smith
With a modular spectroscope, students can monitor the effect of adjusting individually the position and orientation of the light source, grating, and slits. Investigating the position of the individual components dramatically illustrates the advantages of using long monochromators in conjunction with narrow slit widths in maximum-resolution spectroscopy. Once students fully understand the operation of the modular spectroscope, they calibrate it using a light source with a known spectrum. A circuit board containing colored light-emitting diodes (i.e., LEDs) is then used to measure a value for Plancks constant through a photoelectric-effect-type equation.
Diaz, Lucia; Smith, Charles A. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 906.
Instrumental Methods |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Quantitative Analysis |
Spectroscopy
|
A LED Microtiter Plate Reader James Gordon and Sandra Tye
An inexpensive photometric detector system was designed for use with a 96-well microtiter plate. The absorbance of solutions in the wells was measured by using a light-emitting diode as the light source and a Vernier LabPro data-collection interface with a light sensor as the detector. The feasibility of the system was demonstrated with a linear absorbance versus concentration calibration curve constructed from solutions of yellow food coloring.
Gordon, James; Tye, Sandra. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 903.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Quantitative Analysis |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Biophysical Chemistry |
Dyes / Pigments
|
Addendum to "Laser-Pointer-Based Spectrometer for Endpoint Detection of EDTA Titrations" Chris Dahm
It has come to my attention that a paper that I recently published in the Journal should have referenced an article previously published in the Journal by Mehta and Dallinger entitled A Colorimetric Titration Experiment with Laser Excitation and Computer-Interfaced Endpoint Detection. I would like to thank Dr. Dallinger for bringing this to my attention and I apologize for not including his paper.
Dahm, Chris. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 683.
Lasers |
Spectroscopy
|
Procedure for Decomposing a Redox Reaction into Half-Reactions Ilie Fishtik and Ladislav H. Berka
The principle of stoichiometric uniqueness provides a simple algorithm to check whether a simple redox reaction may be uniquely decomposed into half-reactions in a single way. For complex redox reactions the approach permits a complete enumeration of a finite and unique number of ways a redox reaction may be decomposed into half-reactions. Several examples are given.
Fishtik, Ilie; Berka, Ladislav H. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 553.
Stoichiometry |
Equilibrium |
Electrochemistry |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Reactions |
Thermodynamics
|
Turning on the Light Patricia B. O'Hara, Carol Engelson, and Wayne St. Peter
This activity explores some of the fundamental properties of light spontaneously emitted from glow-in-the-dark stickers, wintergreen-flavored hard candies, and a chlorophyll solution made from spinach leaves. Students are led to explore the different properties of fluorescence, phosphorescence, and triboluminescence.
O'Hara, Patricia B.; Engelson, Carol; St. Peter, Wayne. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 48A.
Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
Photochemistry
|
The Reaction Quotient Is Unnecessary To Solve Equilibrium Problems Paul S. Matsumoto
The traditional method to determine the equilibrium concentration of chemicals in a reaction, given the equilibrium constant and the initial concentration of chemicals in the reaction, involves the determination of the reaction quotient. This article will demonstrate that this step may be eliminated; thereby simplifying the algorithm to solve such problems. Such a reduction in the complexity of the algorithm may result in more students successfully being able to solve such problems.
Matsumoto, Paul S. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 406.
Equilibrium |
Learning Theories |
Chemometrics
|
Putting A Human Face on Equilibrium Neil Glickstein
A short biography of chemist Fritz Haber is used to personalize the abstract concepts of equilibrium chemistry for high school students in an introductory course. In addition to giving the HaberBosch process an historic, an economic, and a scientific background the reading and subsequent discussion allows students for whom the human perspective is of paramount importance a chance to investigate the irony of balance or equilibrium in Haber's life story.
Glickstein, Neil. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 391.
Equilibrium
|
Analog Spectrophotometers in the Digital Age: Data Acquisition on a Budget Alexander Y. Nazarenko and Natalie A. Nazarenko
In this article we describe how to employ an inexpensive analog-to-digital converter and a user interface to Microsoft Excel to make a useful computerized spectrophotometer. Readily available types of data loggers, Vernier LabPro and digital multimeters with an RS-232 interface, were utilized. The proposed design does not compromise the quality of the measurements. The conversion of the data to the Microsoft Excel format makes it a convenient tool for a wide range of data processing applications.
Nazarenko, Alexander Y.; Nazarenko, Natalie A. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 294.
IR Spectroscopy |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing
|
Analysis of Natural Buffer Systems and the Impact of Acid Rain. An Environmental Project for First-Year Chemistry Students David C. Powers, Andrew T. Higgs, Matt L. Obley, Phyllis A. Leber, Kenneth R. Hess, and Claude H. Yoder
The purpose of this project is to investigate the basic principles involved in acidbase buffer systems within the context of an environmental issue. It is designed for use in an introductory chemistry course. The students will learn about acidbase interactions and examine how a buffer system composed of a weak acid and its conjugate base can neutralize large quantities of strong acid while resisting drastic change in the pH of the system. Students will also analyze experimentally the various components of the most commonly occurring natural buffer system.
Powers, David C.; Higgs, Andrew T.; Obley, Matt L.; Leber, Phyllis A.; Hess, Kenneth R.; Yoder, Claude H. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 274.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium
|
Turning on the Light: Lessons from Luminescence Patricia B. OHara, Carol Engelson, and Wayne St. Peter
The goal of this article is to provide secondary school science teachers with a background in an array of luminescent phenomena including fluorescence, phosphorescence, and chemiluminescence that will enable them to teach their students fundamental properties of light and matter. Instructions for building and operating a simple spectrofluorometer and five detailed lesson plans are provided in the Supplemental Material for experiments that utilize these processes.
O'Hara, Patricia B.; Engelson, Carol; St. Peter, Wayne. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 49.
Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
Forensic Chemistry |
Photochemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Color My Nanoworld Adam D. McFarland, Christy L. Haynes, Chad A. Mirkin, Richard P. Van Duyne, and Hilary A. Godwin
This activity begins with the synthesis of 13 nm-diameter gold nanoparticles by reduction of a gold salt. The students use the resulting nanoparticle solution to explore the size-dependent optical properties of gold nanoparticles.
McFarland, Adam D.; Haynes, Christy L.; Mirkin, Chad A.; Van Duyne, Richard P.; Godwin, Hilary A. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 544A.
Colloids |
Materials Science |
Nanotechnology |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Metals
|
A Laser-Pointer-Based Spectrometer for Endpoint Detection of EDTA Titrations Christopher E. Dahm, James W. Hall, and Brian E. Mattioni
A simple laser-pointer-based spectrometer has been developed for endpoint detection of EDTA titrations of magnesium and calcium. This spectrometer was built to decrease the uncertainty in determining the endpoint of titrations performed with a Calmagite indicator. With a photoresistor as the detector, and with the aid of a voltage-divider circuit, the quantity of light being absorbed can be followed with a simple pHvoltmeter. Students determine the endpoint by graphing the data and applying simple mathematics. BeerLambert studies with the spectrometer also show excellent agreement for a given set of solutions.
Dahm, Christopher E.; Hall, James W.; Mattioni, Brian E. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 1787.
Dyes / Pigments |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Lasers |
Spectroscopy |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Playing Card Equilibrium Frank L. Lambert
From experience, I am hypersensitive to the misconceptions of students and instructors that can be caused when playing cards are used in teaching chemistry. The root of such errors lies in overlooking the non-mobile, non-energetically-interacting nature of pieces of cardboard. Only if they are being shuffled can cards serve as some sort of analogy to molecular behavior in chemistry.
Lambert, Frank L. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 1569.
Equilibrium |
Statistical Mechanics |
Thermodynamics
|
The Quantitative Determination of Food Dyes in Powdered Drink Mixes. A High School or General Science Experiment Samuella B. Sigmann and Dale E. Wheeler
A simple spectrophotometric procedure for the quantitative determination of FD&C food dyes in powdered drink mixes appropriate for high school or general science classes is presented. This method describes the determination of the total quantity of food dye, the quantity of dye per serving, and the percent by mass of each dye in the sample. Directions for the creation of food dye calibration curves is also presented.
Sigmann, Samuella B.; Wheeler, Dale E. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 1475.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Dyes / Pigments |
Food Science |
Quantitative Analysis |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Consumer Chemistry
|
Using Clinical Cases To Teach General Chemistry Brahmadeo Dewprashad, Charles Kosky, Geraldine S. Vaz, and Charlotte L. Martin
This article describes how a fact-based clinical case was effectively used to motivate and enrich the classroom experience and review many of the concepts covered in general chemistry. The case involves an elderly patient who was brought to the emergency room. The results of his physical examination and laboratory analysis of his blood are presented. The students, in peer-led groups, work through the chemical principles involved in the doctor's diagnosis and treatment options for the patient. The article describes the case study, instructors' observations, and students' perception of the activity.
Dewprashad, Brahmadeo; Kosky, Charles; Vaz, Geraldine S.; Martin, Charlotte L. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 1471.
Acids / Bases |
Drugs / Pharmaceuticals |
Equilibrium |
Kinetics |
Medicinal Chemistry
|
Unified Approximations: A New Approach for Monoprotic Weak Acid–Base Equilibria Harry L. Pardue, Ihab N. Odeh, and Teweldemedhin M. Tesfai
This article describes a new approach to approximate calculations for monoprotic acidbase equilibria in otherwise pure water. The new approach, identified herein as unified approximations, uses a simple decision criterion to select between situations that should be treated as deprotonation and protonation reactions. The remaining treatment takes account of changes in concentrations of conjugate acidbase pairs for all situations and ignores autoprotolysis only for situations for which the analytical concentration of either the conjugate acid or conjugate base will always be larger than zero.
Pardue, Harry L.; Odeh, Ihab N.; Tesfai, Teweldemedhin M. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 1367.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Chemometrics
|
A Simple, Inexpensive Water-Jacketed Cuvette for the Spectronic 20 Jonathan E. Thompson and Jason Ting
A simple, inexpensive, water-jacketed cuvette for the Spectronic 20 is described. The cuvette and associated flow system can easily be constructed from materials commonly found in an undergraduate chemistry laboratory. As a demonstration of the cuvette's utility, we used the cuvette for the determination of the activation energy for the reaction between crystal violet and hydroxide ion. However, the cuvette may prove useful in a variety of applications in which a sample must be thermostated within a spectrophotometer.
Thompson, Jonathan E.; Ting, Jason. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 1341.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Kinetics |
Spectroscopy
|
Reaction to Why Do We Teach Equilibrium Calculations? Stephen J. Hawkes
"Rigor" in introductory chemistry is often equated with quantitation. Consequently the understanding of chemical reactions and properties is obscured. This was illustrated by Stumpo who asked students to calculate ?E of a reaction, and then on another question on the same test asked a question aimed at its meaning. 77% of the students calculated correctly, but only 24% showed understanding of its meaning. The ability to calculate a number does not measure understanding of the number.
Hawkes, Stephen J. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 1265.
Equilibrium |
Chemometrics
|
Reaction to Why Do We Teach Equilibrium Calculations? Don L. Lewis
A recently published correspondence by Stephen J. Hawkes on teaching equilibrium calculations troubles me. Hawkes dismisses equilibrium calculations as mere algorithms, best deferred until the student can use computer programs. I find it difficult to believe that a computer program enhances understanding. From a chemists point of view, the equilibrium condition is a limit, a limit that (because of stochastic considerations) does not exist. It might be better to make the reaction quotient statement using < or > but the use of those relations is delayed until quantum mechanics.
Lewis, Don L. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 1265.
Equilibrium |
Chemometrics
|
Water in the Atmosphere Joel M. Kauffman
None of eight college-level general chemistry texts gave a mean value for water in the atmosphere, despite its being the third most prevalent constituent at about 1.5% by mass as vapor and about 2% if clouds and ice crystals are included. The importance of water as a greenhouse gas was omitted or marginalized by five of the eight texts. An infrared spectrum of humid air was determined to demonstrate that water vapor, because of its higher concentration, was more absorptive than carbon dioxide. The cooling effect of clouds, or other influences on the Earth's albedo, were not mentioned in most of the texts. These pervasive errors should be corrected in new or future editions of textbooks.
Kauffman, Joel M. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 1229.
Atmospheric Chemistry |
Gases |
Green Chemistry |
IR Spectroscopy
|
Quantitative Assay for Starch by Colorimetry Using a Desktop Scanner Kurt R. Mathews, James D. Landmark, and Douglas F. Stickle
Here we describe a procedure to produce a standard curve for quantification of starch concentration using colorimetry.
Mathews, Kurt R.; Landmark, James D.; Stickle, Douglas F. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 702.
Separation Science |
Quantitative Analysis |
Carbohydrates |
Food Science |
Natural Products |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
The Singlet States of Molecular Oxygen Jean-Pierre Puttemans and Georges Jannes
Although the purpose of the article The Visible Spectrum of Liquid Oxygen in the General Chemistry Laboratory is an analysis of the two-moleculesone-photon absorption spectrum of oxygen, it nevertheless assigns arrangements of the electrons in an energy diagram to the two singlet states of molecular oxygen which do not seem to be correct in our opinion.
Puttemans, Jean-Pierre; Jannes, Georges. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 639.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
MO Theory |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
The Singlet States of Molecular Oxygen Jean-Pierre Puttemans and Georges Jannes
Although the purpose of the article The Visible Spectrum of Liquid Oxygen in the General Chemistry Laboratory is an analysis of the two-moleculesone-photon absorption spectrum of oxygen, it nevertheless assigns arrangements of the electrons in an energy diagram to the two singlet states of molecular oxygen which do not seem to be correct in our opinion.
Puttemans, Jean-Pierre; Jannes, Georges. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 639.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
MO Theory |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
A Modular Laser Apparatus for Polarimetry, Nephelometry, and Fluorimetry in General Chemistry Scott A. Darveau, Jessica Mueller, April Vaverka, Cheri Barta, Anthony Fitch, Jessica Jurzenski, and Yvonne Gindt
We present an apparatus suitable for multiple uses in the general chemistry laboratory including polarimetry, fluorescence, and nephelometry. The open design of the instrument also decreases the chance that students will contract the "black-box syndrome" that seems to develop when using instruments that only provide the final data in an experiment without showing how the measurements are obtained.
Darveau, Scott A.; Mueller, Jessica; Vaverka, April; Barta, Cheri; Fitch, Anthony; Jurzenski, Jessica; Gindt, Yvonne. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 401.
Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
Kinetics |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Lasers |
Spectroscopy |
Proteins / Peptides |
Water / Water Chemistry
|
Preparation and Analysis of Libethenite: A Project for the First-Year Laboratory Kelly E. Ginion and Claude H. Yoder
This first-year chemistry project involves the preparation and analysis of the naturally-occurring double salt Cu2PO4OH. Students prepare (or are supplied with) a list of possible products and use the results of their analyses to determine which compound was actually prepared.
Ginion, Kelly E.; Yoder, Claude H. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 394.
Qualitative Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Remote NMR Data Acquisition and Processing in the Organic Chemistry Curriculum Caleb Benefiel, Ron Newton, Gregory J. Crouch, and Karen Grant
A procedure for enabling remote and hands-on access to a Varian Mercury 300 MHz Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrometer in a large organic chemistry laboratory is described. Additionally, procedures for remotely connecting two high schools and a community college to the NMR are also described.
Benefiel, Caleb; Newton, Ron; Crouch, Gregory J.; Grant, Karen. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 1494.
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Instrumental Methods
|
Why Do We Teach Equilibrium Calculations? Stephen J. Hawkes
Is there any substantial value to students in learning these calculations? Is there value enough to warrant inclusion in the one year of introductory chemistry?
Hawkes, Stephen J. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 1381.
Equilibrium
|
An NMR-Smell Module for the First-Semester General Chemistry Laboratory Erich S. Uffelman, Elizabeth H. Cox, J. Brown Goehring, Tyler S. Lorig, and C. Michele Davis
The series of experiments involves an exploration of organic stereochemistry via hands-on model building, several chemosensory smell tests, and hands-on use of 13C NMR, thus serving as a powerful interdisciplinary lab involving chemistry, physics, and neuroscience. Similarities and differences between NMR and MRI methods are emphasized.
Uffelman, Erich S.; Cox, Elizabeth H.; Goehring, J. Brown; Lorig, Tyler S.; Davis, C. Michele. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 1368.
NMR Spectroscopy |
Stereochemistry |
Molecular Modeling |
Medicinal Chemistry
|
Playing-Card Equilibrium Robert M. Hanson
A simple hands-on simulation suitable for either classroom use or laboratory investigation involves using a standard deck of playing cards to explore the statistical aspects of equilibrium. Concepts that can be easily demonstrated include fluctuation around a most probable distribution, Le Chtelier's principle, the equilibrium constant, prediction of the equilibrium constant based on probability, and the effect of sample size on equilibrium fluctuations.
Hanson, Robert M. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 1271.
Equilibrium |
Statistical Mechanics |
Thermodynamics
|
SpecScan: A Utility Program for Generating Numerical Data from Printed Forms of Spectra or Other Signals Constantinos E. Efstathiou
SpecSpan is a utility program for Microsoft Windows that generates numerical data from printed spectra or other plots found as figures in text, chart recordings, or freehand drawings. SpecScan can process bitmap (.BMP) images of such figures and drawings. After a brief interaction with the user, it generates and exports numerical data as Excel (.XLS) or text (.TXT) files.
Efstathiou, Constantinos E. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 1093.
Chemometrics |
Spectroscopy
|
From Our Peer-Reviewed Collection William F. Coleman and Edward W. Fedosky
The JCE WebWare collection continues to evolve and grow. This month we add another program, SpecScan: A Utility Program for Generating Numerical Data from Printed Forms of Spectra or Other Signals, to our collection of peer-reviewed WebWare.
Coleman, William F.; Fedosky, Edward W. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 1093.
Chemometrics |
Spectroscopy
|
SpecScan: A Utility Program for Generating Numerical Data from Printed Forms of Spectra or Other Signals Constantinos E. Efstathiou
The JCE WebWare collection continues to evolve and grow. This month we add another program, SpecScan: A Utility Program for Generating Numerical Data from Printed Forms of Spectra or Other Signals, to our collection of peer-reviewed WebWare.
Efstathiou, Constantinos E. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 1093.
Chemometrics |
Spectroscopy
|
Purple or Colorless—Which Way Up? An Entertaining Solubility Demonstration Trevor M. Kitson
Discrepant demonstration involving immiscible mixture of water colored with potassium permanganate and hexane.
Kitson, Trevor M. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 892.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Solutions / Solvents |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Noncovalent Interactions |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Physical Properties
|
Laboratory Sequence in Computational Methods for Introductory Chemistry Jason A. Cody and Dawn C. Wiser
Description of a four-week laboratory sequence that exposes students to instrumentation (FT-NMR, GC) and computational chemistry.
Cody, Jason A.; Wiser, Dawn C. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 793.
Chromatography |
Computational Chemistry |
Noncovalent Interactions |
MO Theory |
Molecular Modeling |
Molecular Mechanics / Dynamics |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Gas Chromatography
|
ORBITAL Robert M. Hanson
Software that produces probability-based three-dimensional representations of the hydrogen atom and other single-electron systems.
Hanson, Robert M. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 710.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Computational Chemistry |
Enrichment / Review Materials
|
Applying the Reaction Table Method for Chemical Reaction Problems (Stoichiometry and Equilibrium) Steven F. Watkins
A systematic approach to chemical reaction calculations (stoichiometry calculations) - the "Reaction Table Method" (similar to the equilibrium table method).
Watkins, Steven F. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 658.
Equilibrium |
Stoichiometry |
Reactions |
Kinetics
|
Classification of Vegetable Oils by Principal Component Analysis of FTIR Spectra David A. Rusak, Leah M. Brown, and Scott D. Martin
Comparing unknown samples of vegetable oils to known samples using FTIR and principal component analysis (PCA) and nearest means classification (NMC).
Rusak, David A.; Brown, Leah M.; Martin, Scott D. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 541.
IR Spectroscopy |
Instrumental Methods |
Food Science |
Lipids |
Chemometrics |
Qualitative Analysis |
Fourier Transform Techniques |
Consumer Chemistry |
Applications of Chemistry
|
Chemical Equilibria Involving Copper(II) Ethylenediamine Complexes Roberto Zingales
Demonstration illustrating the formation of two different complexes when copper(II) ions react with ethylenediamine.
Zingales, Roberto. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 535.
Equilibrium |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Reactions |
Amines / Ammonium Compounds |
Precipitation / Solubility
|
Chemical Equilibria Involving Reactions of Silver(I) Ions Roberto Zingales
Demonstrating a series of reactions involving silver(I) ions.
Zingales, Roberto. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 534.
Equilibrium |
Reactions |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Qualitative Analysis |
Metals |
Precipitation / Solubility
|
Equilibrium Matthew Sandberg and Michael K. Bellamy
Software (applet) to help students visualize what actually happens in an equilibrium system.
Sandberg, Matthew ; Bellamy, Michael K. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 456.
Equilibrium |
Molecular Modeling |
Molecular Mechanics / Dynamics
|
Analysis of Carbon Monoxide in Blood Benjamin P. Huddle and Joseph C. Stephens
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of carbon monoxide in blood using the Conway diffusion method.
Huddle, Benjamin P.; Stephens, Joseph C. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 441.
Gases |
Toxicology |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Qualitative Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis |
Applications of Chemistry |
Forensic Chemistry
|
A Photolithography Laboratory Experiment for General Chemistry Students Adora M. Christenson, Gregory W. Corder, Thomas C. DeVore, and Brian H. Augustine
A photolithography laboratory experiment for general chemistry that introduces materials science and the production of microfabricated devices.
Christenson, Adora M.; Corder, Gregory W.; DeVore, Thomas C.; Augustine, Brian H. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 183.
Kinetics |
Materials Science |
Photochemistry |
Spectroscopy
|
A General Chemistry Laboratory Theme: Spectroscopic Analysis of Aspirin Houston Byrd and Stephen E. O’Donnell
A laboratory sequence designed for introductory chemistry students that focusses on the synthesis and spectroscopic (IR and NMR) and chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of aspirin as an alternative to traditional general chemistry laboratories.
Byrd, Houston; O’Donnell, Stephen E. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 174.
Drugs / Pharmaceuticals |
Chromatography |
NMR Spectroscopy |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Aromatic Compounds |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Instrumental Methods
|
Le Chat: Simulation in Chemical Equilibrium João C. M. Paiva, Victor M. S. Gil, and António Ferrer Correia
Software that illustrates Le Chatelier's principle; found on the Advanced Chemistry Collection CD-ROM, 3rd Edition.
Paiva, João C. M.; Gil, Victor M. S.; Correia, António Ferrer. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 111.
Equilibrium
|
ORBITAL Robert M. Hanson
Software for producing probability-based three-dimensional representations of atomic orbitals of the hydrogen atom and other single-electron systems; found on the Advanced Chemistry Collection CD-ROM, 3rd Edition.
Hanson, Robert M. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 109.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Computational Chemistry
|
Micelle-Mediated Extraction of Heavy Metals from Environmental Samples: An Environmental Green Chemistry Laboratory Experiment Dimosthenis L. Giokas, Evangelos K. Paleologos, and Miltiades I. Karayannis
A laboratory focussing on the determination of metallic elements in drinking water through cloud-point extraction.
Giokas, Dimosthenis L.; Paleologos, Evangelos K.; Karayannis, Miltiades I. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 61.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Metals |
Micelles |
Separation Science |
Green Chemistry |
Qualitative Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis
|
The Analysis of Seawater: A Laboratory-Centered Learning Project in General Chemistry Jodye I. Selco, Julian L. Roberts, Jr., and Daniel B. Wacks
Experiment designed to introduce students to qualitative and quantitative analysis methods (gravimetric analysis, potentiometric titration, ion-selective electrodes, and atomic absorption and atomic emission spectroscopy) in the context of an overall analysis of an environmental sample.
Selco, Jodye I.; Roberts, Julian L., Jr.; Wacks, Daniel B. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 54.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Instrumental Methods |
Qualitative Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Gravimetric Analysis |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Ion Selective Electrodes |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Potentiometry
|
Rubber Bands, Free Energy, and Le Châtelier's Principle Warren Hirsch
Using a rubber band to illustrate Gibbs free energy, entropy, and enthalpy.
Hirsch, Warren. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 200A.
Noncovalent Interactions |
Thermodynamics |
Equilibrium
|
A Film Canister Colorimeter James Gordon, Alan James, Stephanie Harman, and Kristen Weiss
Constructing a low-cost, low-tech colorimeter that illustrates all of a colorimeter's elementary components and a fundamental application of spectroscopy (determining the unknown concentration of a solution).
Gordon, James; James, Alan; Harman, Stephanie; Weiss, Kristen. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 1005.
Instrumental Methods |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Structure and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. An Experiment for the General Chemistry Laboratory Rosa M. Dávila and R. K. Widener
Lab exercise to introduce first-year students to the concepts of functional groups and isomerism, as well as using NMR spectroscopy to determine simple molecular structures.
Dávila, Rosa M.; Widener, R. K. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 997.
NMR Spectroscopy |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Instrumental Methods
|
A Structure–Activity Investigation of Photosynthetic Electron Transport. An Interdisciplinary Experiment for the First-Year Laboratory Kerry K. Karukstis, Gerald R. Van Hecke, Katherine A. Roth, and Matthew A. Burden
Investigation in which students measure the effect of several inhibitors (herbicides) on the electron transfer rate in chloroplasts and formulate a hypothesis between the inhibitor's activity and its structure as a means of using a physical technique to measure a chemical process in a biological system.
Karukstis, Kerry K.; Van Hecke, Gerald R.; Roth, Katherine A.; Burden, Matthew A. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 985.
Biophysical Chemistry |
Electrochemistry |
Noncovalent Interactions |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Aromatic Compounds |
Plant Chemistry
|
Understanding of Elementary Concepts in Heat and Temperature among College Students and K–12 Teachers Paul G. Jasien and Graham E. Oberem
Report on a study of the understanding of elementary concepts related to heat and temperature (thermal equilibrium and energy transfer in the form of heat) in undergraduate and post-baccalaurate students as a function of their number of semesters of college-level physical science training.
Jasien, Paul G.; Oberem, Graham E. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 889.
Thermodynamics |
Equilibrium
|
A New Glow on the Chromatography of M&M Candies Kurt R. Birdwhistell and Thomas G. Spence
Examining M&M candy chromatographs under UV light to determine which components contribute to the fluorescence of some of the candies.
Birdwhistell, Kurt R.; Spence, Thomas G. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 847.
Chromatography |
Dyes / Pigments |
Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
Qualitative Analysis
|
Conceptual Difficulties Experienced by Prospective Teachers in Electrochemistry: Half-Cell Potential, Cell Potential, and Chemical and Electrochemical Equilibrium in Galvanic Cells Ali Riza Özkaya
Study of prospective teachers' conceptual understanding of topics in electrochemistry.
Özkaya, Ali Riza. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 735.
Electrochemistry |
Equilibrium |
Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials
|
Synthesis and Characterization of a Gasoline Oxygenate, Ethyl tert-Butyl Ether Craig J. Donahue, Teresa D'Amico, and Jennifer A. Exline
Procedure for the synthesis and characterization of ethyl tert-butyl ether.
Donahue, Craig J.; D'Amico, Teresa; Exline, Jennifer A. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 724.
Chromatography |
Synthesis |
Ethers |
Gas Chromatography |
IR Spectroscopy |
Qualitative Analysis
|
Using Limiting-Excess Stoichiometry to Introduce Equilibrium Calculations: A Discrepant Event Laboratory Activity Involving Precipitation Reactions Stephen DeMeo
Students are introduced to the concept of equilibrium as they investigate two precipitation reactions, predict which reactant is present in excess, and find that there are two excess reactants.
DeMeo, Stephen. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 474.
Equilibrium |
Stoichiometry |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Qualitative Analysis
|
Fingerprinting: Commercial Products and Elements DeeDee Allen and Maria T. Oliver-Hoyo
Activity in which students relate emission spectra to bar codes.
Allen, DeeDee; Oliver-Hoyo, Maria T. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 459.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Tick Tock, a Vitamin C Clock Stephen W. Wright
Uses supermarket chemicals to perform a clock reaction; students vary the concentration of reactants and observe the effect on the time required for the reaction to reach its endpoint.
Wright, Stephen W. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 40A.
Consumer Chemistry |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Vitamins |
Equilibrium |
Mechanisms of Reactions
|
The Visible Spectrum of Liquid Oxygen in the General Chemistry Laboratory Frazier Nyasulu, John Macklin, and William Cusworth III
Examination of the spectrum of liquid oxygen and testing several hypotheses to explain the pattern of spectral lines observed.
Nyasulu, Frazier; Macklin, John; Cusworth, William, III. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 356.
MO Theory |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
The Physics Teacher: The Overlap of Chemistry and Physics Roy W. Clark
Chemistry relevant articles appearing in The Physics Teacher.
Clark, Roy W. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 154.
IR Spectroscopy |
Surface Science
|
Using the Science Writing Heuristic to Move toward an Inquiry-Based Laboratory Curriculum: An Example from Physical Equilibrium James A. Rudd II, Thomas J. Greenbowe, Brian M. Hand, and Margaret J. Legg
Changing the laboratory report format to improve student understanding of physical equilibrium in the lecture setting using the Science Writing Heuristic.
Rudd, James A., II; Greenbowe, Thomas J.; Hand, Brian M.; Legg, Margaret J. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1680.
Equilibrium
|
Cigarette Smoke Analysis Using an Inexpensive Gas-Phase IR Cell N. Garizi, A. Macias, T. Furch, R. Fan, P. Wagenknecht, and K. A. Singmaster
A PVC gas cell used to collect and analyze cigarette smoke and car exhaust through IR spectroscopy.
Garizi, N.; Macias, A.; Furch, T.; Fan, R.; Wagenknecht, P.; Singmaster, K. A. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1665.
Atmospheric Chemistry |
IR Spectroscopy |
Fourier Transform Techniques |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Qualitative Analysis
|
Beer's Law Revoked? (re J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 694) Maureen Kendrick Murphy
Question regarding absorbance versus concentration plot for buckminsterfullerene.
Murphy, Maureen Kendrick. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1595.
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |
Ethics |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
Undergraduate Research |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Beer's Law Revoked? (re J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 694) Roy W. Clark
Question regarding absorbance versus concentration plot for buckminsterfullerene.
Clark, Roy W. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1595.
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |
Ethics |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
Undergraduate Research |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Relating Qualitative Analysis to Equilibrium Principles Glenn V. Lo
Mathcad document intended for a prelab activity for qualitative analysis experiments.
Lo, Glenn V. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1557.
Qualitative Analysis |
Equilibrium |
Mathematics / Symbolic Mathematics |
Precipitation / Solubility
|
The Relative Acidities of Water and Methanol Henry I. Abrash
Analysis of the disparity between the way the acidity constant of water is presented in general chemistry and organic chemistry textbooks.
Abrash, Henry I. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1496.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium
|
Teaching Brønsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory in a Direct Comprehensive Way Jamie L. Adcock
Unifying all the Bronsted-Lowry acid-base concepts in a quantitative way.
Adcock, Jamie L. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1495.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Learning Theories |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Brønsted-Lowry Acids / Bases
|
The Use of an Inexpensive Laser Pointer to Perform Qualitative and Semiquantitative Laser Refractometry Amarílis de Vicente Finageiv Neder, Edgardo García, and Leonardo N. Viana
A simple, low-cost refractometry experiment designed for inexperienced students or use as a demonstration to estimate the refractive index of various liquids.
Neder, Amarílis de Vicente Finageiv; García, Edgardo; Viana, Leonardo N. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1481.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Lasers |
Spectroscopy |
Liquids |
Qualitative Analysis |
Physical Properties
|
A Liquid Prism for Refractive Index Studies Michael D. Edmiston
Easy fabrication of a hollow glass prism and application involving measuring the sugar content of soft drinks.
Edmiston, Michael D. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1479.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Lasers |
Spectroscopy |
Quantitative Analysis
|
Blood-Chemistry Tutorials: Teaching Biological Applications of General Chemistry Material Rachel E. Casiday, Dewey Holten, Richard Krathen, and Regina F. Frey
Four, Web-based tutorials that deal with chemical processes in the blood and provide an integrated biological context for a variety of chemical concepts.
Casiday, Rachel E.; Holten, Dewey; Krathen, Richard; Frey, Regina F. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1210.
Applications of Chemistry |
Medicinal Chemistry |
Proteins / Peptides |
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
News from Online: Teaching with Chemical Instrumentation on the Web Thomas G. Chasteen
Variety of web-based animations on analytical instrumentation; WWW addresses for software, plug-ins, sites for images and animations, references for designing sites, and sites regarding specific analytical techniques.
Chasteen, Thomas G. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1144.
Instrumental Methods |
Molecular Modeling |
Spectroscopy |
Chromatography |
Mass Spectrometry |
Gas Chromatography |
Fluorescence Spectroscopy
|
A Microscale Spectrophotometric Determination of Water Hardness James S. Gordon
Measuring water hardness using EDTA as a titrant, calmagite as an indicator, a colorimeter, and a graphing calculator.
Gordon, James S. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1089.
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Metal Complexes of Trifluoropentanedione. An Experiment for the General Chemistry Laboratory Robert C. Sadoski, David Shipp, and Bill Durham
Investigation of the transition-metal complexes produced by the reactions of Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) with 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,4-pentanedione; mass spectroscopy is used to determine the stoichiometry of the reaction products.
Sadoski, Robert C.; Shipp, David; Durham, Bill. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 665.
Coordination Compounds |
Synthesis |
Mass Spectrometry |
Transition Elements |
Stoichiometry
|
A Dramatic Flame Test Demonstration Kristin A. Johnson and Rodney Schreiner
Spraying a methanol / salt solution into the flame of a Meker burner to produce a large, brightly colored flame.
Johnson, Kristin A.; Schreiner, Rodney. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 640.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Atomic Spectroscopy
|
Assessing Students' Conceptual Understanding of Solubility Equilibrium Andrés Raviolo
A problem about solubility equilibrium is presented as a resource for the evaluation of students; it involves macroscopic, microscopic, and symbolic levels of representation, and allows one to assess whether students have acquired an adequate conceptual understanding of the phenomenon.
Raviolo, Andrés. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 629.
Kinetic-Molecular Theory |
Equilibrium |
Precipitation / Solubility
|
The Household Chemistry of Cleaning Pennies Laurence D. Rosenhein
Although it is well known that solutions of vinegar and table salt are effective in removing tarnish from pennies, chemical explanations of this behavior are not included in sources of this "household chemistry" and erroneous explanations have crept into popular literature on this subject; this article provides some relevant empirical information on the system.
Rosenhein, Laurence D. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 513.
Consumer Chemistry |
Coordination Compounds |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
Are Fizzing Drinks Boiling? A Chemical Insight from Chemical Education Research Alan Goodwin
The suggestion that fizzing drinks are examples of liquids boiling at room temperature has proved to be controversial among both chemists and chemical educators. This paper presents a case for believing this everyday system to be a good example of a boiling solution and the consequent separation of carbon dioxide from the solution to exemplify fractional distillation.
Goodwin, Alan. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 385.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Kinetic-Molecular Theory |
Equilibrium |
Gases |
Solutions / Solvents |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
|
The State of Division of Solids and Chemical Equilibria João C. M. Paiva and Victor M. S. Gil
An experiment and a computer simulation are presented to address a counterintuitive situation often encountered when teaching chemical equilibria. This is prompted by the question "How can the subdivision of a solid reactant affect the reaction rate and not the composition of the equilibrium state?"
Paiva, João C. M.; Gil, Victor M. S. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 222.
Equilibrium |
Kinetics |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing
|
From Chicken Breath to the Killers Lake of Cameroon: Uniting Seven Interesting Phenomena with a Single Chemical Underpinning Ron DeLorenzo
By using a single equation prototype, seven interesting mysteries and phenomena can be seen as sharing a common chemical underpinning. The applications discussed are the Killer Lakes of Cameroon, chicken breath, the Permian Ocean, the snow line, boiler scale, the Fizz Keeper, and stalactites and stalagmites.
DeLorenzo, Ronald. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 191.
Descriptive Chemistry |
Applications of Chemistry |
Equilibrium
|
Modification of Small-Scale One-Pot Reactions to an Inquiry-Based Laboratory Exercise C. Jayne Wilcox
Students are given an initial handout and asked to complete a short, attention-getting exercise. They must continue to work on logical, short exercises given to them one at a time, in handout format. The inquiry-based approach is intended to increase students' comprehension of what they're doing in the laboratory and why.
Wilcox, C. Jayne. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 62.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Equilibrium
|
Infrared Spectroscopy in the General Chemistry Lab Margaret A. Hill
Three laboratory exercises in which students learn to interpret infrared spectra for simple structural identification. A polymer identification lab uses familiar household polymer samples and teaches students how to use infrared spectral data to determine what bond types are present in the polymers. In a second lab, students learn to prepare potassium bromide pellets of fluorene derivatives and identify them by their functional group differences. The final exercise combines IR with several other lab techniques to identify an organic acid from a field of fourteen possibilities.
Hill, Margaret A. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 26.
Instrumental Methods |
IR Spectroscopy |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
A Phthalocyanine Synthesis Group Project for General Chemistry Darren K. MacFarland, Christopher M. Hardin, and Michael J. Lowe
A group experiment synthesizing phthalocyanine dyes in one step from commercially available starting materials is described. The importance of a metal template is explored. The experiment is suitable for a second-semester general chemistry course.
MacFarland, Darren K.; Hardin, Christopher M.; Lowe, Michael J. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1484.
Aromatic Compounds |
Synthesis |
Organometallics |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Aromatic Compounds
|
A Simple Protein Purification and Folding Experiment for General Chemistry Laboratory Robert Bowen, Richard Hartung, and Yvonne M. Gindt
A simple procedure for the crude purification of a chromoprotein suitable for a general chemistry laboratory. The protein, phycocyanin, is easy to purify and very stable. It contains a chromophore that can serve to report the integrity of the protein structure: the chromoprotein is dark blue when the protein is folded in its native conformation, and it turns a very pale blue when the protein is unfolded or denatured.
Bowen, Robert ; Hartung, Richard; Gindt, Yvonne M. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1456.
Noncovalent Interactions |
Photochemistry |
Proteins / Peptides |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
SolEq: Solution Equilibria, Principles and Applications, Release 1
by SolEq Project Team: L. D. Pettit, K. J. Powell, and R. W. Ramette Marina C. Koether
29 tutorials with simulation, calculations, and graphs, on solution equilibria.
Koether, Marina C. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1414.
Equilibrium |
Solutions / Solvents |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Equilibrium: A Teaching/Learning Activity: Author Reply Audrey Wilson
Thanks for input.
Wilson, Audrey . J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1410.
Equilibrium
|
Equilibrium: A Teaching/Learning Activity Todd P. Silverstein
Further refinement of equilibrium activity.
Silverstein, Todd P. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1410.
Equilibrium
|
Epoxy Polymerization Fred Schubert and Tom LoBuglio
Identifying the gel point of a polymer using a multimeter.
Schubert, Fred; LoBuglio, Tom. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1409.
Kinetics |
Lasers |
Spectroscopy
|
Interpretation of Second Virial Coefficient Vivek Utgikar
Identifying the gel point of a polymer using a multimeter.
Utgikar, Vivek. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1409.
Kinetics |
Lasers |
Spectroscopy |
Gases |
Thermodynamics
|
Are We Taking Symbolic Language for Granted? Paul Marais and Faan Jordaan
This study formed part of a broader investigation into the role of language in teaching and learning chemical equilibrium. Students were tested for their understanding of 25 words and five symbols commonly used in connection with chemical equilibrium. This test showed that most of the students had an inadequate grasp of the meaning of all five symbols. It also showed that, on the average, their understanding of symbols was more problematic than their understanding of words.
Marais, Paul; Jordaan, Faan. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1355.
Equilibrium |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols
|
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy of Calcium in Foodstuffs in Non-Science-Major Courses Keith S. Kostecka
Non-science-major students are introduced to the concept of ppm, prepare AAS standard solutions, digest foodstuffs in nitric acid, conduct AAS analysis for Ca, determine mass percentage of calcium in the sample, and check calcium levels in various food items on the Internet with a critical eye.
Kostecka, Keith S. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1321.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Instrumental Methods |
Nonmajor Courses |
Quantitative Analysis |
Food Science
|
Graphing Calculator Strategies for Solving Chemical Equilibrium Problems (re J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 632-634) Author Reply Henry Donato Jr.
Reinforces appropriateness of application of graphing calculator for solving chemical equilibrium problems.
Donato, Henry, Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1120.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium
|
Graphing Calculator Strategies for Solving Chemical Equilibrium Problems (re J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 632-634) Todd P. Silverstein
Questions appropriateness of application of graphing calculator for solving chemical equilibrium problems.
Silverstein, Todd P. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1120.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium
|
Every Year Begins a Millennium Jerry A. Bell
This article outlines a series of demonstrations and their contexts, leading to recommendations about what we teach and how we teach.
Bell, Jerry A. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1098.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Kinetics |
Learning Theories
|
Determination of Ksp, ΔG0, ΔH0, and ΔS0 for the Dissolution of Calcium Hydroxide in Water: A General Chemistry Experiment William B. Euler, Louis J. Kirschenbaum, and Ben Ruekberg
This exercise utilizes low-cost, relatively nonhazardous materials presenting few disposal problems. It reinforces the students' understanding of the interrelationship of solubility, Ksp, ΔG0, ΔH0, and ΔS0.
Euler, William B.; Kirschenbaum, Louis J.; Ruekberg, Ben. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1039.
Equilibrium |
Thermodynamics |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Simulating Dynamic Equilibria: A Class Experiment John A. Harrison and Paul D. Buckley
A first-order reversible reaction is simulated on an overhead projector using small coins or discs. Results illustrate how dynamic equilibria are established and allow the introduction of the concept of an equilibrium constant. Le Chtelier's principle is illustrated by further simulations.
Harrison, John A.; Buckley, Paul D. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1013.
Equilibrium |
Rate Law |
Reactions
|
Simulations for Teaching Chemical Equilibrium Penelope A. Huddle, Margaret Dawn White, and Fiona Rogers
This paper outlines a systematic approach to teaching chemical equilibrium using simulation experiments that address most known alternate conceptions in the topic. Graphs drawn using the data from the simulations are identical to those obtained using real experimental data for reactions that go to equilibrium. This allows easy mapping of the analogy to the target.
Huddle, Penelope Ann; White, Margaret Dawn; Rogers, Fiona. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 920.
Equilibrium |
Learning Theories
|
Studying Thermally Induced Chemical and Physical Transformations in Common Synthetic Polymers: A Laboratory Project Steven C. Hodgson, John D. Orbell, Stephen W. Bigger, and John Scheirs
A simple project is described for introducing students to some experimental procedures commonly used to measure the effects of thermal treatment on synthetic polymers. The thermally induced changes that occur in the commodity polymers low-density polyethylene (LDPE), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) are examined as a function of the time of thermal treatment in an air-circulating oven.
Hodgson, Steven C.; Orbell, John D.; Bigger, Stephen W.; Scheirs, John. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 745.
IR Spectroscopy |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |
Thermal Analysis |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
A Closer Look at Phase Diagrams for the General Chemistry Course Stephen A. Gramsch
The information provided by the high-pressure phase diagrams of some simple systems (carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen, and iron) can provide a useful extension to the traditional discussion of phase diagrams in the general chemistry course. At the same time, it can prepare students for a more illuminating presentation of the concept of equilibrium than is possible through the discussion of gas phase, acid-base, and solubility product equilibria alone.
Gramsch, Stephen A. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 718.
Equilibrium |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Thermodynamics |
Geochemistry
|
Cubic Unit Cell Construction Kit Bruce Mattson
This article provides plans for the construction of a student-interactive cubic unit cell model kit. Plans allow for the kit to be constructed on any scale. The kit is used in classroom activities or by students working alone or in small groups to construct the entire family of cubic lattices.
Mattson, Bruce. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 622.
Coordination Compounds |
Crystals / Crystallography |
Descriptive Chemistry |
Solid State Chemistry |
Molecular Modeling
|
Modeling Chemical Processes in Seawater Aquaria to Illustrate Concepts in Undergraduate Chemistry Gordan Grguric
This paper describes three exercises which can be used in a variety of undergraduate chemistry curricula: (i) determining the salts and their amounts needed to prepare a given volume of artificial seawater, (ii) modeling aqueous carbonate equilibria, to calculate pH and alkalinity shifts through additions of chemicals, and (iii) modeling chemical kinetics involved in aqueous ozone-bromine reactions, to predict the type and extent of disinfection by-products.
Grguric, Gordan. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 495.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Kinetics |
Applications of Chemistry
|
An Inexpensive Convenient Press for KBr and CsI Pellets in Infrared Studies Chris Kalberg and Paul J. Ogren
Directions are provided for the fabrication of an inexpensive IR salt pellet press that may be used easily and quickly by beginning chemistry students.
Kalberg, Chris; Ogren, Paul J. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 391.
IR Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Inexpensive Digital Monitoring of Signals from a Spectronic-20 Spectrophotometer John R. Amend, Matthew E. Morgan, and Alex Whitla
Obsolete analog-readout vacuum-tube and solid-state Spectronic-20 family spectrophotometers can be found in most college and university chemistry laboratories. While optically these are good single-beam instruments, their electronics package does not permit attachment of recorders or digital displays. This article describes a simple modification that costs less than $10.00 for parts and will permit direct digital readout of the Spectronic-20 signal with a digital voltmeter or a laboratory interface and a computer.
Amend, John R.; Morgan, Matthew E.; Whitla, Alex. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 252.
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
LeChâtelier's Principle in the Sciences Volker B. E. Thomsen
The concept of homeostasis in biology and the economic law of supply and demand are both equilibrium-like principles, but involve systems in the steady state. However, all these principles involve the stability of the system under consideration and the analogies presented may be useful in the teaching of LeChtelier's principle.
Thomsen, Volker B. E. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 173.
Equilibrium |
Learning Theories
|
CD Spectroscope Whitten, Lanny
Variation on design of the CD spectroscope.
Whitten, Lanny J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1624.
Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Analysis of Soft Drinks Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Mentorship Arkim Wilson, Craig Myers, George Crull, Michael Curtis, and Pamela Pasciak Patterson
This mentorship was designed to expose a student to the laboratory routine for a chemist at Bristol Myers Squibb Company (BMS). The student visited BMS, collaborated with BMS scientists, and actually completed a project on site. He was asked to determine the identity of an unknown sample of soft drink retrieved from a fictitious crime scene using NMR spectroscopy.
Wilson, Arkim; Myers, Craig; Crull, George; Curtis, Michael; Pasciak, Pamela M. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1414.
Instrumental Methods |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Qualitative Analysis |
Separation Science |
Student / Career Counseling
|
An Acid-Base Chemistry Example: Conversion of Nicotine John H. Summerfield
The current government interest in nicotine conversion by cigarette companies provides an example of acid-base chemistry that can be explained to students in the second semester of general chemistry.
Summerfield, John H. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1397.
Acids / Bases |
Drugs / Pharmaceuticals |
Equilibrium
|
Demonstration of Optical Rotatory Dispersion of Sucrose S. M. Mahurin, R. N. Compton, and Richard N. Zare
A method for demonstrating and measuring the optical activity of chiral molecules in solution is described in which the rotation of linearly polarized light is directly observed at right angles to the propagation of light in the liquid.
Mahurin, S. M.; Compton, Robert N.; Zare, Richard N. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1234.
Instrumental Methods |
Lasers |
Spectroscopy |
Carbohydrates
|
A Classroom Demonstration of Rayleigh Light Scattering in Optically Active and Inactive Systems Monica Avalos Pecina and Charles A. Smith
The objective of this demonstration is to allow students to make a direct observation of the rotation of polarized light in an optically active medium. The observation is performed by passing a laser beam through a long vertical cylinder, which contains a solution of a nonabsorbing optically active compound.
Pecina, Monica Avalos; Smith, Charles A. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1230.
Lasers |
Spectroscopy |
Quantum Chemistry
|
News from Online: More Spectroscopy Carolyn Sweeney Judd
Summary of two web sites dealing with the properties and behavior of light.
Judd, Carolyn Sweeney. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1177.
Lasers |
Spectroscopy
|
Predicting Acid-Base Titration Curves without Calculations Dennis W. Barnum
In this paper a qualitative and systematic method for sketching titration curves is presented. Even the more complex cases such as salts or polyprotic acids and bases are treated just as easily as simple monoprotic acids. Having students predict the shape of titration curves from known equilibrium constants helps to focus attention on the general principles without distraction by the mathematics.
Barnum, Dennis W. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 938.
Acids / Bases |
Quantitative Analysis |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Learning Theories |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Chemometrics
|
Do pH in Your Head Addison Ault
Every aqueous solution has a pH. Two factors determine this pH: the acidic or basic strength of the solute, and its concentration. When you use pKa values to express acidic and basic strength you can easily estimate the approximate pH of many aqueous solutions of acids, bases, and their salts and their buffers.
Ault, Addison. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 936.
Equilibrium |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Learning Theories |
Chemometrics |
Brønsted-Lowry Acids / Bases
|
Equilibrium: A Teaching/Learning Activity (author's reply) Wilson, Audrey
Thanks for clarification and suggestions.
Wilson, Audrey J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 900.
Equilibrium |
Rate Law
|
Equilibrium: A Teaching/Learning Activity Sadavoy, Lyle; Paiva, Joao C. M.; Gil, Victor M. S.
Clarification and suggestions for improvement.
Sadavoy, Lyle; Paiva, Joao C. M.; Gil, Victor M. S. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 900.
Equilibrium |
Rate Law
|
The Arrhenius Equation Revisited (author's reply) Carroll, Harvey F.
Misleading remarks regarding the Arrhenius equation in some general chemistry texts.
Carroll, Harvey F. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 899.
Equilibrium |
Rate Law
|
The Arrhenius Equation Revisited Logan, S. R.
Addition citation on the implications of the Arrhenius equation.
Logan, S. R. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 899.
Equilibrium |
Rate Law
|
Why Not Replace pH and pOH by Just One Real Acidity Grade, AG? Henk van Lubeck
The disadvantages of pH and pOH disappear after replacing them with AG, the acidity grade: AG = log [H+]/[OH-]. AG of neutral solutions equals 0 at all temperatures, whereas AG of acidic solutions is positive and of alkaline solutions, negative. AG offers some other minor advantages as well.
van Lubeck, Henk. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 892.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium
|
The Genius of Slater's Rules James L. Reed
With only a few modifications a procedure has been developed that yields the one-electron energies for atoms and ions with a level of detail very well suited for instruction in the structure and properties of atoms. It provides for the computation of very reasonable values for such properties as ionization energies, electron affinities, promotion energies, electronic transitions, and even XPS and ESCA spectra.
Reed, James L. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 802.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry |
Theoretical Chemistry |
Spectroscopy
|
News from Online: A Spectrum of Color Carolyn Sweeney Judd
Links to a variety of on-line resources relating to rainbows, spectra, and the color of light.
Judd, Carolyn Sweeney. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 728.
Lasers |
Spectroscopy
|
The o-Phenylenediamine-Horseradish Peroxidase System: Enzyme Kinetics in the General Chemistry Laboratory T. M. Hamilton, A. A. Dobie-Galuska, and S. M. Wietstock
The purpose of the experiment is to measure the kinetic parameters in the oxidative coupling reaction of o-phenylenediamine (OPD) to 2,3-diaminophenazine (DAP), a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP).
Hamilton, Todd M.; Dobie-Galuska, A. A.; Wietstock, S. M. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 642.
Enzymes |
Kinetics |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Discovering a Change in Equilibrium Constant with Change in Ionic Strength: An Empirical Laboratory Experiment for General Chemistry Richard J. Stolzberg
Spectrophotometric measurements of absorbance of a solution of Fe3+(aq) and SCN-(aq) treated with different amounts of KNO3 are made to determine Kc for the formation of FeSCN2+(aq). Students observe a regular decrease in the value of Kc as the concentration of added KNO3 is increased.
Stolzberg, Richard J. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 640.
Equilibrium |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Graphing Calculator Strategies for Solving Chemical Equilibrium Problems Henry Donato Jr.
A general method for finding the roots of polynomial equations using the ubiquitous and inexpensive graphing calculator is presented. It is suggested that important reactions, which are not discussed in introductory chemistry courses because of computational considerations, may now be discussed.
Donato, Henry, Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 632.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Learning Theories |
Equilibrium
|
Introducing Dynamic Equilibrium as an Explanatory Model Jan H. Van Driel, Wobbe de Vos, and Nico Verloop
This article describes an educational design for the introduction of chemical equilibrium, in which students' authentic experiences with chemical phenomena play a central role. The students' most effective type of reasoning appeared to be based on the idea that, in a state of equilibrium, all conditions for both the forward and the backward reaction to take place are satisfied.
Van Driel, Jan H.; de Vos, Wobbe; Verloop, Nico. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 559.
Equilibrium |
Learning Theories
|
The Complexity of Teaching and Learning Chemical Equilibrium Louise Tyson, David F. Treagust, and Robert B. Bucat
This paper discusses three key issues relevant to secondary school chemistry teaching. They arise from a study of students' understanding of chemical equilibrium using qualitative and quantitative research methods.
Tyson, Louise; Treagust, David F.; Bucat, Robert B. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 554.
Equilibrium |
Learning Theories
|
Equilibrium Principles: A Game for Students Lionel J. Edmonson Jr. and Don L. Lewis
The laboratory exercise is a game using marked sugar cubes as dice. The game emphasizes the dynamic character of equilibrium. Forward and reverse rate-constant values are used to calculate an equilibrium constant and to predict equilibrium populations. Predicted equilibrium populations are compared with experimental results.
Edmonson, Lionel J., Jr.; Lewis, Don L. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 502.
Equilibrium |
Kinetics
|
A Simplified Method for Finding the pKa of an Acid-Base Indicator by Spectrophotometry George S. Patterson
Experiments on determining the pKa of an acid-base indicator by visible spectroscopy are often found in analytical and physical chemistry lab texts. The procedure described here is a modification suitable for general chemistry lab students.
Patterson, George S. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 395.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
The Fizz Keeper, a Case Study in Chemical Education, Equilibrium, and Kinetics Reed Howald
The chemistry of the loss of carbonation from carbonated beverages on storage is considered. Increasing the pressure of CO2(g) will restore carbonation, but an increase in pressure adding air should not affect the equilibria. It can and does, however, affect the kinetics-the rate at which a new equilibrium is established. Thus the Fizz Keeper is effective for storage of resealed pop containers for hours, but not for periods of weeks or months.
Howald, Reed. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 208.
Transport Properties |
Equilibrium |
Gases |
Kinetics |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Consumer Chemistry |
Applications of Chemistry
|
The Nernst Equation: Determination of Equilibrium Constants for Complex Ions of Silver Martin L. Thompson and Laura J. Kateley
The experiment requires a voltmeter capable of recording millivolts (or a good pH meter) and inexpensive chemicals. It allows students to check the validity of the Nernst equation and compare their experimental Kform values to reported ones.
Thompson, Martin L.; Kateley, Laura J. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 95.
Equilibrium |
Coordination Compounds |
Electrochemistry |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
Sweet Chemistry Benedict Aurian-Blajeni, Jonathan Sam, and Michael Sisak
This laboratory exercise is an introduction to spectrophotometry suitable for college freshmen and high school students. It involves food dyes and brown M&M candy. The spectra of "primary" dyes are measured and represented graphically as absorbance vs wavelength to show that minimum absorption of light occurs in the spectral region corresponding to the color of the dye.
Aurian-Blajeni*, Benedict; Sam, Jonathan; Sisak, Michael. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 91.
Food Science |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Spectroscopy of Simple Molecules C. Baer and K. Cornely
A spectroscopy experiment in which students utilize IR and NMR spectroscopy to identify the structures of three unknowns from a list of 15 carefully chosen simple organic molecules. In taking IR and NMR spectra, students learn to use state-of-the-art instrumentation that is used by practicing chemists.
Baer, Carl; Cornely, Kathleen. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 89.
Instrumental Methods |
IR Spectroscopy |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
The Physics Teacher Volker B. E. Thomsen
Selected articles with a chemistry emphasis.
Thomsen, Volker B. E. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 18.
Spectroscopy |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
|
The Science Teacher: Winter Break, 1999 Steve Long
Selected articles with a chemistry emphasis.
Long, Steve. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 17.
Spectroscopy
|
The Effects of Salts and Nonelectrolytes on the Solubility of Potassium Bitartrate: An Introductory Chemistry Discovery Experiment Charles J. Marzzacco
An introductory chemistry discovery experiment on the effect of the presence of various solutes on the solubility of potassium bitartrate (KHT) is presented. Aqueous solutions of KCl, NaCl, MgSO4 and glucose with concentrations ranging from 0.0 to 0.10 M are saturated with KHT. The solubility of the KHT in these various solutions is determined by titration with standardized NaOH solution.
Marzzacco, Charles J. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 1628.
Solutions / Solvents |
Equilibrium |
Quantitative Analysis
|
A Simple Method To Demonstrate the Enzymatic Production of Hydrogen from Sugar Natalie Hershlag, Ian Hurley, and Jonathan Woodward
In the experimental protocol described here, it has been demonstrated that the common sugar glucose can be used to produce hydrogen using two enzymes, glucose dehydrogenase and hydrogenase. No sophisticated or expensive hydrogen detection equipment is required-only a redox dye, benzyl viologen, which turns purple when it is reduced. The color can be detected by a simple colorimeter.
Hershlag, Natalie; Hurley, Ian; Woodward, Jonathan. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 1270.
Enzymes |
Kinetics |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Carbohydrates |
Applications of Chemistry
|
Chromatographic Separation Techniques for Undergraduates Darwin B. Dahl, John T. Riley, and Thomas K. Green
Over the past several years the Chemistry Department at Western Kentucky University (WKU) has sought to strengthen its undergraduate program departmental through acquisition of FT-NMR, fluorescence, electrochemical, thermal analysis, laser Raman, microscale organic, and polymer laboratory instrumentation; this has enabled the department to build a successful undergraduate program.
Dahl, Darwin B.; Riley, John T.; Green, Thomas K. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 1209.
Separation Science |
Chromatography |
Fourier Transform Techniques |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Raman Spectroscopy |
Electrochemistry |
Photochemistry |
Thermal Analysis |
Microscale Lab
|
The Ksp-Solubility Conundrum Roy W. Clark and Judith M. Bonicamp
The authors sought to find those cases of partly soluble substances for which simple calculations such as Ksp=S2, and Ksp=4S3 can realistically be used for computing solubility from Ksp and the reverse calculation. Empirical solubility data are compared with solubilities calculated from reliable Ksp values that have been adjusted for activity coefficients. A table of 18 substances is suggested for textbook use.
Clark, Roy W.; Bonicamp, Judith M. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 1182.
Equilibrium |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Precipitation / Solubility
|
What Should We Teach Beginners about Solubility and Solubility Products? Stephen J. Hawkes
Solubility equilibria are best taught qualitatively in introductory chemistry, leaving the calculations to higher level courses.
Hawkes, Stephen J. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 1179.
Solutions / Solvents |
Equilibrium |
Precipitation / Solubility
|
Equilibrium: A Teaching/Learning Activity Audrey H. Wilson
This article describes hands-on activities for high-school or undergraduate students designed to clarify important concepts involved in early studies of equilibrium. Concepts included are that at equilibrium, rate of forward reaction = rate of backward reaction; concentrations of both reactants and products remain constant; the equilibrium constant is constant at the same temperature but changes as the temperature changes; and equilibrium may be approached from different starting points.
Wilson, Audrey H. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 1176.
Equilibrium
|
"Conceptual Questions" on LeChatelier's Principle Benjamin P. Huddle
Three "conceptual questions" presented are designed to assess the student's ability to conceptualize chemical equilibrium and to predict the effect of changes made to a system at equilibrium, using LeChatelier's principle, without doing any equilibrium constant calculations.
Huddle, Benjamin P. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 1175.
Equilibrium
|
The Reaction of a Food Colorant with Sodium Hypochlorite: A Student-Designed Kinetics Experiment Josefina Arce, Rosa Betancourt, Yamil Rivera, and Joan Pijem
The kinetics of the reaction of the food colorant FD&C Blue #1 with sodium hypochlorite (Clorox) is described in a student-designed experimental format. In this format, students are guided- by means of questions- to make decisions regarding concentration of reagents, choice of equipment, and actual laboratory procedures to be followed.
Arce, Josefina; Betancourt-Perez, Rosa; Rivera, Yamil; Pijem, Joan. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 1142.
Kinetics |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Dyes / Pigments
|
Galactic Data Viewer, Version 2.08 (by Galactic Industries Corporation) Jack G. Goldsmith
The Galactic DataViewer software is a freeware product designed to allow those who are not users of Galactic's GRAMS/386 or GRAMS/32 commercial software packages the capability to open spectral and chromatographic files stored in Galactic's SPC format.
Goldsmith, Jack G. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 1091.
Spectroscopy |
IR Spectroscopy |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Basic Laboratory Chemistry reviewed by Deborah McCool
Basic Laboratory Chemistry is a series of sixteen programs presenting demonstrations of many processes and experimental techniques used in the chemistry laboratory in both macroscale and microscale. Topics included in the programs are assembling macroscale and microscale apparatus, spectroscopy, chromatography, and procedures such as filtration, extraction, distillation, and titration.
McCool, Deborah. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 830.
Microscale Lab |
Spectroscopy |
Chromatography |
Separation Science |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Saving Your Students' Skin. Undergraduate Experiments that Probe UV Protection by Sunscreens and Sunglasses James R. Abney and Bethe A. Scalettar
This article describes absorption spectroscopy experiments that illustrate the mechanism of action of sunscreens and sunglasses and that highlight the differences between different products. The experiments are well suited to incorporation into an undergraduate science laboratory and will expose students to absorption phenomena in a familiar context with substantial environmental and medical relevance.
Abney, James R.; Scalettar, Bethe A. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 757.
Photochemistry |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Atmospheric Chemistry |
Applications of Chemistry |
Spectroscopy
|
Demonstrating Electron Transfer and Nanotechnology: A Natural Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline Energy Converter Greg P. Smestad and Michael Gratzel
A unique solar cell fabrication procedure has been developed using natural anthocyanin dyes extracted from berries. It can be reproduced with a minimum amount of resources in order to provide an interdisciplinary approach for lower-division undergraduate students learning the basic principles of biological extraction, physical chemistry, and spectroscopy as well as environmental science and electron transfer.
Smestad, Greg P.; Grtzel, Michael. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 752.
Photochemistry |
Plant Chemistry |
Electrochemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Dyes / Pigments |
Nanotechnology |
Separation Science |
Spectroscopy
|
News from Online: Photons and Lasers Carolyn Sweeney Judd
Online resources related to light and lasers.
Judd, Carolyn Sweeney. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 526.
Lasers |
Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
A Guided Inquiry Approach to NMR Spectroscopy Laura E. Parmentier, George C. Lisensky, and Brock Spencer
The authors present a novel way to introduce NMR spectroscopy into the general chemistry curriculum as part of a week-long aspirin project in their one-semester introductory course. Purity is determined by titration and IR and NMR spectroscopy.
Laura E. Parmentier, George C. Lisensky, and Brock Spencer. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 470.
Learning Theories |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Instrumental Methods |
IR Spectroscopy |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis
|
An Improved Method for Students' Flame Tests in Qualitative Analysis William D. Bare, Tom Bradley, and Elizabeth Pulliam
A new method for flame tests to be performed by students is presented. The method involves the use of a hot wire to vaporize the sample,which is subsequently drawn into the flame via the burner air vent.
William D. Bare, Tom Bradley, and Elizabeth Pulliam. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 459.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Atomic Spectroscopy
|
Analysis of Iron in Ferritin, the Iron-Storage Protein: A General Chemistry Experiment Maureen J. Donlin, Regina F. Frey, Christopher Putnam, Jody Proctor, and James K. Bashkin
The chemical properties of the iron-storage protein ferritin will be examined in this experiment by quantitating the average amount of iron in a ferritin sample, and observing the kinetics of iron release from the protein core under reducing conditions. Students learn and apply the principles of absorption spectroscopy, redox reactions, and metal chelation to study ferritin.
Maureen J. Donlin, Regina F. Frey, Christopher Putnam, Jody Proctor, and James K. Bashkin. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 437.
Oxidation / Reduction |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Proteins / Peptides
|
Using Chemistry and Color To Analyze Household Products: A 10-12 Hour Laboratory Project at the General Chemistry Level Wayne B. Bosma
A sequence of experiments using a UV-Vis spectrometer to identify food colorings and to measure the pH of soft drinks allowing qualitative and quantitative measurements to be made.
Bosma, Wayne B. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 214.
Consumer Chemistry |
Spectroscopy |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Dyes / Pigments |
pH |
Qualitative Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis
|
Acid-Base Chemistry of the Aluminum Ion in Aqueous Solution Edward Koubek
A demonstration of the amphoteric behavior of aluminum is given based on an older report that was given many years ago.
Koubek, Edward. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 60.
Coordination Compounds |
Equilibrium |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Thermochromic Solids Jeffrey G. Hughes
The preparation of thermochromic compounds and various ways to use them.
Hughes, Jeffrey G. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 57.
Coordination Compounds |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
|
Flame Tests That Are Portable, Storable, and Easy To Use George M. McKelvy
How to build a portable, storable, and easy to use flame test apparatus.
McKelvy, George M. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 55.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Spectroscopy
|
Acid Rain Demonstration: The Formation of Nitrogen Oxides as a By-Product of High-Temperature Flames in Connection with Internal Combustion Engines Jerry A. Driscoll
This demonstration illustrates the formation of nitrogen oxides resulting from a high temperature flame.
Driscoll, Jerry A. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1424.
Equilibrium |
Learning Theories |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
Complexometric Titrations: Competition of Complexing Agents in the Determination of Water Hardness with EDTA M. Cecilia Yappert and Donald B. DuPre
The competition of complexing agents for the same metal ion and the formation of colored metal-ion complexes is demonstrated with the use of an overhead projector. This demonstration can be used to emphasize both the relevance of the relative values of formation constants in the complexation of metal cations and the applicability of complexometric titrations in quantitative chemical analysis.
Yappert, M. Cecilia; DuPre, Donald B. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1422.
Equilibrium |
Coordination Compounds |
Qualitative Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Metals
|
Formation and Dimerization of NO2 A General Chemistry Experiment April D. Hennis, C. Scott Highberger, and Serge Schreiner*
A general chemistry experiment which illustrates Gay-Lussac's law of combining volumes. Students are able to determine the partial pressures and equilibrium constant for the formation and dimerization of NO2. The experiment readily provides students with data that can be manipulated with a common spreadsheet.
Hennis, April D.; Highberger, C. Scott; Schreiner, Serge. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1340.
Gases |
Equilibrium |
Quantitative Analysis |
Stoichiometry
|
IR Spectroscopy or Hooke's Law at the Molecular Level - A Joint Freshman Physics-Chemistry Experience Jeffrey T. Burke
The activity described is intended to unify for the student the topics of IR spectroscopy and Hooke's Law. This is accomplished by first working with springs and masses and then by acquiring and comparing the IR spectra of chloroform and chloroform-d.
Burke, Jeffrey T. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1213.
Instrumental Methods |
IR Spectroscopy |
Molecular Modeling
|
The reply: Ionization Constants S. Roo, L. Vermeire, and C. Gorller-Walrand
Error regarding the first ionization constant of carbonic acid.
Roo, S.; Vermeire, L.; Gorller-Walrand, C. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1160.
Equilibrium |
Solutions / Solvents |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Acids / Bases |
Mathematics / Symbolic Mathematics
|
Ionization Constants Morris Bader
Error regarding the first ionization constant of carbonic acid.
Bader, Morris. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1160.
Equilibrium |
Solutions / Solvents |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Acids / Bases
|
Challenges of Everyday Spectra Stephen F. Jacobs
Teachers usually introduce light and its spectrum to students using standard sources such as hydrogen, spectroscopes (with or without a slit and scale), and a wall chart for spectrum identification. The stunning beauty of spectra is immediately appreciated, but where do we go from there?
Jacobs, Stephen F. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1070.
Spectroscopy |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Why and How To Teach Acid-Base Reactions without Equilibrium Terry S. Carlton
A stepwise method enables students to predict which acid-base reactions occur when two solutions are mixed. The complexities of equilibrium are avoided by treating reactions as all-or-none and by providing a table of acids in order of strength.
Carlton, Terry S. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 939.
Learning Theories |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium
|
ACD/ChemSketch 1.0 (freeware); ACD/ChemSketch 2.0 and its Tautomers, Dictionary, and 3D Plug-ins; ACD/HNMR 2.0; ACD/CNMR 2.0 reviewed by Allen D. Hunter
Chemistry drawing and NMR prediction packages.
Hunter, Allen D. . J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 905.
NMR Spectroscopy |
Molecular Modeling |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
Ionization or Dissociation? Emeric Schultz
The use of the terms Dissociation and Ionization in the teaching of chemistry is discussed. It is suggested that the term dissociation, and what it suggests in terms of ordinary language, is inappropriate when used in certain contexts. Since an alternate and more physically correct term, specifically ionization, is available for these contexts, it is argued that this term be used consistently in these contexts.
Schultz, Emeric. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 868.
Equilibrium |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols
|
A General Chemistry Experiment Incorporating Synthesis and Structural Determination Hal Van Ryswyk
An experiment for the general chemistry laboratory is described wherein gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) are used to characterize the products of a series of microscale reactions on vanillin.
Van Ryswyk, Hal. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 842.
Instrumental Methods |
Microscale Lab |
Synthesis |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Gas Chromatography |
Mass Spectrometry |
Fourier Transform Techniques |
Spectroscopy
|
News from On-Line Carolyn Sweeney Judd
Helpful chemistry WWW sites.
Judd, Carolyn Sweeney. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 620.
IR Spectroscopy |
Mass Spectrometry
|
Analysis of Mouthwash Eleanor Siegrist and Guy Anderson
Students analyze commercial mouthwash solutions in order to identify the dyes which are present and determine the alcohol content.
Siegrist, Eleanor ; Anderson, Guy. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 567.
Consumer Chemistry |
Chromatography |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Instrumental Methods |
Dyes / Pigments
|
The Coupling of Related Demonstrations to Illustrate Principles in Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium Richard A. Pacer
Two very simple lecture demonstrations, both involving the reaction of magnesium with one or more dilute acids, are linked together to illustrate principles in chemical kinetics and equilibrium.
Pacer, Richard A. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 543.
Learning Theories |
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Kinetics |
Rate Law |
Reactions
|
An Investigation into the Absorption of Infrared Light by Small Molecules: A General Chemistry Experiment William B. Heuer and Edward Koubek
An introductory, two-part classroom/laboratory activity demonstrating the mechanism of absorption of infrared light by small molecules is described. A model for molecular vibration is introduced during pre-lab discussion, and a mechanism by which such vibrations may be excited by infrared radiation light is postulated.
Heuer, William B.; Koubek, Edward. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 313.
IR Spectroscopy
|
Using Lasers to Demonstrate Refraction, Diffraction, and Dispersion Elvin Hughes, Jr. and L. H. Holmes, Jr.
Using a red and green laser the phenomenon of refraction and diffraction can be demonstrated relatively easily in the classroom. Also the difference in dispersion with a prism (normal dispersion) and dispersion with a grating (which follows the Bragg equation) can be shown.
Hughes, Elvin, Jr.; Holmes, L. H. Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 298.
Lasers |
Spectroscopy
|
Screening and Sequential Experimentation: Simulations and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Experiments Richard J. Stolzberg
Students are introduced to screening and sequential experimentation using simulations and experimentation. The work begins with spreadsheet simulations and practice with the experimental design software. Students learn how to use the graphical output, normal quantile plots, to recognize the specific factors that affect the result of an experiment. In the laboratory, students make a preliminary investigation of the effect of six variables (flame observation height, flame stoichiometry, acetic acid, lamp current, wavelength, and slit width) on the atomic absorption signal for silver.
Stolzberg, Richard. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 216.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Instrumental Methods
|
A Unifying Approach to Absorption Spectroscopy at the Undergraduate Level Roger S. Macomber
This article suggests that when introducing the topics associated with absorption spectroscopy, the students can greatly benefit from a preliminary discussion of the principle of frequency matching. Virtually all types of absorption spectroscopy share a simple but critical requirement: the frequency of absorbed radiation must exactly match the frequency of some inherent or induced periodic motion of the particles. If the particles are not engaged in such motion, there can be no absorption.
Macomber, Roger S. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 65.
Spectroscopy |
Atomic Spectroscopy
|
Chemical Equilibrium (the author replies) Banerjee, Anil
Item 7 deserves a fuller answer than was provided.
Banerjee, Anil J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, A262.
Equilibrium |
Thermodynamics
|
Chemical Equilibrium Logan, S. R.
Item 7 deserves a fuller answer than was provided.
Logan, S. R. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, A261.
Equilibrium |
Thermodynamics
|
An Introductory Dye Laser Experiment Sally R. Hair
Students measure the visible absorption spectrum, the fluorescence spectrum, and the dye laser emission curve of one or more laser dyes.
Hair, Sally R. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, A7.
Dyes / Pigments |
Lasers |
Spectroscopy
|
The Extraction of Caffeine from Tea: A Modification of the Procedure of Murray and Hansen Andreas Hampp
This slight variation of Murray and Hansen's procedure is currently used in our first-year chemistry laboratory classes and clearly shows a higher student success rate in the isolation crude caffeine. The experiment described here is performed in a three-hour lab period, which is followed by sublimation and characterization through melting point and infrared spectroscopy on a second day.
Hampp, Andreas. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 1172.
Separation Science |
Physical Properties |
IR Spectroscopy
|
Four Programs for Windows: Abstract of Volume 4D, Number 2: PSL Photometer Steven D. Gammon
The majority of freshman chemistry laboratory programs include experiments that employ visible spectroscopy to teach Beer's law and derive related concentration information. These experiments are often done with a Baush and Lomb Spectronic 20 or Spectronic 21. We have developed an alternative instrument and software that offers significant advantages over the above spectrometers.
Gammon, Steven D. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 1077.
Instrumental Methods |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Spectroscopy |
Quantitative Analysis
|
Effects of Solution Physical Properties on Copper and Chromium Signals in Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Fàbio R. P. Rocha, Joaquim A. Nòbrega
Instrumental techniques, such as flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), are frequently used in chemical analysis. Independently of the technique used, the chemical principles must be considered to assure that the analytical results are correct.
Rocha, Fàbio R. P.; Nòbrega , Joaquim A. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 982.
Physical Properties |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Qualitative Analysis |
Solutions / Solvents |
Instrumental Methods
|
Thermodynamics and Spontaneity Raymond S. Ochs
Despite the importance of thermodynamics as the foundation of chemistry, most students emerge from introductory courses with only a dim understanding of this subject.
Ochs, Raymond S. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 952.
Thermodynamics |
Learning Theories |
Equilibrium
|
Symmetry Elements and Operations Albert W.M. Lee, K.M. Leung, W.J Daniel, C.L. Chan
Symmetry Elements and Operations is a multimedia presentation that illustrates the basics of symmetry with three dimensional molecular models and simple text explanations.
Lee, Albert W.M.; Leung, K.M.; Kwong, Daniel W.J.; Chan, C.L. . J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 924.
Molecular Modeling |
Spectroscopy |
Stereochemistry |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Group Theory / Symmetry |
Quantum Chemistry |
Enrichment / Review Materials
|
The Inorganic Illustrator: A 3-D Graphical Supplement for Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry Courses Distributed on CD-ROM Scott L. Childs and Karl S. Hagen
As part of this project we are accumulating a database of representative crystal structures of main group molecules, coordination complexes, organometallic compounds, small metalloproteins, bioinorganic model complexes, clusters, and solid state materials in Chem3D Plus format to be viewed with Chem3D Viewer, which is free software from Cambridge Scientific Computing.
Childs, Scott L.; Hagen, Karl S. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 917.
Molecular Modeling |
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Bioinorganic Chemistry |
Coordination Compounds |
Organometallics |
Main-Group Elements |
Solid State Chemistry
|
A Simple Experiment for Demostration of Phase Diagram of Carbon Dioxide Van T. Lieu
The experiment involves the compression of small pieces of dry ice and carbon dioxide gas mixture in a 1-mL tuberculin syringe with the needle end of the syringe sealed.
J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 837.
Equilibrium |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
|
NMR Shielding and the Periodic Table I. P. Gerothanassis and C. G. Kalodimos
The object of this article is to find periodic, structurally significant observables that can be correlated to the nuclear shielding or alternatively to investigate whether chemical shift can be used to intensify the periodic disposition of valence electrons.
Gerothanassis, I. P.; Kalodimos, C. G. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 801.
NMR Spectroscopy |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Instrumental Methods
|
A Multistep Equilibria-Redox-Complexation Demonstration to Illustrate Le Châtelier's Principle Tomás G. Berger and Edward K. Mellon
This brief article describes a demonstration that has been used to discuss Le Chtelier's principle, redox chemistry, equilibria versus steady state situations, and solubility of species.
Berger, Tomás G.; Mellon, Edward K. . J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 783.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Equilibrium |
Precipitation / Solubility
|
SIRS: Simulations and Interactive Resources, III Martin, John S.
Simulations and Interactive Resources (SIRs) are designed to support interactive lectures in introductory chemistry. This third issue of SIRs includes five new SIRs as well as updated and final versions of all previously published SIRs.
Martin, John S. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 722.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Equilibrium |
Gases |
Thermodynamics |
Reactions |
Electrochemistry |
Kinetics
|
Visible Ion Exchange Demonstration for Large or Small Lecture Halls Jerry A. Driscoll
This article presents a very simple experiment involving the sense of smell that students can accomplish during lecture. This classroom exercise involves very little preparation time and can be used to illustrate the important concepts of equilibrium along with acid/base properties of various ions.
Driscoll, Jerry A. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 639.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium
|
An Approach to Reaction Thermodynamics through Enthalpies, Entropies, and Free Energies of Atomization James N. Spencer, Richard S. Moog, and Ronald J. Gillespie
An alternative to the conventional method of calculating enthalpies of reaction is presented, using enthalpies of atomization in place of enthalpies of formation. This allows the student to see directly that the reaction enthalpies are determined by the difference in bond strengths in the reactants and products.
James N. Spencer, Richard S. Moog, and Ronald J. Gillespie. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 631.
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |
Thermodynamics |
Equilibrium |
Reactions |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Stoichiometry
|
Ionization Energies, Electronegativity, Polar Bonds, and Partial Charges James N. Spencer, Richard S. Moog, and Ronald J. Gillespie
Ionization energies obtained experimentally from photoelectron spectroscopy provide a convenient and simple method for obtaining electronegativity values that correlate well with the standard methods of Pauling, Allred, and Rochow.
James N. Spencer, Richard S. Moog, and Ronald J. Gillespie. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 627.
Covalent Bonding |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Spectroscopy
|
Electron Configurations from Experiment Ronald J. Gillespie, James N. Spencer, and Richard S. Moog
Alternative methods of introducing students to atomic energy levels and electron configurations are presented based on experimental evidence rather than quantum mechanics.
Ronald J. Gillespie, James N. Spencer, and Richard S. Moog. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 617.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Spectroscopy
|
The Helium-Neon Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectrum of Molecular Iodine: An Undergraduate Laboratory Experiment John S. Muenter
The wavelength analyzed fluorescence spectrum provides accurate values of spectroscopic properties for the ground state electronic configuration of I2. From these spectroscopic properties students calculate the bond length, harmonic oscillator force constant, and a Birge-Sponer estimate of the bond dissociation energy.
Muenter, John S. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 576.
Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Lasers
|
GC-MS and GC-FTIR Characterization of Products: From Classical Freshman and Sophomore Syntheses D. S. Amenta, T. C. Devore, T. N. Gallaher, C. M. Zook, and J. A. Mosbo
The GC separation of ferrocene, acetylferrocene, and diacetylferrocene is accomplished in less than ten minutes. In addition to the operation of the instrument, the students are introduced to the interpretation of mass spectra and library aided spectral identification.
D. S. Amenta, T. C. Devore, T. N. Gallaher, C. M. Zook, and J. A. Mosbo. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 572.
Instrumental Methods |
Gas Chromatography |
IR Spectroscopy |
Qualitative Analysis
|
Reduction of Viologen Bisphosphonate Dihalide with Aluminum Foil Peter Abeta Iyere
An elegant undergraduate experiment similar to the popular "Iodine Clock Reaction" employs the reduction of methyl viologen by hydroxide ion. This demonstration can be used as prelaboratory discussion for an undergraduate kinetic experiment based on the same phenomenon.
Iyere, Peter Abeta. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 455.
Kinetics |
Equilibrium
|
Solubility and Thermodynamics: An Introductory Experiment Robert G. Silberman
This article describes a laboratory experiment suitable for high school or freshman chemistry students in which the solubility of potassium nitrate is determined at several different temperatures.
Silberman, Robert G. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 426.
Precipitation / Solubility |
Thermodynamics |
Equilibrium
|
In This Issue
The instruments that chemists use in their research have changed dramatically in the past decades. The explosion in new techniques and their instrumental counterparts has been made possible by two significant advances.
J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 288.
NMR Spectroscopy |
Mass Spectrometry |
Instrumental Methods
|
PVC Photometer: Computer-Assisted Spectroscopy Experiments Christine M. Pharr, Barry J. Maimberg, John D. Jegla, and Steven D. Gammon
183. To circumvent the limitations of spectrometers such as cost, learning the component parts or understanding the fundamental operation of the spectrometer in introductory spectrometry for students and learning institutions, a computer-assisted visible photometer known as the PVC Photometer was designed.
Pharr, Christine M.; Maimberg, Barry J.; Jegla, John D.; Gammon, Steven D. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 238.
Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing
|
Determining the Lead Content of Paint Chips: An Introduction to AAS Peter G. Markow
This article describes a two-week experiment for introductory chemistry students, where they analyze the lead content of paint chip samples using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS).
Markow, Peter G. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 178.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Applications of Chemistry
|
Using Quality Circles in General Chemistry Kogut, Leonard S.
A second semester class in General Chemistry used a student Quality Circle to suggest methods to improve instruction in chemical equilibrium in solution.
Kogut, Leonard S. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 146.
Equilibrium |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Binding-Energy Curve for Iodine Using Laser Spectroscopy L. C. O'Brien and R. L. Kubicek
The laser induced fluorescence spectrum of iodine is recorded using the 514.5 nm line of an Ar+ laser to excite the molecule. The molecular constants obtained by the analysis are used as input to an RKR program, which calculates the classical turning points for the binding-energy curve for iodine.
O'Brien, L. C.; Kubicek, R. L. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 86.
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
Lasers |
Spectroscopy
|
Interfacing an Old UV-VIS Spectrophotometer to a PC Computer Guinon, J. L.; Garcia-Jareno, J.; Garcia-Anton, J.; Perez-Herranz, V.
Instructions for interfacing an old UV-VIS spectrophotometer to a PC computer.
Guinon, J. L.; Garcia-Jareno, J.; Garcia-Anton, J.; Perez-Herranz, V. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, A81.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Quick Method for Making Colored-Flame Flash Paper Sally Solomon, Chinhyu Hur, Alan Lee, and Kurt Smith
Procedure for making for making colored-flame (and multicolored) flash paper.
Solomon, Sally; Hur, Chinhyu; Lee, Alan; Smith, Kurt. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 1133.
Reactions |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |
Atomic Spectroscopy
|
Preparing "Chameleon Balls" from Natural Plants: Simple Handmade pH Indicator and Teaching Material for Chemical Equilibrium Naoki Kanda, Takayuki Asano, Toshiyuki Itoh, and Makoto Onoda
Description of preparation and use of polysaccharide beads containing anthocyanins to teach students about chemical equilibrium under different pH conditions.
Kanda, Naoki; Asano, Takayuki; Itoh, Toshiyuki; Onoda, Makota. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 1131.
Acids / Bases |
Plant Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Dyes / Pigments |
pH
|
A Simple, Discovery-Based Laboratory Exercise: The Molecular Mass Determination of Polystyrene Greg A. Slough
Identification of an unknown polymer using silica gel TLC sheets and IR spectroscopy.
Slough, Greg A. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 1031.
Stoichiometry |
IR Spectroscopy |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Thin Layer Chromatography
|
Infrared Spectroscopy: A Versatile Tool in Practical Chemistry Courses Volker Wiskam, Wolfgang Fichtner, Volker Kramb, Alexander Nintschew, and Jens Stefan Schneider
Procedure for preparing samples of basic inorganic compounds and analyzing them through IR spectroscopy in freshman chemistry.
Wiscamp, Volker; Fichtner, Wolfgang; Kramb, Volker; Nintschew, Alexander; Schneider, Jens Stefan. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 952.
IR Spectroscopy |
Synthesis |
Coordination Compounds
|
Synthesis and Characterization of Potassium Tris(oxalato)ferrate(III) Trihydrate: A Spectrophotometric Method of Iron Analysis Richard F. Dallinger
A general chemistry experiment that combines titrimetric, gravimetric, and spectrophotometric analysis in two, three-hour lab periods.
Dallinger, Richard F. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 936.
Spectroscopy |
Synthesis |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Gravimetric Analysis
|
The Use of Erythrosin B in Undergraduate Spectrophotometry Experiments L. James Stock III
Substitution of a nontoxic food color for an originally used toxic chromium(VI) salt in a general chemistry, spectrophotometry experiment.
Stock, L. James, III. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 926.
Toxicology |
Solutions / Solvents |
Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Management
|
Teaching Chemical Equilibrium and Thermodynamics in Undergraduate General Chemistry Classes Anil C. Banerjee
Discussion of the conceptual difficulties experienced by undergraduates when dealing with equilibrium and thermodynamics, along with teaching strategies for dealing with these difficulties.
Banerjee, Anil C. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 879.
Equilibrium |
Thermodynamics
|
Syringe Ammonia Fountain Jin Li and Ai-Zhi Peng
Energizing various metallic chlorides in watch glasses with methanol to introduce atomic emission spectroscopy.
Li, Jin; Peng, Ai-Zhi; Burgett, P. Clayton. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 828.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Proton NMR Basics Carolyn S. Judd, Joel D. Morrisett, Mohan V. Chari, and Jeffrey L. Browning
Multimedia tutorial to introduce and develop understanding of NMR spectroscopy concepts and techniques.
Judd, C. Sweeney; Morrisett, J. D.; Chari, M. V. ; Browning, J. L. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 706.
NMR Spectroscopy
|
An Introductory Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment Kenneth R. Hess, Wendy D. Smith, Marcus W. Thomsen, and Claude H. Yoder
An activity designed to introduce IR spectroscopy as a structure-determining technique to introductory chemistry students.
Hess, Kenneth R.; Smith, Wendy D.; Thomsen, Marcus W.; Yoder, Claude H. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 655.
IR Spectroscopy |
Covalent Bonding |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
The Chemical Bond Studied by IR Spectroscopy in Introductory Chemistry: An Exercise in Cooperative Learning Janet S. Anderson, David M. Hayes, and T. C. Werner
Activity that enables introductory chemistry students to run their own IR spectra using a FTIR spectrophotometer as part of learning about the dynamical nature of the chemical bond.
Anderson, Janet S.; Hayes, David M.; Werner, T. C. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 653.
IR Spectroscopy |
Covalent Bonding |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
Determining Iron Content in Foods by Spectrophotometry Paul E. Adams
Activity to introduce high school students to the concept and techniques of colorimetry by determining the iron content in various foods; sample data and analysis included.
Adams, Paul E. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 649.
Spectroscopy |
Metals |
Food Science |
Consumer Chemistry |
Quantitative Analysis
|
Obtaining a Spectrum Easily: Using a Single-Beam Spectrophotometer Mattson, Miranda E.; Mattson, William A.
Using a single-beam spectrophotometer (e.g. Spec 20) to obtain a spectrum.
Mattson, Miranda E.; Mattson, William A. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 569.
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Laboratory Management |
Instrumental Methods
|
Continuous Liquid-Sample Introduction for Bunsen Burner Atomic Emission Spectrometry Smith, Gregory D.; Sanford, Caryn L.; Jones, Bradley T.
Description of a laboratory-constructed atomic emission spectrometer with modular instrumentation components and a simple Bunsen burner atomizer with continuous sample introduction for lab work or demonstrations; includes sample data.
Smith, Gregory D.; Sanford, Caryn L.; Jones, Bradley T. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 438.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
REACT: Exploring Practical Thermodynamic and Equilibrium Calculations Ramette, Richard W.
Description of REACT software to balance complicated equations; determine thermodynamic data for all reactants and products; calculate changes in free energy, enthalpy, and entropy for a reaction; and find equilibrium conditions for the a reaction.
Ramette, Richard W. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 240.
Stoichiometry |
Equilibrium |
Thermodynamics |
Chemometrics
|
A Simple Microwell Colorimeter for Use in an Introductory Chemistry Lab Crump, Jennifer; Sandwick, Roger K.
Using simple and common electronic components to manufacture an inexpensive microwell detector that uses and LCD as a light source and a CdS photocell as a detector; includes examples of applications of the device in a high school or undergraduate chemistry curriculum.
Crump, Jennifer; Sandwick, Roger K. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, A199.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Microscale Lab |
Spectroscopy |
Quantitative Analysis |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Discovering the Beer-Lambert Law Ricci, Robert W.; Ditzler, Mauri; Nestor, Lisa P.
This article is unique in its use of a simple physical model to help students taking general chemistry gain a more meaningful picture of the process of light absorption. The approach is empirical and free of calculus.
Ricci, Robert W.; Ditzler, Mauri; Nestor, Lisa P. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 983.
Spectroscopy
|
A Student's Travels, Close Dancing, Bathtubs, and the Shopping Mall: More Analogies in Teaching Introductory Chemistry Rayner-Canham, Geoff
Four analogies are described for use in introductory chemistry classes.
Rayner-Canham, Geoff J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 943.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Equilibrium
|
Determination of Calcium in Analgesic Tablets Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Quigley, Michael N.
Procedure to determine the amount of calcium in calcium carbonate coated analgesic tablets using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
Quigley, Michael N. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 800.
Quantitative Analysis |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Drugs / Pharmaceuticals
|
A Simple Lab Activity To Teach Subtractive Color and Beer's Law Suding, Heather L.; Buccigross, Jeanne M.
An activity that demonstrates subtractive color mixing using colored filters.
Suding, Heather L.; Buccigross, Jeanne M. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 798.
Spectroscopy
|
Chemical Equilibrium in the General Chemistry Course Fainzilberg, Vladimir E.; Karp, Stewart
The first chapters on chemical equilibrium in first-year college chemistry texts make an "error" in the solution of certain types of equilibria problems.
Fainzilberg, Vladimir E.; Karp, Stewart J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 769.
Equilibrium |
Kinetics
|
Teaching the Truth about pH Hawkes, Stephen J.
-log[H+] is only an approximation to pH; how to teach pH to avoid misleading students.
Hawkes, Stephen J. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 747.
pH |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium
|
Multimedia Chemistry Lectures Whitnell, Robert M.; Fernandes, Eric A.; Almassizadeh, Farshad; Love, John J. C.; Dugan, Brookie M.; Sawrey, Barbara A.; Wilson, Kent R.
Development of a full set of multimedia lectures for the second quarter of a two-quarter physical chemistry sequence.
Whitnell, Robert M.; Fernandes, Eric A.; Almassizadeh, Farshad; Love, John J. C.; Dugan, Brookie M.; Sawrey, Barbara A.; Wilson, Kent R. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 721.
Quantum Chemistry |
Spectroscopy |
Statistical Mechanics
|
Fruit Anthocyanins: Colorful Sensors of Molecular Milieu Curtright, Robert D.; Rynearson, James A .; Markwell, John
Provides background and references as a starting point for the further exploration of anthocyanins.
Curtright, Robert D.; Rynearson, James A .; Markwell, John J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 682.
Dyes / Pigments |
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
pH
|
Computers and Practical Chemistry Gipps, John
164. Particularly appropriate examples for the computer interfacing of laboratory experiments.
Gipps, John J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 671.
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Reactions
|
Simulations and Interactive Resources Martin, John S.
12 Simulations and Interactive Resources (SIRs) including Periodic Table Displays, Electron Orbits and Orbitals, Electron Configurations, Barometers and Manometers, Vapor Pressure, Ideal Gas Behavior, Heat Capacity and Heat of Reaction, Approach to Equilibrium, The Law of Chemical Equilibrium, Titration Curves, Electrochemical Cells, and Rate of Reaction.
Martin, John S. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 667.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Gases |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |
Equilibrium |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials |
Rate Law
|
Experiments for Modern Introductory Chemistry: Intermolecular Forces and Raoult's Law Berka, Ladislav H.; Kildahl, Nicholas
Procedure that illustrates the liquid-vapor phase equilibrium of ideal and nonideal solutions.
Berka, Ladislav H.; Kildahl, Nicholas J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 613.
Noncovalent Interactions |
Gas Chromatography |
Gases |
Liquids |
Equilibrium |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Equilibrium Vapor Pressures: Comparing Pressures Obtained Using a Classical Method with Those from a Laboratory-Computer Interface Berka, L. H.; Kildahl, N. K.; Bergin, S. J.; Burns, D. S.
Comparing vapor pressures of nitrogen using a glass syringe with those from a Chempac laboratory / computer interfacing system.
Berka, L. H.; Kildahl, N. K.; Bergin, S. J.; Burns, D. S. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 441.
Equilibrium |
Gases |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing
|
Atomic Spectra-Graph Surovell, Todd
Displays the emission spectra of over 80 elements; data are encapsulated into Microsoft Excel spreadsheets.
Surovell, Todd J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 422.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Spectroscopy
|
A Handy Reagent for Testing the Reducing Power of Sugars Sandell, Arvid
Using the reduction of copper(II) as a semi-quantitative test for reducing sugars.
Sandell, Arvid J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 346.
Carbohydrates |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Coordination Compounds
|
Using the Biological Cell in Teaching Electrochemistry Merkel, Eva Gankiewicz
How electricity is produced in a simple cell is correlated with how commercial batteries work; this concept can then be related to how living cells send electrical impulses.
Merkel, Eva Gankiewicz J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 240.
Electrochemistry |
Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials |
Equilibrium
|
Will a precipitate form? Will it dissolve?: The Role of Lecture Demonstrations in Facilitating the Introduction to Solubility Product Equilibria Pacer, Richard A.; Williams, Kathryn
Three demonstrations to illustrate solubility product equilibria.
Pacer, Richard A.; Williams, Kathryn J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 69.
Precipitation / Solubility |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium
|
An Inexpensive Flame Test Technique McRae, Robert A.; Jones, Richard F.
Burning moistened paper towel dipped in various salts for an easy flame test.
McRae, Robert A.; Jones, Richard F. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 68.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Qualitative Analysis
|
Solving equilibria problems with a graphing calculator: A robust method, free of algebra and calculus Ruch, David K.; Chasteen, T. G.
The method of successive approximations is frequently introduced in freshman chemistry as a means for solving equilibrium equations. However, this often requires an understanding of calculus that is problematic for introductory chemistry students. An alternative method to solving such equations is to use graphic calculators to solve problems graphically.
Ruch, David K.; Chasteen, T. G. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, A184.
Equilibrium |
Chemometrics
|
Analyze and identify surface colors with a $35 surface spectroscopy interface and your personal computer Schnable, Joseph; Cheeseman, Matthew; Metzger, Charlene; Orr, Robert
An IBM-compatible computer interface constructed to control blue, green, yellow, orange, crimson, and red LEDs that works with software to scan and analyze colors. An idea for a student activity is included in this article.
Schnable, Joseph; Cheeseman, Matthew; Metzger, Charlene; Orr, Robert J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, A126.
Spectroscopy
|
Bean counter's caution Schwartz, Leslie J.
The article "The "Bean Lab' is useful only for elementary mechanisms.
Schwartz, Leslie J. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 1042.
Equilibrium |
Mechanisms of Reactions
|
Models and molecules: A laboratory-based course in spectroscopy for the nonscience major Werner, T. C.; Hull, L. A.
Recent general education curriculum requirements at the authors' institution led to the development of several laboratory-based courses for nonscience majors. One such course is presented in this paper.
Werner, T. C.; Hull, L. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 936.
Nonmajor Courses |
Spectroscopy |
Mass Spectrometry |
IR Spectroscopy |
NMR Spectroscopy
|
Bonding theory/ The Werner-Jorgensen controversy Whisnant, David M.
A review of a two-part simulation introducing students to the history of the development of bond theories.
Whisnant, David M. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 902.
Coordination Compounds
|
General treatment of aqueous ionic equilibria using predominance diagrams Vale, J.; Fernandez-Pereira, C.; Alcalde, M.
This paper illustrates the advantage of a unified instructional treatment based on the similarities o equilibria between acid-base and oxidation-reduction reactions that could be used in a general chemistry course.
Vale, J.; Fernandez-Pereira, C.; Alcalde, M. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 790.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
Banish quantum mechanics from general chemistry? Schaefer, Henry F., III.
Is the subject of quantum mechanics unteach-able at the general level? This author disagrees with a previous article in which a case was made for removing quantum mechanics from general chemistry.
Schaefer, Henry F., III. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 782.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Quantum Chemistry
|
Experiments for modern introductory chemistry: Limiting reagent, stoichiometry, and the mole Kildahl, Nicholas; Berka, Ladislav H.
Description of an experiment based on electronic absorption spectroscopy for general chemistry students that gives accurate results, conveys the excitement of discovery in experimental science, and illustrates key concepts.
Kildahl, Nicholas; Berka, Ladislav H. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 671.
Stoichiometry |
Spectroscopy
|
"Qual": From a different viewpoint Laing, Michael
Author contends that traditional teaching techniques in inorganic chemistry need to be reconsidered.
Laing, Michael J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 666.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Metals |
Qualitative Analysis |
Coordination Compounds
|
Why is water blue? Braun, Charles L.; Smirnov, Sergei N.
Exploring the problem of why water in a beaker appears to be clear, yet we see large bodies of water as blue in color.
Braun, Charles L.; Smirnov, Sergei N. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 612.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Water / Water Chemistry
|
Using the electrician's multimeter in the chemistry teaching laboratory: Part 1. Colorimetry and thermometry experiments Andres, Roberto T.; Sevilla, Fortunato, III
The multimeter could be a very useful instrument for the chemistry laboratory bench. In this paper, the versatility of the multimeter in the chemistry teaching laboratory is demonstrated.
Andres, Roberto T.; Sevilla, Fortunato, III J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 514.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Equilibrium |
Stoichiometry |
Kinetics |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry
|
Equilibrium calculator Allendoerfer, Robert
A review of a computer program that can calculate equilibrium concentrations of all of the reagents in an arbitrary chemical reaction with as many as five reactants and products.
Allendoerfer, Robert J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 388.
Equilibrium |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing
|
Demonstration of the Common Ion Effect Koubek, E.
KCl and HCl are used in this demonstration to describe the common ion effect and to show the difference between values Q and K.
Koubek, E. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 155.
Solutions / Solvents |
Equilibrium
|
The CoCl2 Thermosiphon Brown, Justina L.; Battino, Rubin
A novel way to present the temperature dependence of the equilibrium shift using cobalt complexes.
Brown, Justina L.; Battino, Rubin J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 153.
Equilibrium |
Coordination Compounds
|
Equilibrium Calculator Allendoerfer, Robert
The equilibrium calculator can calculate the equilibrium concentrations of all reagents in an arbitrary chemical reaction with as many as five reactants and products.
Allendoerfer, Robert J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 126.
Equilibrium |
Chemometrics
|
The Effect of Pressure on the Equilibrium of the N2O4-NO2 system, and its Classroom Demonstration Yang, Zhiming
To demonstrate the effects of pressure on equilibrium, the classic use of N2O4-NO2 should be complimented with a congruent demonstration using Br2 gas.
Yang, Zhiming J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 94.
Equilibrium
|
Atmospheric smog analysis in a balloon using FTIR spectroscopy: A novel experiment for the introductory laboratory Amey, Ralph L.
The author has developed a simple experiment that examines and identifies some of the components of Los Angeles air by FTIR spectroscopy using an inexpensive toy balloon as a sample gas cell.
Amey, Ralph L. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, A148.
Fourier Transform Techniques |
IR Spectroscopy |
Gases
|
Monitoring self-association of a hydrophobic peptide with high performance liquid chromatography: An undergraduate kinetic experiment using the antibiotic gramicidin A Braco, Lorenzo; Ba, M. Carmen; Abad, Concepcin
The authors propose a kinetic experiment that uses high performance liquid chromatography to determine the rate and equilibrium constants in a very simple manner, and separate the molecular species under study.
Braco, Lorenzo; Ba, M. Carmen; Abad, Concepcin J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, A113.
HPLC |
Kinetics |
Proteins / Peptides |
Rate Law |
Equilibrium
|
Primary and secondary inner filtering: Effect of K2Cr2O7 on fluorescence emission intensities of quinine sulfate Tucker, Sheryl A.; Amszi, Vicki L.; Acree, William E., Jr.
Fluorescence spectroscopy is an extremely versatile, sensitive experimental technique used in identification and quantification of many environmentally important compounds.
Tucker, Sheryl A.; Amszi, Vicki L.; Acree, William E., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, A8.
Fluorescence Spectroscopy
|
On the chemically impossible "other" roots in equilibrium calculations, II Ludwig, Oliver G.
In a previous paper the author described, using mathematics accessible to students, how an equilibrium calculation leading to a quadratic equation may be shown to have but one "chemical" root. The present work extends this demonstration to some reactions leading to cubic equations.
Ludwig, Oliver G. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 884.
Chemometrics |
Equilibrium
|
Line spectra using a CD disc Brouwer, Henry
Viewing the emission spectrum from a gas discharge tube or element heated in a flame using a CD disk.
Brouwer, Henry J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 829.
Spectroscopy |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Three methods for studying the kinetics of the halogenation of acetone. Birk, James P.; Walters, David L.
Three methods for carrying out a kinetic study of the reaction between propanone and elemental iodine.
Birk, James P.; Walters, David L. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 585.
Aldehydes / Ketones |
Kinetics |
Spectroscopy |
Rate Law
|
Simple soda bottle solubility and equilibria Snyder, Cheryl A.; Snyder, Dudley C.
Using a bottle of selzter water and bromocresol green to demonstrate gas-liquid solubility (carbon dioxide in water).
Snyder, Cheryl A.; Snyder, Dudley C. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 573.
Solutions / Solvents |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Equilibrium |
Gases |
Liquids |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Water / Water Chemistry
|
An equilibrium machine. Sawyer, Douglas J.; Martens, Thomas E.
An equilibrium machine powered by air pressure that demonstrates the concepts of equilibrium, activation energy, and catalysis.
Sawyer, Douglas J.; Martens, Thomas E. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 551.
Equilibrium |
Catalysis |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
The acid equilibrium constant is unity! (the author replies) Thompson, Ralph J.
The interpretation of thermodynamic equilibrium constants by Baldwin and Burchill is quite proper and technically correct.
Thompson, Ralph J. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 515.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
The acid equilibrium constant is unity! Baldwin, W. G.; Burchill, C. E.
The attempt to assign a non-unity value to this equilibrium constant is a consequence of misunderstanding the way in which the (nearly) constant concentration or activity of the solvent in a dilute solution (or of a pure solid or liquid in a heterogeneous system) is treated when formulating the conventional equilibrium constant expression.
Baldwin, W. G.; Burchill, C. E. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 514.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Atomic spectroscopy with a compact disc Mebane, Robert C.; Rybolt, Thomas R.
The compact disc used by the music industry provides a convenient and ubiquitous diffraction grating that can be used with a mercury street lamp to explore the electronic structure of atoms through simple atomic spectroscopy observations.
Mebane, Robert C.; Rybolt, Thomas R. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 401.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Determination of the solubility product of copper(II) tartrate Thomsen, Marcus W.
The spectrophotometric determination of the solubility product of cupric tartrate is an appropriate experiment for the introductory chemistry course.
Thomsen, Marcus W. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 328.
Equilibrium |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Spectroscopy
|
Avoiding capillary blockage of AA and AE spectrophotometers Quigley, Michael N.
Using a piece of filter paper is a preventative measure that saves on equipment.
Quigley, Michael N. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 324.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
The use of equilibrium notation in listings of standard potentials. Donkersloot, Maarten C. A.
The difficulty in equilibrium notation of standard electrode potentials is due to the convention that half-reactions must be written as reductions if the given potential is to be called a (standard) electrode potential.
Donkersloot, Maarten C. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 256.
Equilibrium |
Electrochemistry
|
Standard states for water equilibrium (author response). Campbell, Mark L.; Waite, Boyd A.
For the purposes of comparison only the unconventionally derived Ka values should be used to compare equilibrium constants for other acids to determine relative acid strengths.
Campbell, Mark L.; Waite, Boyd A. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 256.
Water / Water Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Brønsted-Lowry Acids / Bases
|
Standard states for water equilibrium. Baldwin, W. George; Burchill, C. Eugene.
The authors consider that Ka and Kb values for Bronsted acids and bases in aqueous solution represent one data set describing the properties of solutes in dilute aqueous solution.
Baldwin, W. George; Burchill, C. Eugene. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 255.
Water / Water Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Brønsted-Lowry Acids / Bases
|
Atomic Spectroscopy Coleman, William F.; Pavlik, Philip; Rittenhouse, Robert C.; Rose, Martin J.
Atomic Spectroscopy has been designed to introduce students to the principles of the emission spectra of simple gas-phase atoms and ions.
Coleman, William F.; Pavlik, Philip; Rittenhouse, Robert C.; Rose, Martin J. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 129.
Atomic Spectroscopy
|
Synthesis, oxidation and UV/IR spectroscopy illustrated: An integrated freshman lab session Zoller, Uri; Lubezky, Aviva; Danot, Miriam
This paper describes a specially designed, and successfully implemented lab-session for the first-year college general chemistry course.
Zoller, Uri; Lubezky, Aviva; Danot, Miriam J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, A274.
IR Spectroscopy |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Coordination Compounds |
Metals
|
A bulletin board demonstration on humidity Smith, Kurt; Solomon, Sally
A demonstration of the color changes of cobalt chloride with relative humidity is described in this note.
Smith, Kurt; Solomon, Sally J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 1039.
Atmospheric Chemistry |
Equilibrium
|
Use of liquid oxygen to support combustion Sullivan, Dan M.
Production, procedure, and safety of demonstrations involving liquid nitrogen in order to demonstrate: Charles' Law, production and properties of liquid oxygen, effects of concentration on reactions and reaction rates, liquefaction and boiling of oxygen kindling temperature, reactions between substances in two different states of matter, and comparison of partial and complete combustion.
Sullivan, Dan M. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 1036.
Physical Properties |
Gases |
Reactions |
Equilibrium
|
The "bean lab": A simple introduction to equilibrium Dickinson, Paul D.; Erharddt, Walt
The "bean lab" in addition to, or in lieu of an actual equilibrium laboratory experiment helps students attain a more concrete understanding of equilibrium constants.
Dickinson, Paul D.; Erharddt, Walt J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 930.
Equilibrium
|
Chemical equilibrium: VIII. Precipitates Gordus, Adon A.
The final article in a series (see previous months this year): This article focuses on ionic precipitates in water and how buffered solutions allow easier calculation of solubilities.
Gordus, Adon A. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 927.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
pH |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Water / Water Chemistry
|
Advanced titration plots using spreadsheet scripting Currie, James O., Jr.; Whiteley, Richard V., Jr.
131. A spreadsheet aids in student understanding of acid/base titration calculations.
Currie, James O., Jr.; Whiteley, Richard V., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 923.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
pH |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
Equilibrium
|
Thermochromic behavior of cobalt(II) halides in nonaqueous solvents and on filter paper Bare, William D.; Mellon, E. K.
This paper presents two phenomenon of cobalt chemistry that are aesthetically pleasing, relatively safe, and suitable for class experimentation and demonstration.
Bare, William D.; Mellon, E. K. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 779.
Descriptive Chemistry |
Crystal Field / Ligand Field Theory |
Coordination Compounds
|
A poster exhibit on stoichiometry for National Chemistry Week Pacer, Richard A.
An idea for a visually intriguing poster that will invite attention.
Pacer, Richard A. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 549.
Stoichiometry |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Solving quadratic equations to the correct number of significant figures Thomas, Rudolf
Presenting an application of the successive approximations method for solving quadratic or higher order expressions.
Thomas, Rudolf J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 409.
Equilibrium |
Chemometrics
|
Acid and base dissociation constants of water and its associated ions de Lange, A. M.; Potgieter, J. H.
By applying the Bronsted-Lowry concept of acids and bases, one can derive acid and base dissociation constants for water and its associated ions.
de Lange, A. M.; Potgieter, J. H. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 304.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
pH |
Brønsted-Lowry Acids / Bases
|
Approach to equilibrium: The wasp and beetle model. Statistical insight into how equilibrium is achieved and the stability of an equilibrium state Chang, Albert; Larsen, Russell D.
124. A computer program provides statistical insight into how equilibrium is achieved and the stability of an equilibrium state.
Chang, Albert; Larsen, Russell D. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 297.
Equilibrium
|
Chemical equilibrium: III. A few math tricks Gordus, Adon A.
The third article in a series on chemical equilibrium that considers a few math "tricks" useful in equilibrium calculations and approximations.
Gordus, Adon A. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 291.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Chemometrics |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Spec 20 Gable, Ralph; McCormick, James
A realistic simulator of a Bausch and Lomb Spectronic-20 spectrophotometer.
Gable, Ralph; McCormick, James J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 221.
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing
|
Chemical equilibrium: II. Deriving an exact equilibrium equation Gordus, Adon A.
In this article appearing in a series on chemical equilibrium, authors consider how to derive a completely general equation for any chemical mixture.
Gordus, Adon A. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 215.
Equilibrium |
Chemometrics
|
A simple first-order consecutive rate reaction: A different method for its solution Hughes, Elvin, Jr.
Power series methods should be used whenever possible in chemistry courses.
Hughes, Elvin, Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 180.
Chemometrics |
Equilibrium
|
A simple first-order consecutive rate reaction: A different method for its solution Castillo S., Carlos; Micolta S., Germania
A different way to present an equilibrium equation that appeared previously in this Journal.
Castillo S., Carlos; Micolta S., Germania J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 179.
Chemometrics |
Equilibrium
|
A titrimetric determination using laser-beam scattering for endpoint determination Brooks, David W.; Lyons, Edward J.
Data from one of four repeated trials of a lecture experiment that determines the stability constant of a silver amine complex.
Brooks, David W.; Lyons, Edward J. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 155.
Coordination Compounds |
Colloids |
Lasers |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Chemical equilibrium: I. The thermodynamic equilibrium constant Gordus, Adon A.
This is the first article in a series of eight that investigates the various assumptions that result in the simplified equilibrium equations found in most introductory texts. In this first article, the author considers the general nature of the constant K, Le Chatelier's principle, and the effect of the temperature on K.
Gordus, Adon A. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 138.
Thermodynamics |
Equilibrium
|
Reactivity of nickel Birk, James P.; Ronan, Martha; Bennett, Imogene; Kinney, Cheri
A series of experiments which lead to observations about the reactivity of nickel. [Debut]
Birk, James P.; Ronan, Martha; Bennett, Imogene; Kinney, Cheri J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 48.
Reactions |
Quantitative Analysis |
Coordination Compounds |
Oxidation State |
Electrochemistry
|
Calculating equilibrium concentrations by the continuation method Cobranchi, Daryl P.; Eyring, Edward M.
The use of the continuation method allows the educator to both present more challenging equilibria to the students and to introduce students to another use for a personal computer.
Cobranchi, Daryl P.; Eyring, Edward M. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 40.
Equilibrium
|
Measurements of equilibrium constants of acid-base indicators with a blocktronic colorimeter Walters, David; Birk, James P.
A computer-interfaced measurement of equilibrium constants of acid-base indicators (methyl orange, methyl red, and phenolphthalein).
Walters, David; Birk, James P. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, A252.
Acids / Bases |
Dyes / Pigments |
Spectroscopy |
Equilibrium |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing
|
The Fourier transform in chemistry--NMR: Part 4. Two-dimensional methods Williams, Kathryn R.; King, Roy W.
This article will conclude the series with an examination of some of the most important types of two-dimensional spectra.
Williams, Kathryn R.; King, Roy W. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, A125.
Fourier Transform Techniques |
NMR Spectroscopy
|
The Fourier transform in chemistry--NMR: A glossary of NMR terms King, Roy W.; Williams, Kathryn R.
This glossary is a resource for anyone new to the literature of the Fourier transform.
King, Roy W.; Williams, Kathryn R. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, A100.
Fourier Transform Techniques |
NMR Spectroscopy
|
The Fourier transform in chemistry--NMR: Part 3. Multiple-pulse experiments Williams, Kathryn R.; King, Roy W.
This paper will provide the average chemist with an introduction to the information that can be gained from Fourier transform in chemistry.
Williams, Kathryn R.; King, Roy W. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, A93.
Fourier Transform Techniques |
NMR Spectroscopy
|
Numerical solutions for diprotic acid equilibria using spreadsheet iterations Parker, O. Jerry; Breneman, Gary L.
This software affords the opportunities of solving the problem in an open format that displays any desired intermediate steps as well as final results.
Parker, O. Jerry; Breneman, Gary L. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, A5.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium
|
A visible spectrometer Martin, James D.
An overhead projector spectrophotometer.
Martin, James D. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 1061.
Spectroscopy |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Student ideas regarding chemical equilibrium: What written test answers do not reveal Bergquist, Wilbur; Heikkinen, Henry
Examples, evidence, and implications of student misconceptions regarding chemical equilibrium.
Bergquist, Wilbur; Heikkinen, Henry J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 1000.
Equilibrium |
Constructivism
|
Calculation of equilibrium constant in esterification reactions Sarlo, Edward; Svoronos, Paris; Kulas, Patricia
Procedure for measuring the equilibrium constant in esterification reactions.
Sarlo, Edward; Svoronos, Paris; Kulas, Patricia J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 796.
Esters |
Alcohols |
Carboxylic Acids |
Equilibrium
|
Spectacular classroom demonstration of the flame test for metal ions Mattson, Bruce M.; Snipp, Robert L.; Michels, Gary D.
Spraying a 1 M solution of a metal salt into the flame of a large Fisher burner.
Mattson, Bruce M.; Snipp, Robert L.; Michels, Gary D. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 791.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Atomic Spectroscopy
|
A simple second-order kinetics experiment Weiss, Hilton M.; Touchette, Kim
The reaction studied in this experiment is the (reversible) dimerization of 2,5-dimethyl-3,4-diphenylcyclopentadienone; the monomer is colored while the dimer is not, so monitoring the reaction with a simple spectrophotometer provides the concentration of the monomer and therefore the rate of its disappearance.
Weiss, Hilton M.; Touchette, Kim J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 707.
Kinetics |
Spectroscopy |
Aromatic Compounds
|
Fast and slow reactions of chromium compounds Knox, Kerro
The inertness of ligand substitution by chromium(III) ions is compared with other reactions that do proceed at reasonably fast rates, and an outcome is obtained in which two solutions of identical compositions contain different chromium species of different colors.
Knox, Kerro J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 700.
Coordination Compounds |
Transition Elements
|
Teaching freezing point lowering Ball, Jenelle; Cooke, Ron C.; Willis, Grover
Using Le Chatelier's principle, the van't Hoff equation, and the empirical equation to explain the lowering of the freezing point caused by dissolving antifreeze in water.
Ball, Jenelle; Cooke, Ron C.; Willis, Grover J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 676.
Physical Properties |
Solutions / Solvents |
Equilibrium |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
A modified graphical method for acid-base equilibria Nakagawa, Kuniaki
A method based on logarithmic diagrams for finding the pH values for various systems in acid-base equilibria.
Nakagawa, Kuniaki J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 673.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
pH
|
Quincy meets Perry Mason: An experience in chemistry and law: A simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of traces of mercury(II) and lead(II) Murcia, Noel S.; Lundquist, Eric G.; Russo, Steven O.; Peters, Dennis G.
High school students are lead through the scientific, forensic, and legal aspects of a suspected (simulated) mercury poisoning; they determine the amount of Hg(II) in an aqueous solution by extraction with dithizone in methylene chloride.
Murcia, Noel S.; Lundquist, Eric G.; Russo, Steven O.; Peters, Dennis G. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 608.
Spectroscopy |
Quantitative Analysis |
Forensic Chemistry
|
A visual demonstration of Raoult's law Wilson, Archie S.
Reducing the vapor pressure of bromine by adding chloroform.
Wilson, Archie S. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 598.
Gases |
Equilibrium
|
Another look at a mechanical model of chemical equilibrium Laurita, William
Colored water is transferred back and forth through glass tubing between two graduated cylinders.
Laurita, William J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 598.
Equilibrium
|
Molecular diffusion coefficients: Experimental determination and demonstration. Fate, Gwendolyn; Lynn, David G.
This demonstration highlights the dependence of molecular transport on molar mass and temperature.
Fate, Gwendolyn; Lynn, David G. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 536.
Transport Properties |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
A simple method for drying an NMR spinner air supply Holden, Michael S.; Ogren, Paul J.; Lainhart, Steven D.
A simple alternative to a commercial dryer is a modified cold trap.
Holden, Michael S.; Ogren, Paul J.; Lainhart, Steven D. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 445.
NMR Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Solving quadratic equations Brown, R. J. C.
A better technique than the quadratic equation for chemical equilibria is offered here.
Brown, R. J. C. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 409.
Chemometrics |
Equilibrium
|
A small scale equilibrium experiment Flash, Patrick
An alternative method for the experiment in which the equilibrium constant for the iron-thiocyanate complex is determined.
Flash, Patrick J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 341.
Equilibrium |
Reactions
|
Solution of acid-base equilibria by successive approximations Olivieri, Alejandro C.
The use of the method of successive approximations for solving acid-base equilibria, in conjunction with an intuitive, chemically based analysis is presented.
Olivieri, Alejandro C. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 229.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium
|
An efficient method for the treatment of weak acid/base equilibria Burness, James H.
The use of the ionization ratio concept enables students to perform many of the calculations for aqueous acid/base equilibria more quickly and efficiently.
Burness, James H. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 224.
Equilibrium |
Acids / Bases
|
The extent of acid-base reactions Thompson, Ralph J.
How to calculate the equilibrium constant of an acid-base reaction.
Thompson, Ralph J. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 220.
Acids / Bases |
Reactions |
Equilibrium
|
Two easy chemical rate experiments Garver, Emerson E.
One can use the spectrophotometer to investigate the rates of colored chemical reactions in solution.
Garver, Emerson E. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 183.
Rate Law |
Spectroscopy
|
Identification of polymers in university class experiments Bowen, Humphry J. M.
With a certain amount of skill and experience, most students can learn how to identify common polymers.
Bowen, Humphry J. M. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 75.
Physical Properties |
Spectroscopy |
Chromatography
|
Solving equilibrium constant expressions using spreadsheets Metz, Clyde; Donato, Henry, Jr.
Description and application of solving equilibrium constant expressions using spreadsheets.
Metz, Clyde; Donato, Henry, Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, A241.
Equilibrium
|
The use of a simple spectrometer/microcomputer arrangement for teaching atomic theory in general chemistry courses Casanova, J.; Arellano, M.; Lazo, L.; Gomez, H.
Experiment involving the analysis of a discharge tube to introduce students to the hydrogen atom model.
Casanova, J.; Arellano, M.; Lazo, L.; Gomez, H. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, A201.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing
|
Coordination complexes of cobalt: Inorganic synthesis in the general chemistry laboratory Williams, Gregory M.; Olmstead, John, III; Breksa, Andrew P., III
An experiment involving synthesis and spectral studies of a series of [Co(NH3)5L] complexes that introduces general chemistry students to inorganic synthesis and allows them to conduct a systematic study on the effect of different ligands on absorption spectra.
Williams, Gregory M.; Olmstead, John, III; Breksa, Andrew P., III J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 1043.
Coordination Compounds |
Synthesis |
Spectroscopy
|
An easy model for teaching mass / charge in mass spectrometry de Souza, Nelson Angelo; Bravo, Ruiess Van Fossen
A model for the demonstration of ion deflection by the action of a magnet that is occurring inside of a tube of a mass spectrometer.
de Souza, Nelson Angelo; Bravo, Ruiess Van Fossen J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 1039.
Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Multiport student spectrometer Bishop, Carl B.
A spectrometer that can be used simultaneously by seven students to observe a single spectrum emitted by an element of compound in a single light tube against a calibrated screen.
Bishop, Carl B. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 1037.
Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Computer simulation of chemical equilibrium Cullen, John F., Jr.
108. The "Great Chemical Bead Game" requires no instruments and presents the concepts of equilibrium and kinetics more clearly than an experiment. [October and November Computer Series both inadvertently called number 107. Numbering restored by skipping 109 and calling January 1990 number 110.]
Cullen, John F., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 1023.
Equilibrium |
Kinetics |
Rate Law
|
Screw-cap test tubes as spectrometer cuvets Lisensky, G. C.; Limon, E.
Screw-cap test tubes have several advantages with respect to normal round cuvets for use in Spec 20 or similar spectrometers.
Lisensky, G. C.; Limon, E. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 869.
Spectroscopy
|
Colorimetric determination of pH Tucker, Sheryl; Robinson, Rebecca; Keane, Charlene; Boff, Margaret; Zenko, Michelle; Batish, Sanjay; Street, Kenneth W., Jr.
Advantages and application of colorimeter to pH measurements.
Tucker, Sheryl; Robinson, Rebecca; Keane, Charlene; Boff, Margaret; Zenko, Michelle; Batish, Sanjay; Street, Kenneth W., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 769.
pH |
Spectroscopy |
Dyes / Pigments
|
Another View of the Visible Spectrum Hanrahan, E.S.
Chalk can be used with a Spectronic 20 to view the visible spectrum.
Hanrahan, E.S. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 359.
Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Safety Warning: Uncontrolled Reaction Smith, David H.
An experimental procedure published recently led to a potentially serious accident.
Smith, David H. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 359.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Alcohols
|
Construction of a photoelectric colorimeter and application to students' experiments Matsuo, Tsutomu; Muromatsu, Akihiko; Katayama, Kazuko; Mori, Minako
The PEC is an instrument that examines quantitatively the color change in the solutions.
Matsuo, Tsutomu; Muromatsu, Akihiko; Katayama, Kazuko; Mori, Minako J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 329.
Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Quantitative Analysis
|
Overall chemical equations Gil, Victor M. S.
An equation sum can be used safely by itself in stoichiometric and equilibrium calculations only if the intermediates produced in separate reactions are at low steady-state concentrations and if there are no other equilibria involving those species.
Gil, Victor M. S. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 324.
Stoichiometry |
Equilibrium
|
A simple explanation of the salt water oscillator Noyes, Richard M.
Yoshikawa et al. have described a simple device that undergoes repeated oscillations and that can also illustrate some of the principles essential to the oscillators driven by chemical reactions.
Noyes, Richard M. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 207.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Thermodynamics |
Equilibrium
|
Amusement with a salt-water oscillator Yoshikawa, Kenichi; Nakata, Satoshi; Yamanaka, Masahiro; Waki, Takeshi
Rhythmic oscillations of water flow are generated when a vertically oriented hypodermic syringe, with the plunger removed, is filled with salt water and partially submerged in a beaker of pure water.
Yoshikawa, Kenichi; Nakata, Satoshi; Yamanaka, Masahiro; Waki, Takeshi J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 205.
Thermodynamics |
Equilibrium |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Zero-cost polystyrene film for IR spectroscopy Fain, D.
The transparency section of many envelopes used for correspondence consists of a polystyrene film suitable for IR spectroscopy.
Fain, D. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 171.
IR Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Chemistry according to ROF (Fee, Richard) Radcliffe, George; Mackenzie, Norma N.
Two reviews on a software package that consists of 68 programs on 17 disks plus an administrative disk geared toward acquainting students with fundamental chemistry content. For instance, acids and bases, significant figures, electron configuration, chemical structures, bonding, phases, and more.
Radcliffe, George; Mackenzie, Norma N. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, A239.
Chemometrics |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Equilibrium |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Stoichiometry |
Physical Properties |
Acids / Bases |
Covalent Bonding
|
Analysis of kinetic data with a spreadsheet program Henderson, John
An article about spreadsheet templates that accept concentration versus time data for several runs of an experiment, determination of least-squares lines through data points for each run, and will allow the user to exclude points from the least-squares calculation.
Henderson, John J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, A150.
Chemometrics |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Rate Law |
Kinetics |
Enzymes
|
Solution equilibrium problems(Moss, David B.) Cass, Don; Murray, Marilee
Two reviews of a two disk set with a 44-page manual that discusses equilibria in general and specific techniques of solving equilibrium problems.
Cass, Don; Murray, Marilee J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, A114.
Equilibrium
|
Chemical principles for the introductory laboratory, CHM 384 (Johnson, James F.) Wegner, Carol
A comprehensive review of the title program which overviews basic techniques and concepts presented in introductory laboratory courses. Topics include: titration, equilibrium, Ksp, solubility, Beer's law, coordination complexes and first-order rates of reaction.
Wegner, Carol J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, A47.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Equilibrium |
Solutions / Solvents |
Coordination Compounds |
Kinetics
|
An integrated first-year laboratory experiment involving synthesis, spectroscopy, and chromatography of metal acetylacetonates Glidewell, Christopher; McKenchnic, James S.
This article presents a comprehensive experiment, involving synthesis, thin-layer chromatography, interpretation of two types of NMR and mass spectra.
Glidewell, Christopher; McKenchnic, James S. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 1015.
NMR Spectroscopy |
Mass Spectrometry |
Synthesis |
Separation Science |
Thin Layer Chromatography
|
Oscillating reactions Kolb, Doris.
A demonstration done on the overhead that oscillates.
Kolb, Doris. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 1004.
Reactions |
Equilibrium |
Kinetics
|
Experimental work with tin(II) chloride in a high school Sanchez, Manuela Martin
The author describes a final-project performed by students that integrates concepts of hydrolysis, Le Chatelier's principle, and electrolysis. Students seek answers to questions such as: "What reactions were involved; why is an aqueous solution of SnCl2 acidic; how can elemental tin be recovered from the system?"
Sanchez, Manuela Martin J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 898.
Separation Science |
Electrochemistry |
Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials |
Equilibrium |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
Nuclear waste glass, and the Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio Fanning, James C.; Hunter, R. Todd
These authors present a chemical problem of current interest that can be used for pedagogical purposes.
Fanning, James C.; Hunter, R. Todd J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 888.
Applications of Chemistry |
Consumer Chemistry |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Oxidation State |
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Green Chemistry |
Chromatography |
Spectroscopy
|
Simple models for teaching equilibrium and Le Chtelier's principle Russell, Joan M.
This article presents three models that have been effective in teaching chemical equilibrium and Le Chtelier's Principle: 1) the liquid transfer model, 2) the fish model, and 3) the teeter-totter model.
Russell, Joan M. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 871.
Equilibrium
|
The perils of carbonic acid and equilibrium constants Jencks, William P.; Altura, Rachel A.
It is important to remember that the small amounts of carbon dioxide that are usually present in water can have large effects on acid-base equilibria of dilute solutions and that dilute solutions of most weak acids and bases undergo significant protonation or hydrolysis when they are dissolved in water.
Jencks, William P.; Altura, Rachel A. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 770.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
A "semimicro" spectrophotometric determination of the Ksp of silver acetate at various temperatures Liebermann, John, Jr.; Yun, Ki J.
An experiment appropriate for Advanced Placement high school chemistry courses.
Liebermann, John, Jr.; Yun, Ki J. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 728.
Equilibrium |
Spectroscopy
|
Tools of the trade Bruno, Michael J.
High school teachers can never have too many visual aids when teaching chemistry. This author shares some demonstrations in equilibrium that often produce "oohs" and "aaaahs" from his students.
Bruno, Michael J. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 698.
Equilibrium |
pH
|
Some analogies for teaching rates/equilibrium Olney, David J.
This article presents several analogies for teaching rates and equilibrium developed by the author over his many years in the chemistry classroom that seem to be effective.
Olney, David J. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 696.
Kinetics |
Equilibrium
|
Will that pop bottle really go pop? An equilibrium question Deamer, David W.; Selinger, Benjamin K.
These authors challenge a claim that appeared in the journal *New Scientist* regarding carbon dioxide in carbonated beverages and equilibrium.
Deamer, David W.; Selinger, Benjamin K. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 518.
Applications of Chemistry |
Gases |
Equilibrium
|
A simple, vivid demonstration of selective precipitation Chirpich, Thomas P.
A simple, vivid demonstration that is designed to catch the students' attention and illustrate the principles of selective, or fractional, precipitation in action.
Chirpich, Thomas P. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 359.
Equilibrium |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Spectroscopy in large lecture halls Juergens, Fred
Spectroscopes are impractical to pass out to large lectures. This author submits his strategy for demonstrating both continuous and discontinuous spectra to 350 students in a large lecture hall using large sheets of grating materials with various light sources.
Juergens, Fred J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 266.
Spectroscopy
|
An overhead demonstration of some descriptive chemistry of the halogens and LeChtelier's principle Hansen, Robert C.
Colorful demonstrations that illustrate Le Chtelier's principle, solubility rules, and periodic trends.
Hansen, Robert C. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 264.
Equilibrium |
Descriptive Chemistry |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
Potentiometric titration of acidic and basic compounds in household cleaners Lieu, Van T.; Kalbus, Gene E.
The potentiometric titration of commercial household cleaners can be used in student laboratories in freshman, analytical, and physical chemistry courses. It can be used for analysis of household cleaners with either one or two component systems, or it can be used for the determination of the dissociation constant.
Lieu, Van T.; Kalbus, Gene E. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 184.
Acids / Bases |
Potentiometry |
Consumer Chemistry |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Equilibrium |
Quantitative Analysis
|
Preparation of a simple thermochromic solid Van Oort, Michiel J. M.
An easy, dramatic, and effective laboratory introduction to solid-solid phase transitions, thermochromism, and color changes associated with changes in ligand coordination suitable for undergraduate students in physical and general chemistry.
Van Oort, Michiel J. M. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 84.
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Crystals / Crystallography |
Coordination Compounds |
Metals |
Thermodynamics
|
Coordination Chemistry (Basolo, F.; Johnson, R. C.) Kauffman, George B.
Written for persons with a limited background in chemistry.
Kauffman, George B. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, A191.
Coordination Compounds
|
Computer-Assisted Blackboard (Soltzberg, L. J.) Kruger, J. D.
8-disk set of programs (Apple II) designed to help a lecturer illustrate gas laws, the Rutherford atomic model, quantization in a Bohr atom, wave-functions and orbitals, heat and changes in state, kinetics and simple reaction mechanisms, equilibrium, acid-base reactions, and titrations.
Kruger, J. D. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, A135.
Acids / Bases |
Gases |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Kinetics |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Equilibrium |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Correct equilibrium constants for water (the authors reply) Starkey, Ronald; Norman, Jack; Hinitze, Mark
Water and hydronium ion Ka values are special cases.
Starkey, Ronald; Norman, Jack; Hinitze, Mark J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 1068.
Equilibrium |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Acids / Bases |
Thermodynamics
|
Correct equilibrium constants for water Baldwin, W. George; Burchill, C. Eugene
Disagreement with the numerical values assigned to equilibrium constants.
Baldwin, W. George; Burchill, C. Eugene J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 1067.
Equilibrium |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Determination of iron in a bar of soap Grompone, M. A.
Determining the iron(III) content of bar soap through colorimetry.
Grompone, M. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 1057.
Spectroscopy |
Quantitative Analysis
|
Werner and Jorgensen: Presenting history with a computer Whisnant, David M.
85. A computer simulation designed to illustrate the process of science - how theories develop, how change occurs, and how scientists behave.
Whisnant, David M. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 688.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Coordination Compounds
|
A device to demonstrate the principles of photometry and three experiments for its use Delumyea, R. Del
Design, construction, and use of a simple photometer that can be used in place of a Spec 20; includes three experimental procedures applying the instrument.
Delumyea, R. Del J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 630.
Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Easy demonstration of the visible spectrum using the Spectronic 20 Sherman, Marie
This demonstration can be performed to provide a relation between wavelength measurements on the Spec 20 and the actual colors of light being used.
Sherman, Marie J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 627.
Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Computer programming in general chemistry Breneman, G. L.; Parker, O. J.
84. Programming computers to solve problems as an integral part of the general chemistry course.
Breneman, G. L.; Parker, O. J. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 584.
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Equilibrium
|
Hydrogen atom spectrum using an AA spectrophotometer Douglas, John; von Nagy Felsobuki, Ellak I.
Using an AA spectrophotometer to measure the Balmer series of the hydrogen atom spectrum.
Douglas, John; von Nagy Felsobuki, Ellak I. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 552.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Atomic Spectroscopy
|
Thermodynamics of the rhodamine B lactone zwitterion equilibrium: An undergraduate laboratory experiment Hinckley, Daniel A.; Seybold, Paul G.
An experiment to derive thermodynamic values from a thermochromic equilibrium that uses a commercially available dye, attains equilibrium rapidly, and employs a simple, single-beam spectrophotometer.
Hinckley, Daniel A.; Seybold, Paul G. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 362.
Thermodynamics |
Dyes / Pigments |
Spectroscopy |
Equilibrium
|
Hemoglobinometry: A biochemistry experiment that utilizes the principles of transition metal chemistry Giuliano, Vincenzo
Colorimetric measurements are used to determine the concentration of hemoglobin in blood and the effect of the effect that the presence of cyanide ions has on the formation of cyanomethemoglobin.
Giuliano, Vincenzo J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 354.
Transition Elements |
Metals |
Medicinal Chemistry |
Spectroscopy
|
Introduction to overhead projector demonstrations Kolb, Doris
General suggestions for using the overhead projector and 21 demonstrations. [Debut]
Kolb, Doris J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 348.
Rate Law |
Reactions |
Catalysis |
Equilibrium |
Transition Elements |
Metals |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Acids / Bases
|
Using NASA and the space program to help high school and college students learn chemistry. Part II. The current state of chemistry in the space program Kelter, Paul B.; Snyder, William E.; Buchar, Constance S.
Examples and classroom applications in the areas of spectroscopy, materials processing, and electrochemistry.
Kelter, Paul B.; Snyder, William E.; Buchar, Constance S. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 228.
Astrochemistry |
Spectroscopy |
Materials Science |
Electrochemistry |
Crystals / Crystallography
|
A simple extraction procedure for the determination of lead in gasoline by atomic absorption spectrometry Bye, Ragnar
Substituting nitric acid for the more hazardous iodine monochloride in the atomic absorption spectrometry of lead in gasoline.
Bye, Ragnar J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 188.
Quantitative Analysis |
Atomic Spectroscopy
|
UV spectral data acquisition, spectra search, and library software package for the IBM 9420 Spectrophotometer Jencen, David A.; Hardy, James K.
78. Bits and pieces, 32. The authors describe a series of computer programs that have been developed to allow a student to acquire, process, search for, and store UV spectra obtained on an IBM interfaced with a UV-vis spectra.
Jencen, David A.; Hardy, James K. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 1075.
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
A tale of two elements Nelson, P. G.
Readers are invited to identify elements A and B from the descriptions in this article.
Nelson, P. G. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 1021.
Oxidation State |
Organometallics |
Coordination Compounds |
Descriptive Chemistry |
Magnetic Properties
|
Further observations on the cobalt(II)-chloride equilibrium: Effect of changing the chloride ion concentration Martins, Luis J. A.; da Costa, J. Barbosa
In this article, the authors supplement previous experiments on equilibrium by confirming the effect of changes in chloride ion concentration.
Martins, Luis J. A.; da Costa, J. Barbosa J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 989.
Equilibrium |
Coordination Compounds |
Acids / Bases
|
Preparation and spectrophotometric analysis of hexaaminenickel(II) chloride: A general chemistry experiment Wieder, Grace M.
The preparation and ammonia analysis of an amminenickel (II) chloride suggested by a previous author has been modified and extended to include spectrophotometric analysis for nickel. This introduces freshman to a quantitative instrumental technique based on Beer's law.
Wieder, Grace M. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 988.
Spectroscopy |
Coordination Compounds
|
A demonstration of equilibrium Bricker, Clark E.
Demonstrations with iron (III) nitrate nonanhydrate illustrate Le Chatelier's principle and also produce some unexpected results.
Bricker, Clark E. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 979.
Equilibrium
|
The coming renaissance of descriptive chemistry Zuckerman, J. J.
Inorganic chemistry is facing an identity crises.
Zuckerman, J. J. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 829.
Descriptive Chemistry |
Spectroscopy |
Synthesis |
Reactions |
Physical Properties |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Spectrophotometric titration of a mixture of calcium and magnesium Fulton, Robert; Ross, Michael; Schroeder, Karl
Because the conditions chosen for the titration are not well suited to visual endpoints, students become aware of the unique advantage of spectrophotometric titrations.
Fulton, Robert; Ross, Michael; Schroeder, Karl J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 721.
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Coordination Compounds |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
A quick test for the highly colored ions of the aluminum-nickel group Grenda, Stanley C.
This paper intends to present a technique that eliminates errors in the analysis of the nickel subgroup cations.
Grenda, Stanley C. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 720.
Qualitative Analysis |
Coordination Compounds
|
VisiChem Breneman, G. L.
70. Bits and pieces, 28. Many of the business spreadsheet programs can be used to answer "What if?" questions in chemistry due to the mathematical functions needed for science (such as logs, trig functions, square root) and others.
Breneman, G. L. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 321.
Noncovalent Interactions |
Equilibrium
|
Density gradient columns for chemical displays Guenther, William B.
An important advantage of these demonstrations of complex chemistry is that students can observe them over a period of time as they grasp concepts of solution equilibria.
Guenther, William B. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 148.
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Coordination Compounds |
Metals
|
The Nebraska instrument sharing consortium Smith, David H.
A small group of colleges have banded together to solve one of the pressing problems in chemical education today- how to provide modern instrumentation to students at an affordable price.
Smith, David H. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 68.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Laboratory Management |
NMR Spectroscopy |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Le Châtelier's Principle Knox, Kerro
Question involving effect of increasing the pressure on the N2 + 3H2 <=> 2NH3 system.
Knox, Kerro J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 863.
Equilibrium |
Gases
|
Windowsill kinetics: A spectrophotometric study of the photochromism of mercury dithizonate Petersen, Richard L.; Harris, Gaylon L.
Mercury dithizonate undergoes a color change from orange to an intense royal blue upon irradiation with visible light.
Petersen, Richard L.; Harris, Gaylon L. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 802.
Photochemistry |
Spectroscopy |
Kinetics |
Coordination Compounds |
Raman Spectroscopy
|
The colorful complexes of copper(II) Earl, Boyd L.
Producing the color changes associated with Cu(H2O)4 2+, CuCl4 2-, and Cu(NH3)4 2+.
Earl, Boyd L. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 798.
Coordination Compounds |
Crystal Field / Ligand Field Theory
|
The solubility of CaSO4 (the author replies) Sawyer, Albert K.
Reasons why the lab determination of Ksp for CaSO4 is ten times higher than the published value.
Sawyer, Albert K. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 362.
Precipitation / Solubility |
Equilibrium |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
The solubility of CaSO4 Hawkes, Stephen J.
Reasons why the lab determination of Ksp for CaSO4 is ten times higher than the published value.
Hawkes, Stephen J. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 362.
Precipitation / Solubility |
Equilibrium |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Le Châtelier's principle, temperature effects, and entropy Campbell, J. Arthur
A useful extension of Le Chatelier's Principle to predict concentration, pressure, and temperature effects solely from the equation for the net reaction.
Campbell, J. Arthur J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 231.
Equilibrium |
Thermodynamics
|
A simple device for obtaining visible spectra Dmmgen, Ulrich; Keune, Herbert
Converting a standard slide projector into an effective spectroscope.
Dmmgen, Ulrich; Keune, Herbert J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 155.
Spectroscopy
|
EDTA-type chelating agents in everyday consumer products: Some food, cleaning, and photographic applications Hart, J. Roger
Chelating agents found in mayonnaise and salad dressings; canned legumes; plant foods; detergents and soaps; floor wax removers; hard surface, carpet, bathtub and tile cleaners; and photography.
Hart, J. Roger J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 75.
Consumer Chemistry |
Coordination Compounds |
Applications of Chemistry
|
Chain Structure and Conformation of Macromolecules (Bovey, Frank A.; Jelinski, Lynn W.) Carraher, Charles E., Jr.
The first seven chapters are based on lectures delivered in 1981 at MIT.
Carraher, Charles E., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, A209.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Stereochemistry |
Conformational Analysis |
NMR Spectroscopy
|
Suitable light sources and spectroscopes for student observation of emission spectra in lecture halls Hughes, Elvin, Jr.
Assembly of a simple, rugged spectroscope suitable for the lecture hall.
Hughes, Elvin, Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 908.
Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Thermodynamic changes, kinetics, equilibrium, and LeChatelier's principle Hansen, Robert C.
A series of demonstrations in which water in beakers and the flow of water between beakers is used to represent the components of an exothermic chemical reaction and the flow and quantity of thermal energy involved in chemical changes.
Hansen, Robert C. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 804.
Equilibrium |
Kinetics |
Thermodynamics
|
The goals of teaching solution equilibrium Ruda, Paul T.
Using and making relevant the concepts of solution equilibrium.
Ruda, Paul T. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 784.
Equilibrium |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Why teach solution equilibrium? Butler, James N.
What are the most important aspects of solution equilibrium to teach at the elementary level?
Butler, James N. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 784.
Equilibrium |
Solutions / Solvents |
Acids / Bases |
pH
|
The solubility of NiSO46H2O Pacer, Richard A.
Approaches the position of equilibrium from both unsaturated and supersaturated solutions.
Pacer, Richard A. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 467.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Solutions / Solvents |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Equilibrium |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Cobalt complexes and Le Châtelier Grant, A. Ward, Jr.
The cobalt complexes are an excellent demonstration to illustrate Le Châtelier's Principle to beginning chemistry students.
Grant, A. Ward, Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 466.
Coordination Compounds |
Equilibrium
|
Chlorophyll separation and spectral identification Diehl-Jones, Susan M.
Extracting chlorophyl a and b from spinach and separating them using thin-layer and column chromatography.
Diehl-Jones, Susan M. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 454.
Separation Science |
Spectroscopy |
Plant Chemistry |
Photosynthesis |
Dyes / Pigments |
Thin Layer Chromatography |
Chromatography
|
Cooking with chemistry Grosser, Arthur E.
Two demonstrations involving cooking eggs and suggestions for many more examples of cooking that illustrate important principles of chemistry. From the "State-of-the-Art Symposium for Chemical Educators: Chemistry of the Food Cycle".
Grosser, Arthur E. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 362.
Food Science |
Gases |
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Kinetics
|
Chemical storage of solar energy using an old color change demonstration Spears, L. Gene, Jr.; Spears, Larry G.
The results of a student research project that could be used as an experiment to illustrate the potential of hydrates salts for solar energy storage.
Spears, L. Gene, Jr.; Spears, Larry G. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 252.
Photochemistry |
Coordination Compounds |
Solutions / Solvents |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry
|
Models to depict hybridization of atomic orbitals Stubblefield, C. T.
Six models of hybridization: linear, trigonal, tetrahedral, planar, trigonal bipyrimidal, and octahedral.
Stubblefield, C. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 158.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Modeling |
Covalent Bonding |
Coordination Compounds
|
Metal-ligand complexes-a calculation challenge Ramette, R. W.
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate one of the most important experimental methods for studying complex equilibria and to present synthetic data as a challenge to the many sophisticated calculation procedure that enjoy various degrees of loyalty around the world.
Ramette, R. W. J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 946.
Equilibrium |
Metals |
Electrochemistry |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Coordination Compounds
|
NH4HC03: a stimulant for learning Richards, R. Ronald
Students, professors, and the literature have all been confused by the unusual dissociation equilibrium of NH4HCO3.
Richards, R. Ronald J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 555.
Equilibrium |
Amines / Ammonium Compounds |
Gases
|
On the chemically impossible "other" roots in equilibrium problems Ludwig, Oliver G.
Students often have a hard time knowing when to disregard equilibrium roots that are too large or are negative. The author suggests a convincing proof that helps students understand how the relationship between the conceptual and mathematical.
Ludwig, Oliver G. J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 547.
Equilibrium |
Chemometrics
|
Solubility and Ksp of calcium sulfate: a general chemistry laboratory experiment Sawyer, Albert K.
The experiment shared in this note can be used to accompany lectures on solubility or chemical equilibrium.
Sawyer, Albert K. J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 416.
Solutions / Solvents |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium
|
Le Châtelier's principle: the effect of temperature on the solubility of solids in liquids Brice, L. K.
The purpose of this article is to provide a rigorous but straightforward thermodynamic treatment of the temperature dependence of solubility of solids in liquids that is suitable for presentation at the undergraduate level. The present discussion may suggest how to approach the qualitative aspects of the subject for freshman.
Brice, L. K. J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 387.
Thermodynamics |
Liquids |
Solids |
Chemometrics |
Equilibrium
|
Inorganic thermochromism: A lecture demonstration of a solid state phase transition Willett, Roger D.
A description of an activity using thermochromic material is an easy way to demonstrate solid state phase transition.
Willett, Roger D. J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 355.
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Solid State Chemistry |
Coordination Compounds
|
The use of an air-natural gas flame in atomic absorption Melucci, Robert C.
The experiment reported in this paper demonstrates that students can get excellent results using air-natural gas flame in atomic absorption, and a tremendous advantage in safety is gained for a small sacrifice in the limit of detectability.
Melucci, Robert C. J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 238.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Qualitative Analysis |
Metals |
Descriptive Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Le Chtelier's principle, coupled equilibrium, and egg shells Brown, David B.; MacKay, III, John A.
Hot chickens have economic implications that can be better understood through chemistry.
Brown, David B.; MacKay, III, John A. J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 198.
Equilibrium |
Applications of Chemistry |
Food Science |
Agricultural Chemistry
|
Determination of sodium in salt substitute by flame emission spectroscopy Goodney, David E.
Using this procedure a student should be able to report the ppm Na in a salt substitute with an error of a few percent.
Goodney, David E. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 875.
Food Science |
Consumer Chemistry |
Quantitative Analysis |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Solubility of lead sulfate in water and in sodium sulfate solutions: An experiment in atomic absorption spectrophotometry Lehman, Thomas A.; Everett, Wayne W.
Measurement of Pb+2 concentrations by atomic absorption spectrophotometry permits direct calculation of the solubility product constant of lead sulfate in the presence of low concentrations of added sulfate.
Lehman, Thomas A.; Everett, Wayne W. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 797.
Precipitation / Solubility |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Atomic Spectroscopy
|
Demonstrating color-wavelength relations Paselk, Richard A.
Demonstrating the correspondence of color and wavelength using a Spectronic 20.
Paselk, Richard A. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 383.
Spectroscopy
|
A simple, effective introduction to the Beer-Lambert relationships Bowman, Leo H.
Demonstrates the realities of light absorbing phenomenon.
Bowman, Leo H. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 155.
Spectroscopy |
Solutions / Solvents
|
A demonstration of the basic principle of NMR Meloan, Clifton, E.
Uses a toy gyroscope, wire, and two waste baskets.
Meloan, Clifton, E. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 154.
NMR Spectroscopy |
Magnetic Properties
|
Isolation, separation and identification of synthetic food colors Dixon, E. A.; Renyk, G.
A simple, inexpensive experiment for the extraction of synthetic dyes permitted in foodstuffs, and their separation and identification using thin-layer chromatography and ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy.
Dixon, E. A.; Renyk, G. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 67.
Separation Science |
Food Science |
Chromatography |
Thin Layer Chromatography |
Consumer Chemistry |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Qualitative Analysis
|
Recreating some early work in chemical spectroscopy: A freshman chemistry laboratory exercise Smedley, Leslie C., Jr.
An experiment utilizing an original account of the spectro-analytical work of Bunsen and Kirchhoff.
Smedley, Leslie C., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 24.
Spectroscopy
|
Small things and large numbers Rosenberg, Milton H.
Some challenging solubility problems are featured in this note.
Rosenberg, Milton H. J. Chem. Educ. 1981, 58, 962.
Solutions / Solvents |
Equilibrium |
Chemometrics
|
Ksp made simple Buss, Donald E.
Students often have a hard time understanding solubility products conceptually. The author provides appropriate questions that can better scaffold understanding.
Buss, Donald E. J. Chem. Educ. 1981, 58, 958.
Equilibrium |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Infrared spectrum of methanol: A first-year student experiment Boehm, Garth; Dwyer, Mark
This paper describes an experiment in infrared spectroscopy designed to complement an alternative course, and the audiovisual system which supports this experiment.
Boehm, Garth; Dwyer, Mark J. Chem. Educ. 1981, 58, 809.
MO Theory |
IR Spectroscopy |
Spectroscopy |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
Detection of carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke using molybdosilicate Feinstein, H. I.
This carbon monoxide detector was first developed during WWII: it is simple, rapid, and extremely sensitive.
Feinstein, H. I. J. Chem. Educ. 1981, 58, 633.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Applications of Chemistry |
Metals |
Coordination Compounds
|
Some aspects of coordination chemistry Mickey, Charles D.
The genesis of modern coordination theory; the Wernerian system; experimental support for Werner's coordination theory; amplification of Werner's theory; the nature of complex ions; formation and nomenclature for complexes, complexes in the environment; chelates in medicine; complexing in natural systems; and industrial application of complexes.
Mickey, Charles D. J. Chem. Educ. 1981, 58, 257.
Coordination Compounds |
Medicinal Chemistry |
Metals
|
Chemical equilibrium Mickey, Charles D.
The law of mass action, the equilibrium constant, and the effect of temperature, concentration, and pressure on equilibrium.
Mickey, Charles D. J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 801.
Equilibrium |
Catalysis
|
An applied exam in coordination chemistry Pantaleo, Daniel C.
Students draw from a pool of stock chemicals and answer questions based on its formula and observed properties.
Pantaleo, Daniel C. J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 669.
Coordination Compounds |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols
|
Dissociation of a weak acid Ladd, M. F. C.
An earlier treatment of the equilibrium of a weak acid in water gives, for certain ranges of concentration, significantly incorrect results.
Ladd, M. F. C. J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 669.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Chemometrics
|
Co(acac)3 Synthesis, reactions, and spectra: An experiment for general chemistry Shalhoub, George M.
Students demonstrate that nitration of Co(acac)3 has occurred through proton NMR and IR spectroscopy.
Shalhoub, George M. J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 525.
Synthesis |
Spectroscopy |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
NMR Spectroscopy |
IR Spectroscopy
|
Cobalt complexes in equilibrium Ophardt, Charles E.
This equilibrium illustrates the application of LeChatelier's principle to concentration effects.
Ophardt, Charles E. J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 453.
Equilibrium |
Coordination Compounds |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Le Châtelier's principle: A reexamination and method of graphic illustration Treptow, Richard S.
Le Châtelier's development of the principle that bears his name, and a rephrasing of that principle to make it technically and historically accurate.
Treptow, Richard S. J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 417.
Equilibrium
|
A chemistry lesson at Three Mile Island Mammano, Nicholas J.
Teaching principles of general chemistry through references made to the nuclear incident at Three Mile Island.
Mammano, Nicholas J. J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 286.
Equilibrium |
Gases |
Stoichiometry |
Nonmajor Courses |
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Applications of Chemistry
|
Spectroscopic cation analysis using metal salt pills Barnard, Sister Marquita
Making metal salt pills for spectroscopic cation flame analysis using a Carver press.
Barnard, Sister Marquita J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 153.
Spectroscopy |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
"To sink or swim" O'Connor, Rod
A problem regarding the maximum water hardness that can be permitted in a swimming pool if it is desired to avoid calcite formation given the carbonate ion concentration. [Debut]
O'Connor, Rod J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 151.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Solutions / Solvents
|
On the misuse of Le Châtelier's principle for the prediction of the temperature dependence of the solubility of salts Bodner, George M.
Explores why Le Châtelier's principle often fails to predict the temperature dependence of the solubility of salts.
Bodner, George M. J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 117.
Equilibrium |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Solutions / Solvents |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Strong and weak acids and bases Deck, Joseph C.
The designations "strong" and "weak" are used in various ways, and often with respect to the same compound in different situations.
Deck, Joseph C. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 814.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
The gases of life J. Chem. Educ. Staff
Considers the topics of diffusion, oxygen transport through the lungs, oxygen in arterial blood, and CO2 transfer.
J. Chem. Educ. Staff J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 748.
Gases |
Transport Properties |
Equilibrium
|
Research and chemistry teaching Smith, Douglas D.
Student misconceptions about chemical equilibrium.
Smith, Douglas D. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 609.
Equilibrium
|
Triboluminescence spectroscopy of common candies Zink, Jeffrey I.; Angelos, Rebecca; Hardy, Gordon E.
Experimental methods of measuring spectra and the origins of triboluminescence; includes spectra data for spearmint, peppermint, and wintergreen Lifesavers.
Zink, Jeffrey I.; Angelos, Rebecca; Hardy, Gordon E. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 413.
Photochemistry |
Spectroscopy
|
The temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant Burness, James H.
This exam question tests a student's ability to derive the temperature dependence of an equilibrium constant not by qualitatively applying Le Chatelier's principle, but by understanding the relationship between the kinetics of the equation and the value of Keq.
Burness, James H. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 395.
Equilibrium |
Kinetics
|
An apparent contradiction in the application of the principle of Le Chtelier Mellon, E. K.
Unless some care is exercised, the application of free energy concepts in situations where marked temperature changes occur can lead to apparent contradictions like the one described in this paper.
Mellon, E. K. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 380.
Equilibrium |
Thermodynamics
|
Producing flame spectra Smith, Douglas D.
Adding the desired salt to canned heat.
Smith, Douglas D. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 48.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Atomic Spectroscopy
|
Chemistry concatenated Beaumont, R. C.
A series of chemical reactions featuring reversible equilibria and nine major color changes.
Beaumont, R. C. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 37.
Reactions |
Equilibrium
|
Determination of the equilibrium constant for triiodide formation. Use of a less toxic solvent Ackermann, Martin N.
A typical equilibrium laboratory may be hazardous for inexperienced students to perform.
Ackermann, Martin N. J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 795.
Equilibrium
|
A demonstration of the relationship between rate constants and equilibrium constants Smoot, Felicia; Ragan, Shirley; Burkett, Alan R.
This demonstration is designed to point out the relationships and distinctions between rate constants, rate expressions, and equilibrium constants.
Smoot, Felicia; Ragan, Shirley; Burkett, Alan R. J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 790.
Equilibrium |
Rate Law
|
Minimizing the free energy: a computer method for teaching chemical equilibrium concepts Heald, Emerson F.
This paper presents an alternative method to the standard treatment of equilibrium which uses material balance conditions and the minimization of the free energy. Both concepts are often omitted or glossed over in introductory treatments of equilibrium.
Heald, Emerson F. J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 641.
Equilibrium
|
Intuitive and general approach to acid-base equilibrium calculations Felty, Wayne L.
The purpose of this paper is to show that the usual intuitive approach used in general chemistry can be readily extended without introduction of additional, sophisticated concepts to give the general, exact expression and to point out the pedagogical advantage of its use.
Felty, Wayne L. J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 576.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Chemometrics
|
Construction of a novel sample holder for use in undergraduate IR spectroscopy experiments Law, R.; Ronald, B. P.; Ferrin, L.; Pocker, Y.
The authors share a more economical solution for holding IR samples.
Law, R.; Ronald, B. P.; Ferrin, L.; Pocker, Y. J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 508.
Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Laboratory Management
|
Colorimetric analysis for salicylate in urine: An experiment for nursing chemistry Cavanaugh, Margaret A.; Bambenek, Mark A.
The iron-salicylate system provides a chemistry experiment is described here and is suitable for students majoring in nursing.
Cavanaugh, Margaret A.; Bambenek, Mark A. J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 464.
Nonmajor Courses |
Bioanalytical Chemistry |
Solutions / Solvents |
Quantitative Analysis |
Spectroscopy |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Amines / Ammonium Compounds
|
Magnetic and spectral behavior of Co(py)2X2 complexes. A teaching experiment Webb, D. L.; Meek, T. L.
The pedagogical merit of this experiment is two-fold: a considerable portion of the syllabus is covered and there is a requirement for students to collaborate and discuss.
Webb, D. L.; Meek, T. L. J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 408.
Spectroscopy |
Magnetic Properties |
Coordination Compounds |
Organometallics
|
Computer assisted analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance spectra Calkins, Keith G.; Daley, Richard F.
The authors have implemented an interactive computer program designed to assist the beginning student in interpreting NMR data.
Calkins, Keith G.; Daley, Richard F. J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 322.
NMR Spectroscopy
|
Temperature dependence of Kw Steffel, M. J.
The question presented in this note requires the resolution of a conflict between a common sense notion and an isolated fact.
Steffel, M. J. J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 243.
Equilibrium
|
Spectrophotometric analysis simulation Breneman, G. L.
A Basic computer program has been written that completely simulates a spectrophotometric analysis of an unknown solution. This includes measuring the absorbance spectrum of the compound, selection of wavelength for the analysis, determining the relationship between absorbance and concentration, and making any dilutions needed.
Breneman, G. L. J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 241.
Spectroscopy
|
Synthesis and reactions of a cobalt complex. A project for freshman laboratory Alexander, John J.; Dorsey, John G.
This lab offers first-year students a rare opportunity for interesting discussions with brighter students, for extending the work involved and for conveying some of the excitement of a developing research problem.
Alexander, John J.; Dorsey, John G. J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 207.
Coordination Compounds |
Diastereomers |
Spectroscopy
|
Synthesis and properties of an optically active complex: A polarimeter experiment for general chemistry Hunt, Harold R., Jr.
Synthesizing and determining the optical rotation of d-Co(phen)3(ClO4)3.2H2O.
Hunt, Harold R., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 710.
Chirality / Optical Activity |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Stereochemistry |
Synthesis |
Coordination Compounds
|
Le Chtelier's principle demonstrated with a rubber band Smith, Douglas D.
Heating a rubber band causes it to contract and stretching it causes it to become warmer.
Smith, Douglas D. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 701.
Equilibrium |
Thermodynamics
|
Chemical equilibrium: Analogies that separate the mathematics from the chemistry DeLorenzo, Ronald A.
Demonstrates that the mathematics of chemical equilibria are not difficult, particularly when put in a non-chemical context.
DeLorenzo, Ronald A. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 676.
Equilibrium |
Chemometrics
|
Programmable pocket electronic calculators in the classroom Weldert, Robert W.
Using programmable calculators in grading and a lab activity involving equilibrium.
Weldert, Robert W. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 628.
Equilibrium
|
Ability grouping and a quasi-historical approach Quiring, Frank S.
Organization of a first-year, high school chemistry course entitled "Quantitative Chemistry," and methods for teaching chemical equilibrium.
Quiring, Frank S. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 623.
Equilibrium
|
Simultaneous equilibria involving insoluble salts Baumann, Jacob B.
This demonstration is derived from and involves the same reactions as the Mohr titration of chloride ion with silver nitrate solution using potassium chromate as an indicator.
Baumann, Jacob B. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 618.
Equilibrium |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
A readily made simulated optical spectrum for an overhead projector Rix, Colin J.; Phillips, Keith A.
Combining six differently colored transparent sheets to generate a useful approximation of an optical spectrum and 15 solutions whose colors are representative of different regions of the visible spectrum.
Rix, Colin J.; Phillips, Keith A. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 579.
Spectroscopy
|
Water dipping kinetics. A physical analog for chemical kinetics Birk, James P.; Gunter, S. Kay
Physical analogs of zero-, first, and second-order kinetics using the volume of water transferred by a dipper oriented in different directions with respect to a basin of water.
Birk, James P.; Gunter, S. Kay J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 557.
Kinetics |
Equilibrium |
Rate Law
|
An aid to teaching weak acids and bases Kennedy, David E. B.
A visual aid in helping students understand equilibrium concepts related to weak acids and bases.
Kennedy, David E. B. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 550.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium
|
Silver ion in water purification: A follow-up Quane, Denis
Applying a previous idea on the possible use of silver ion in water purification to teaching the concept of Ksp.
Quane, Denis J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 381.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Questions [and] Answers Campbell, J. A.
303-308. Six practical, environmental chemistry application questions and their answers. Q303 submitted by Jerry Ray Dias.
Campbell, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 369.
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Metals |
Toxicology |
Coordination Compounds |
Membranes |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The effects of HCl and aspirin on the stomach: An equilibrium review DeLorenzo, Ronald
The chemical effect and medical implications of taking aspirin.
DeLorenzo, Ronald J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 306.
Equilibrium |
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Drugs / Pharmaceuticals |
Medicinal Chemistry |
Applications of Chemistry
|
Illustrating infrared spectroscopy using commercially available plastic films Webb, John; Rasmussen, Malcolm; Selinger, Ben
Collecting and comparing the IR spectra of commercially available plastic films.
Webb, John; Rasmussen, Malcolm; Selinger, Ben J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 303.
Spectroscopy |
IR Spectroscopy |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
Questions [and] Answers Campbell, J. A.
290-297. Eight questions regarding practical applications of chemistry, primarily in the medical field, and their answers.
Campbell, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 247.
Toxicology |
Equilibrium |
Metabolism |
Medicinal Chemistry |
Applications of Chemistry |
Enrichment / Review Materials
|
Le Chtelier's principle: A laboratory exercise Friedman, Frederica
Le Chtelier's principle can be demonstrated by showing that water can boil at temperatures below 100C due to reduced vapor pressure.
Friedman, Frederica J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 236.
Equilibrium |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Gases |
Water / Water Chemistry
|
Effect of Ionic Strength on Equilibrium Constants Seymour, M. D.; Fernando, Quintus
Involves the determination of the acid dissociation constant of bromcresol green by a spectrophotometric method; using a graphing calculator, each student can perform the laboratory work and obtain his own data set.
Seymour, M. D.; Fernando, Quintus J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 225.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
pH
|
On mole fractions in equilibrium constants Delaney, C. M.; Nash, Leonard K.
Proposes a hybrid equilibrium constant for use in introductory chemistry courses.
Delaney, C. M.; Nash, Leonard K. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 151.
Equilibrium |
Stoichiometry |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Chemical equilibrium Burke, Barbara A.
Demonstrates the equilibrium between blue CuSO4 and green K2(CuBr4) on an overhead projector.
Burke, Barbara A. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 29.
Equilibrium |
Solutions / Solvents |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
A Mechanical demonstration of approach to equilibrium Martin, Dean F.
This demonstration combines audience participation with analogy to demonstrate a principle.
Martin, Dean F. J. Chem. Educ. 1976, 53, 634.
Equilibrium
|
A criterion for the simple approximation in dissociation equilibria Leffler, Amos J.
The author demonstrates quantitative criterion for the assumption that permits the neglect of the amount of dissociated species in the denominator of the dissociation equation.
Leffler, Amos J. J. Chem. Educ. 1976, 53, 460.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Chemometrics
|
Singlet oxygen in aqueous solution: A lecture demonstration Shakhashiri, Bassam Z.; Williams, Lloyd G.
Lecture demonstrations involving chemiluminescence are useful for the purpose both of displaying chemical phenomena and of illustrating specific principles.
Shakhashiri, Bassam Z.; Williams, Lloyd G. J. Chem. Educ. 1976, 53, 358.
Photochemistry |
Reactions |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Spectroscopy
|
UV spectra and cost analysis of suntan lotions: A simple introduction to the use of recording spectrophotometers Evans, George O., II
Students enjoy this experiment which has a Consumer Reports aspect to it.
Evans, George O., II J. Chem. Educ. 1976, 53, 315.
Photochemistry |
Spectroscopy |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Consumer Chemistry
|
A simple system for demonstrations in spectroscopy Alman, David H.; Billmeyer, Fred W., Jr.
The system presented here is an easily accessible horizontal working surface and projects both the color and spectrum of the radiation simultaneously.
Alman, David H.; Billmeyer, Fred W., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1976, 53, 166.
Spectroscopy
|
Equilibrium: A novel classroom demonstration Hambly, Gordon F.
Demonstrating equilibrium by throwing styrofoam balls back-and-forth between two groups of students.
Hambly, Gordon F. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 519.
Equilibrium
|
Equilibrium: A novel classroom demonstration Hambly, Gordon F.
Demonstrating equilibrium by throwing styrofoam balls back-and-forth between two groups of students.
Hambly, Gordon F. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 519.
Equilibrium
|
A computer program to support equilibrium constant theory Thielmann, Vernon
A Fortran IV program calculates ten different K values based on different equilibrium expressions that are chosen at random.
Thielmann, Vernon J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 468.
Equilibrium
|
Maximizing profits in equilibrium processes Rish, Ronald J.
Provides the student with an example in which both chemical principles and calculus are applied to a realistic industrial situation where profits are a must.
Rish, Ronald J. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 441.
Equilibrium |
Industrial Chemistry |
Chemometrics
|
The reactions of ferroin complexes. A color-to-colorless freshman kinetic experiment Edwards, John O.; Edwards, Kathleen; Palma, Jorge
A group of related reactions that can be easily followed with a colorimeter which show that the mechanism by which a reaction takes place may not be at all obvious from the stoichiometry.
Edwards, John O.; Edwards, Kathleen; Palma, Jorge J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 408.
Kinetic-Molecular Theory |
Coordination Compounds |
Crystal Field / Ligand Field Theory |
Stoichiometry |
Mechanisms of Reactions
|
Hydrocarbon combustion equilibria in first-year chemistry Davidson, Scott
An article describing a way to extend the study of multiple equilibria to gaseous systems is available on request.
Davidson, Scott J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 387.
Equilibrium |
Gases
|
A Vidicon detection system for teaching absorption spectroscopy Richtol, H. H.; Nelson, D. L.; Reeves, R. R.
Describes the conversion of a television system into an absorption spectrograph that can be used as a live demonstration.
Richtol, H. H.; Nelson, D. L.; Reeves, R. R. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 218.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Spectroscopy
|
Molar solubility calculations and the control equilibrium Chaston, S. H. H.
The Control-Equilibrium method uses as its starting point a precise procedure for obtaining the equilibrium that accounts for the bulk of the decomposition of starting materials.
Chaston, S. H. H. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 206.
Solutions / Solvents |
Chemometrics |
Equilibrium
|
Converting a television system into a quantitative atomic emission spectrograph Richtol, H. H.; Reeves, R. R.; Nelson, D. L.
The conversion involves placing a transmission grating over the lens of a television camera that is focussed on a discharge tube.
Richtol, H. H.; Reeves, R. R.; Nelson, D. L. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 198.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
A comparison of base strengths using visual and EMF observations Campbell, J. A.
A series of sequentially added dilute aqueous solutions whose changes provide evidence for different degrees of dissociation of a series and complexes.
Campbell, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 185.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Coordination Compounds |
Precipitation / Solubility
|
Thiocyanato chromium(III) complexes. Separation by paper electrophoresis and estimate of stability constants Larsen, Erik; Eriksen, J.
Differently charged species of thiocyanato chromium(III) complexes are separated by paper electrophoresis.
Larsen, Erik; Eriksen, J. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 122.
Separation Science |
Coordination Compounds |
Electrophoresis
|
FeSCN2+ - A computer aid to the CHEM Study experiment McCall, Arthur J., Jr.
A Fortran program assists in making the calculations that accompany investigation of the iron(III)thiocyanate equilibrium system.
McCall, Arthur J., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 118.
Equilibrium |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Chemometrics
|
A dynamic lecture demonstration of dynamic equilibrium - The BG system Battino, Rubin
This demonstration uses students as atoms and molecules.
Battino, Rubin J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 55.
Equilibrium
|
A general chemistry laboratory project utilizing atomic absorption Testa, J. F.; Wyatt, J. L.
This project involves the preparation and purification of an unknown inorganic compound followed by qualitative and quantitative analysis for the materials used in the preparation.
Testa, J. F.; Wyatt, J. L. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 50.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Synthesis |
Quantitative Analysis |
Qualitative Analysis
|
The spectrum of atomic lithium. An undergraduate laboratory experiment Miller, Kenneth J.
The author gives a background on the theory and experimental procedure for the spectrum of atomic lithium.
Miller, Kenneth J. J. Chem. Educ. 1974, 51, 805.
Quantum Chemistry |
Spectroscopy |
Quantitative Analysis |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Fluorimetric analysis of nitrate in real samples Miguel, Antonio H.; Braun, Robert D.
The fluorimetric analysis of "real" samples is often undesirable as a student experiment, since prior separations of elaborate sample preparations are required. It is the purpose of this paper to report a fluorimetric, student experiment for the determination of trace nitrate in river water and soil.
Miguel, Antonio H.; Braun, Robert D. J. Chem. Educ. 1974, 51, 682.
Agricultural Chemistry |
Spectroscopy
|
A spectrophotometric determination of fluoride adapted for the freshman laboratory Daines, Terri L.; Morse, Karen W.
In this experiment the student determines the fluoride ion concentration of a sodium fluoride solution, which they can do with high precision and accuracy.
Daines, Terri L.; Morse, Karen W. J. Chem. Educ. 1974, 51, 680.
Quantitative Analysis |
Solutions / Solvents |
Spectroscopy
|
Synthesis and spectral study of copper(II) complexes Potts, Richard A.
The authors propose a series of experiments for general chemistry that are related to one and another.
Potts, Richard A. J. Chem. Educ. 1974, 51, 539.
Coordination Compounds |
Synthesis |
Spectroscopy
|
A new oxidation-reduction experiment Williams, T. R.; Van Doren, J. D.
The authors describe an experiment in oxidation and reduction that also introduces students to spectroscopy.
Williams, T. R.; Van Doren, J. D. J. Chem. Educ. 1974, 51, 421.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Spectroscopy
|
Roadside salt pollution and the absorption-emission spectra of sodium: A general chemistry experiment Tripp, Terrance B.; Nadeau, Jeanne L.
This experiment illustrates the absorption-emission spectra of atoms by analyzing soil samples for sodium. The experiment also stimulates an awareness of the environmental problems associated with the accumulation of common salt along roadsides resulting from ice removal operations.
Tripp, Terrance B.; Nadeau, Jeanne L. J. Chem. Educ. 1974, 51, 130.
Spectroscopy
|
Preparation and properties of potassium trioxalatoferrate(III) trihydrate Aravamudan, G.; Gopalakrishnan, J.; Udupa, M. R.
The authors report on an exercise involving potassium trioxalatoferrate(III) trihydrate as an illustrative exercise in general chemistry laboratory courses.
Aravamudan, G.; Gopalakrishnan, J.; Udupa, M. R. J. Chem. Educ. 1974, 51, 129.
Coordination Compounds |
Synthesis |
Physical Properties
|
Line spectrum demonstration for the large lecture hall Driscoll, Jerry A.
The undergraduate's learning experience with quantum mechanics and Bohr's theory can be greatly enhanced by the presentation of a line spectrum demonstration, but these are often hard to see in large lecture halls. The authors present a physical arrangement of an apparatus that can be easily assembled to allow for easier student viewing in a lecture-hall situation.
Driscoll, Jerry A. J. Chem. Educ. 1974, 51, 97.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry |
Spectroscopy
|
Lecture experiment: A quantitative illustration of LeChatelier's principle Nelson, D. L.; Ginns, E. I.; Richtol, H. H.; Reeves, R. R.
A short experiment involving the popular gaseous nitrogen dioxide system has been developed into a lecture demonstration which quantitatively illustrates the behavior of a homogeneous gas-phase equilibrium under conditions of varying temperature and pressure.
Nelson, D. L.; Ginns, E. I.; Richtol, H. H.; Reeves, R. R. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 721.
Equilibrium |
Gases
|
Estimating equilibrium constants Harrington, Ernest C.
This demonstration allows the class to compare hydrochloric and acetic acid quantitatively and actually determine the ionization constant of acetic acid using a standard classroom conductivity apparatus.
Harrington, Ernest C. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 549.
Equilibrium |
Acids / Bases
|
Cooking Succulent Roasts Plumb, Robert C.; Davis, Adelle
Allowing a roast to gradually warm to the desired internal temperature produces superior results.
Plumb, Robert C.; Davis, Adelle J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 425.
Consumer Chemistry |
Food Science |
Kinetics |
Equilibrium |
Rate Law |
Applications of Chemistry
|
Cooking Succulent Roasts Plumb, Robert C.; Davis, Adelle
Allowing a roast to gradually warm to the desired internal temperature produces superior results.
Plumb, Robert C.; Davis, Adelle J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 425.
Consumer Chemistry |
Food Science |
Kinetics |
Equilibrium |
Rate Law |
Applications of Chemistry
|
The equilibrium between a solid solution and an aqueous solution of its ions Berndt, Alan F.; Stearns, Robert I.
It is the purpose of this paper to present the equations that describe the equilibrium between solid solutions and their ions and to outline methods for their derivation.
Berndt, Alan F.; Stearns, Robert I. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 415.
Equilibrium |
Solutions / Solvents |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
The aspirin project. Laboratory experiments for introductory chemistry Brown, David B.; Friedman, Lawrence B.
This laboratory project involves the synthesis, characterization, and study of some reactions of acetylsalicylic acid, and the comparison of acetylsalicylic acid with the major components of various commercial brands of aspirin tablets.
Brown, David B.; Friedman, Lawrence B. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 214.
Constitutional Isomers |
Synthesis |
Acids / Bases |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Quantitative Analysis
|
Physical chemistry of the drinking duck Plumb, Robert C.; Wagner, Robert E.
The operation of the drinking bird is easily understood in terms of a few elementary physical chemistry principles.
Plumb, Robert C.; Wagner, Robert E. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 213.
Thermodynamics |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Equilibrium
|
The iron content of breakfast cereals Laswick, Patty Hall
Determination of the amount of iron in commercial cereal products using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
Laswick, Patty Hall J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 132.
Food Science |
Consumer Chemistry |
Nutrition |
Quantitative Analysis |
Atomic Spectroscopy
|
Auto windows - Strong but self-destructing Stookey, S. D.
Auto windowglass illustrates the principles of metastable equilibrium.
Stookey, S. D. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 131.
Applications of Chemistry |
Solids |
Equilibrium
|
The helix coil transition of DNA Steinert, Roger; Hudson, Bruce
The design and use of a photometer to detect the transition of DNA from the double helix to random coil form.
Steinert, Roger; Hudson, Bruce J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 129.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Photochemistry |
Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
LeChatelier's principle and a rubber band DeLorenzo, Ronald
The cited demonstration can also be sued to illustrate LeChatelier's principle .
DeLorenzo, Ronald J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 124.
Equilibrium |
Thermodynamics
|
The preparation and analysis of some metal-pyridine complexes. A general chemistry experiment Kauffman, George B.; Albers, Richard A.; Harlan, Fred L.
A general chemistry experiment in which students synthesize and then characterize some metal-pyridine complexes.
Kauffman, George B.; Albers, Richard A.; Harlan, Fred L. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 70.
Coordination Compounds |
Synthesis
|
Chemical Equilibrium: An Introduction (Coe, J.S.) Hoffman, William A.
Hoffman, William A. J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, A311.
Equilibrium
|
The reaction of CN- ions with Ni(EDTA)2- ions Littlejohn, D. G.; Fanning, J. C.
A green Ni(NO3)2 solution changes to blue upon adding EDTA; this changes to a deep violet when a solution of KCN and KOH is added.
Littlejohn, D. G.; Fanning, J. C. J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, A267.
Coordination Compounds |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
The effect of ligands on hydrolysis constants of transition metal ions Morrow, Jack I.
This procedure examines the effect that ligands in the inner coordination sphere have upon the chemical behavior of transition metal ions.
Morrow, Jack I. J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 748.
Coordination Compounds |
Transition Elements |
Metals |
Crystal Field / Ligand Field Theory |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Passage of fruit flies through a hole. A model for a reversible chemical reaction Runquist, Elizabeth A.; Runquist, Olaf
The passage of fruit flies through a single orifice provides an excellent model for illustrating the principles of equilibrium and chemical dynamics; the results are found to be temperature dependent and reproducible.
Runquist, Elizabeth A.; Runquist, Olaf J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 534.
Reactions |
Equilibrium |
Kinetics |
Rate Law
|
The design and use of an equilibrium machine Alden, Robert T.; Schmuckler, Joseph S.
An operating model that can be used to determine quantitatively equilibrium shifts when demonstrating Le Chatelier's Principle and relates to molecular level considerations and the probabilistic nature of equilibrium.
Alden, Robert T.; Schmuckler, Joseph S. J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 509.
Equilibrium
|
Squeak, skid and glide - The unusual properties of snow and ice Plumb, Robert C.; Fletcher, N. H.
The Clapeyron equation controls the behavior of ice under varying conditions of temperature and pressure.
Plumb, Robert C.; Fletcher, N. H. J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 179.
Water / Water Chemistry |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Equilibrium
|
Squeak, skid and glide - The unusual properties of snow and ice Plumb, Robert C.; Fletcher, N. H.
The Clapeyron equation controls the behavior of ice under varying conditions of temperature and pressure.
Plumb, Robert C.; Fletcher, N. H. J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 179.
Water / Water Chemistry |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Equilibrium
|
Gas Laws, Equilibrium, and the Commercial Synthesis of Nitric acid. A Simple Demonstration Alexander, M. Dale
This demonstration of the commercial production of nitric acid uses a simple apparatus to illustrate a number of basic chemical concepts, including Le Chatelier's principle.
Alexander, M. Dale J. Chem. Educ. 1971, 48, 838.
Synthesis |
Industrial Chemistry |
Acids / Bases |
Gases |
Equilibrium |
Reactions |
Stoichiometry
|
Let's get the nonscience majors into the lab! Griffin, Roger W., Jr.
The author shares his experiences with a successful laboratory course for nonmajors. Experiments which have been carried out include: geometry of molecules, measurements and errors, separation and purification, spectroscopy, chromatography, colored natural products, and dyes.
Griffin, Roger W., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1971, 48, 685.
Nonmajor Courses |
Dyes / Pigments |
Natural Products |
Chromatography |
Separation Science |
Quantitative Analysis |
VSEPR Theory |
Spectroscopy
|
A unified introductory chemistry laboratory Splittgerber, A. G.; MacLean, D. B.; Neils, J.
Common criticisms against chemistry learning laboratories accuse typical first year laboratories of painting an inaccurate portrait of the nature of the chemistry research experience. The author propose a project-type unified laboratory program.
Splittgerber, A. G.; MacLean, D. B.; Neils, J. J. Chem. Educ. 1971, 48, 330.
Undergraduate Research |
Synthesis |
Separation Science |
Equilibrium |
Qualitative Analysis
|
Coordination complexes and equilibrium Shombert, Donald J.
The results of this demonstration are explained in terms of equilibrium, Le Chatelier-Braun's principle, and coordination complex formation.
Shombert, Donald J. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, A784.
Coordination Compounds |
Equilibrium |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Demonstration notes: Spontaneous combustion Johnson, Joseph E.
Modifications or additions to previously published demonstration.
Johnson, Joseph E. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, A439.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Reactions |
Gases |
Transport Properties |
Coordination Compounds
|
Le Chtelier's principles - Conductivity of solutions Kasimer, Philip
Observing conductivity of a dilute solution of glacial acetic acid before and after the addition of a magnesium ribbon.
Kasimer, Philip J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, A439.
Equilibrium |
Electrochemistry |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Miscellaneous Alyea, Hubert N.
These twelve overhead projection demonstrations include rates of reactions, clock reactions, the effect of temperature and the presence of a catalyst on the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, the relationship between viscosity and temperature, equilibria, solubility product, and the common ion effect.
Alyea, Hubert N. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, A437.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Kinetics |
Rate Law |
Reactions |
Acids / Bases |
Catalysis |
Equilibrium |
Precipitation / Solubility
|
Chemical equilibrium (Nyman, Carl J.; Hamn, Randall E.) Jekel, Eugene C.
Jekel, Eugene C. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, A132.
Equilibrium
|
Model to illustrate bonding and symmetry of transition metal complexes Betteridge, D.
Describes a physical model used to demonstrate the combination of atomic orbitals of the transition metal ion with those on surrounding ligands to give molecular orbitals.
Betteridge, D. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 824.
Transition Elements |
Metals |
Coordination Compounds |
Molecular Modeling |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Group Theory / Symmetry
|
Analogies between chemical and mechanical equilibria Canagaratna, S. G.; Selvaratnam, M.
The authors show that the concept of chemical equilibrium can, with advantage, be presented by drawing analogies with mechanical equilibria that students should be familiar with.
Canagaratna, S. G.; Selvaratnam, M. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 759.
Equilibrium
|
Preparative and ion exchange studies on the cobalt(III)-iminodiacetate system Weyh, John A.
This experiment involves the preparation of two of the three possible geometrical isomers of the 1:2 iminodiacetato complexes of cobalt(II).
Weyh, John A. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 715.
Coordination Compounds |
Diastereomers
|
Demonstrating the relation between rate constants and the equilibrium constant Meyer, Edwin F.; Glass, Edward
Presents an approach used with an apparatus to demonstrate quantitatively the relationship between rate constants and the equilibrium constant for simple reversible reactions.
Meyer, Edwin F.; Glass, Edward J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 646.
Rate Law |
Equilibrium |
Reactions
|
Hydrogen sulfide under any other name still smells. A poisonous story Brasted, Robert C.
The chemistry of hydrogen sulfide affords an excellent opportunity to integrate descriptive inorganic and coordination chemistry with biochemistry.
Brasted, Robert C. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 574.
Descriptive Chemistry |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Coordination Compounds |
Enzymes |
Proteins / Peptides
|
General chemistry experiments: Six short, inexpensive procedures Heit, M. L.; Dauphinee, G. A.
These simple experiments involve conductivity comparisons of derivatives of the acetate ion, paper chromatography, sublimation, the effect of temperature on equilibrium, the detection of I-, and an example of an equilibrium shift.
Heit, M. L.; Dauphinee, G. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 532.
Electrochemistry |
Chromatography |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Equilibrium |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
Prolonging death (in apples) Plumb, Robert C.
Using controlled atmosphere storage to prolong the freshness of vegetables and fruits after they have been harvested.
Plumb, Robert C. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 518.
Equilibrium |
Kinetics |
Agricultural Chemistry |
Applications of Chemistry |
Gases
|
The use of specific ion electrodes for equilibrium measurements Williams, T. R.; Boettner, Wayne; Wakeham, Stuart
The purpose of this investigation is to suggest the variety of information that can be obtained using specific ion electrodes.
Williams, T. R.; Boettner, Wayne; Wakeham, Stuart J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 464.
Ion Selective Electrodes |
Equilibrium
|
Modification of the Fisher-Todd spectranal for student use Knudson, George
The presented modifications to the Fisher-Todd spectranal allows first-year students to observe standards and unknowns quickly with minimum assistance by the instructor.
Knudson, George J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 308.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Spectroscopy
|
Sealed tube experiments Campbell, J. A.
Lists and briefly describes a large set of "sealed tube experiments," each of which requires less than five minutes to set-up and clean-up, requires less than five minutes to run, provides dramatic results observable by a large class, and illustrates important chemical concepts.
Campbell, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 273.
Thermodynamics |
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solids |
Liquids |
Gases |
Rate Law |
Equilibrium
|
Ratio diagrams: A simple graphical representation of complicated equilibria de Levie, R.
Introduces and demonstrates the usefulness and general applicability of ratio diagrams as the simplest graphical representation of equilibria involving mononuclear species.
de Levie, R. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 187.
Equilibrium |
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Precipitation / Solubility
|
Sunglasses that respond to brightness Stookey, S. D.
Illustrating principles of chemical equilibrium
Stookey, S. D. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 176.
Equilibrium
|
Chemical principles exemplified Plumb, Robert C.
Introduction to a new series, containing "exempla" (brief anecdotes about materials and phenomena which exemplify chemical principles). [Debut]
Plumb, Robert C. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 175.
Gases |
Kinetic-Molecular Theory |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Thermodynamics |
Equilibrium |
Photochemistry |
Applications of Chemistry
|
Isomerism in transition metal complexes: An experiment for freshman chemistry laboratory Foust, Richard D., Jr.; Ford, Peter C.
In this experiment students synthesize two isomers, cis- and trans-dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)-cobalt(III) chloride.
Foust, Richard D., Jr.; Ford, Peter C. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 165.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Transition Elements |
Metals |
Coordination Compounds |
Diastereomers |
Synthesis
|
Infrared spectrometry of inorganic salts: A general chemistry experiment Ackermann, Martin N.
An experiment in inorganic qualitative analysis for general chemistry.
Ackermann, Martin N. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 69.
IR Spectroscopy |
Qualitative Analysis |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
Component concentrations in solutions of weak acids Goldish, Dorothy M.
presents a new approach to teaching the subject of weak acid equilibria and its associated calculations.
Goldish, Dorothy M. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 65.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Chemometrics |
pH
|
Chemical queries. Especially for introductory chemistry teachers Young, J. A.; Malik, J. G.; House, J. E., Jr.; Campbell, J. A.
(1) When is the rule valid that the rate of reaction approximately doubles with a ten-degree temperature rise? - answer by House. (2) On the colors of transition metal complexes. (3) On an electrolysis experiment in which an acid solution is used to minimize the hydrolysis of Cu 2+. - answer by Campbell.
Young, J. A.; Malik, J. G.; House, J. E., Jr.; Campbell, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 674.
Rate Law |
Kinetics |
Transition Elements |
Coordination Compounds |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Electrochemistry |
Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials |
Acids / Bases
|
Counter-current distribution as a student laboratory experiment Lindblad, Bengt; Lindstedt, Goran; Tiselius, Hans-Goran
This experiment demonstrates the principles of extraction and counter-current distribution as well as spectrophotometric analysis.
Lindblad, Bengt; Lindstedt, Goran; Tiselius, Hans-Goran J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 525.
Separation Science |
Spectroscopy
|
Synthesis and reactions of cobalt complexes: A laboratory experiment Olson, Gary L.
The experiment described here studies a series of reactions employed in the synthesis of a number of coordination compounds of cobalt(II) and cobalt(III).
Olson, Gary L. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 508.
Coordination Compounds |
Synthesis
|
The law of mass action Berline, Steven; Bricker, Clark
It is the purpose of this paper to present a derivation of the Law of Mass Action that should have meaning and could be used at an elementary level.
Berline, Steven; Bricker, Clark J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 499.
Equilibrium |
Rate Law |
Kinetics
|
A distribution experiment Campbell, J. A.; Nelson, Douglas; Rudesill, John
An experiment to determine the distribution coefficient of an acid between an aqueous and nonaqueous phase.
Campbell, J. A.; Nelson, Douglas; Rudesill, John J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 454.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Thermodynamics |
Equilibrium |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
The principle of exponential change: Applications in chemistry, biochemistry, and radioactivity Green, Frank O.
Examines the nature of exponential change and its applications to chemistry, biochemistry, and radioactivity, including radioactive decay, enzyme kinetics, colorimetry, spectrophotometry, and first order reaction kinetics.
Green, Frank O. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 451.
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Kinetics |
Enzymes |
Spectroscopy
|
A research approach in the introductory laboratory Wilson, Lauren R.
Presents an alternative to artificial "experiments" in which known results are merely confirmed in which students synthesize a series of chloro-ammine and chloro-ethylene-diaminecobalt(III) compounds.
Wilson, Lauren R. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 447.
Undergraduate Research |
Synthesis |
Coordination Compounds |
Qualitative Analysis
|
A computer program for the analysis of the N2O4 dissociation equilibrium Erickson, Luther E.
Describes a Fortran IV program for the analysis of empirical data collected for the N2O4 dissociation equilibrium.
Erickson, Luther E. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 383.
Equilibrium |
Thermodynamics
|
Complexes in rust spot removal Saurer, J. M.
KHF2 is used to remove rust stains from cloth.
Saurer, J. M. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, A833.
Coordination Compounds |
Consumer Chemistry
|
The relative stability of cadmium and cobalt chloride complexes Butler, S. B.
The presence of complex ions in cadmium chloride solutions is shown by comparison with a sodium chloride solution of equal chlorine content, using a complex cobalt ion as an indicator of the relative chloride ion concentration.
Butler, S. B. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, A691.
Coordination Compounds |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Le Chtelier's principle Melott, Adrian L.
Adding a strong base to aqueous ammonia causes gaseous ammonia to be released.
Melott, Adrian L. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, A519.
Equilibrium |
Solutions / Solvents |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Rapid graphical method for determining formation constants Christian, Sherril D.
This paper presents a rapid graphical method for determining formation constants and absorptivities of 1:1 complexes in dilute solution.
Christian, Sherril D. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 713.
Equilibrium
|
Acid-base indicators: An experiment in aqueous equilibria Brown, William E.; Campbell, J. A.
Examines absorbtivity values for six acid-base indicators under various conditions.
Brown, William E.; Campbell, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 674.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Spectroscopy |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Dyes / Pigments
|
Effect of complexing agents on oxidation potentials Helsen, Jef
A short note on a simple experiment to demonstrate the effect of complexing agents on the oxidation-reduction properties of redox couples such as Fe3+/Fe2+.
Helsen, Jef J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 518.
Coordination Compounds |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Electrochemistry
|
Calcium carbonate equilibria in lakes Morton, Stephen D.; Lee, G. Fred
Discusses some of the problems encountered in studying the chemistry of lakes and oceans, focussing on the solubility of calcium carbonate in fresh water lakes.
Morton, Stephen D.; Lee, G. Fred J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 511.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Equilibrium
|
Le Chtelier and ionic equilibria Ringbom, Anders
When s solution contains several weak acids, the squares of the separately calculated hydrogen ion concentrations of all weak acids in the solution are additive.
Ringbom, Anders J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 442.
Equilibrium |
Acids / Bases |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Solutions / Solvents
|
From stoichiometry and rate law to mechanism Edwards, John O.; Greene, Edward F.; Ross, John
Examines the rules used by chemists as guidelines in developing mechanisms from stoichiometric and rate law observations.
Edwards, John O.; Greene, Edward F.; Ross, John J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 381.
Stoichiometry |
Rate Law |
Kinetics |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Equilibrium |
Reactive Intermediates
|
Inexpensive applications of Polaroid film Scherer, George A.; Sakurai, Richard S.
Describes the use of Polaroid film to detect emission spectra from a grating spectrograph, X-rays diffracted by crystals, and radioactivity from 14C in plant materials.
Scherer, George A.; Sakurai, Richard S. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 134.
Spectroscopy |
X-ray Crystallography |
Nuclear / Radiochemistry
|
Atomic structure. Radioactivity (continued) Alyea, Hubert N.
Formation of the complex Cu(NH3)4++ as an example of coordinate covalent bonding and hydrogen bonding as evidenced by viscosity.
Alyea, Hubert N. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, A599.
Coordination Compounds |
Covalent Bonding |
Hydrogen Bonding |
Liquids
|
Reaction rates and equilibria. D. Redox Klug, Evangeline B.
Sugar + chlorate + acid produces an exothermic reaction using a violent oxidizing agent.
Klug, Evangeline B. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, A545.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Equilibrium
|
Reaction rates and equilibria. C. Equilibrium Slabaugh, W. H.; Jackman, Kenneth V.
Demonstrations of the effect of temperature on equilibrium include shifting equilibrium by heating and cooling phosphorous pentabromide and cobalt complexes.
Slabaugh, W. H.; Jackman, Kenneth V. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, A545.
Equilibrium
|
A simple analogy of the relationship of ?G to the position of equilibrium Marks, D. J.
This short note describes a simple demonstration to serve as an analogy of the relationship of ?G to the position of equilibrium.
Marks, D. J. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 402.
Thermodynamics |
Equilibrium
|
Hard sphere simulation of statistical mechanical behavior of molecules Plumb, Robert C.
Describes the design and use of a demonstration device to illustrate the kinetic behavior of gases, liquids, and solids.
Plumb, Robert C. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 648.
Statistical Mechanics |
Gases |
Liquids |
Solids |
Kinetic-Molecular Theory |
Equilibrium |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
|
The spectrum of atomic hydrogen: A mass scale freshman laboratory experiment Companion, A. L.; Schug, K.
Student-built spectroscopes are used to measure the Balmer series for hydrogen.
Companion, A. L.; Schug, K. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 591.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
General solution of ionic equilibria problems: A computer program Haglund, E.; Moss, D.; Flynn, J.
Presents a computer program for an iterative solution of a set of simultaneous equations describing an equilibrium system.
Haglund, E.; Moss, D.; Flynn, J. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 582.
Equilibrium
|
The spectrum of atomic hydrogen: A freshman laboratory experiment Hollenberg, J. Leland
This experiment allows more precise measurements of the wavelengths of the emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen with a spectrophotometer than those previously published.
Hollenberg, J. Leland J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 216.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Principles of chemical equilibrium (Morris, Kelso B.) Eblin, Lawrence P.
Eblin, Lawrence P. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 110.
Equilibrium |
Enrichment / Review Materials
|
Electrode potentials Shombert, Donald
Changes in the potential observed for two Daniell cells are due to changes in ion concentrations.
Shombert, Donald J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, A215.
Electrochemistry |
Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium
|
A computer program for use in teaching chemical equilibrium Zajicek, O. T.
Describes a computer program for use in teaching chemical equilibrium.
Zajicek, O. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 622.
Equilibrium |
Acids / Bases |
pH
|
The ionization of polyhydric acids: Numerical results for phosphoric acid Cooke, S. L., Jr.
Presents calculated ionization values for phosphoric acid across the normal aqueous pH range.
Cooke, S. L., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 620.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium
|
Notes on experiments for introductory college chemistry
A brief set of notes regarding the complex salt [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2, the Guoy balance, Avogadro's number, and the stoichiometry of a mixture.
J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 495.
Coordination Compounds |
Magnetic Properties |
Stoichiometry |
Solutions / Solvents
|
A molecular spectral corroboration of elementary operator quantum mechanics Gerkin, Roger E.
This experiment has been prepared especially for first year students and assumed no prior familiarity with either theory or practice of spectrophotometry.
Gerkin, Roger E. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 490.
Quantum Chemistry |
Spectroscopy
|
Solvent effect on the keto-enol equilibrium of acetoacetic ester Lockwood, Karl L.
The purpose of the investigation is to introduce students to some of the factors that influence an equilibrium constant.
Lockwood, Karl L. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 481.
Solutions / Solvents |
Equilibrium
|
Composition of metal ammine ions Slabaugh, W. H.
The number of ligands associated with the central metallic ion is measured titrimetrically, with photometric and potentiometric endpoints, for Cu(NH3)4 2+ and Ag(NH3)2 +.
Slabaugh, W. H. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 470.
Coordination Compounds
|
Experimental approach to stoichiometry. In first-year chemistry at Northwestern King, L. Carroll; Cooper, Milton
Presents five experiments in which students are given a minimal set of directions and a simply stated objective.
King, L. Carroll; Cooper, Milton J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 464.
Stoichiometry |
Coordination Compounds |
Undergraduate Research |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Solutions / Solvents |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Qualitative tests for K+ McCoy, Robert E.
Flame tests of solid or concentrated cobaltnitrites produce results that are easily mistaken for potassium.
McCoy, Robert E. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 444.
Qualitative Analysis |
Atomic Spectroscopy
|
The oxygen coordinations of lithium Donnay, Gabrielle; Gryder, J. W.
The prevalent notion that lithium has only one coordination number with oxygen calls for revision - both tetrahedral and octahedral coordinations do occur.
Donnay, Gabrielle; Gryder, J. W. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 223.
Coordination Compounds
|
Simplified d orbital models assist in teaching coordination concepts Nicholson, Douglas G.
Presents a three-dimensional model, containing representatives of all lobes of the five d orbitals, prepared for each of the tetrahedral, square planar, and octahedral coordination configurations.
Nicholson, Douglas G. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 148.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Coordination Compounds
|
Is the solubility product constant? Introductory experiment in solubility equilibrium Goodman, Robert C.; Petrucci, Ralph H.
This article describes an experiment that employs the titration of lead nitrate solutions with potassium iodide solutions as a vivid and straightforward method of determining solubility product.
Goodman, Robert C.; Petrucci, Ralph H. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 104.
Equilibrium |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Behavior of electrons in atoms: Structure, spectra, and photochemistry of atoms (Hochstrasser, Robin M.) Gregory, N. W.
Gregory, N. W. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 62.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Photochemistry |
Spectroscopy |
Quantum Chemistry
|
Teaching ionic equilibrium: Use of log chart transparencies Freiser, Henry; Fernando, Quintus
The use of graphical methods brings the problem of significance of various terms in complicated expressions into proper focus. Furthermore, a pictorial representation permits the student to see at a glance how the concentrations of various species in a system at equilibrium change with conditions.
Freiser, Henry; Fernando, Quintus J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 35.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Chemometrics |
Brønsted-Lowry Acids / Bases
|
Concerning equilibrium, free energy changes, LeChatelier's Principle. III. Halide-halate equilibria Eberhardt, William H.
Compares four equilibria: KI + KIO3, KI + KBrO3, KBR + KBrO3, and KBr + KIO3.
Eberhardt, William H. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, A883.
Equilibrium |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Thermodynamics
|
Concerning equilibrium, free energy changes, Le Châtelier's principle II Eberhardt, William H.
This demonstration involves a reversible, temperature-based transformation from blue tetrahedrally coordinated Co2+ to pink sixfold coordinated Co2+.
Eberhardt, William H. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, A591.
Equilibrium |
Thermodynamics |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Coordination Compounds
|
Concerning equilibrium, free energy changes, Le Chtelier's principle Eberhardt, William H.
Aqueous KI is added to a solution of CuSO4 in a separatory funnel; adding more CuSO4 demonstrates an equilibrium sift.
Eberhardt, William H. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, A477.
Equilibrium |
Thermodynamics |
Reactions
|
Infrared spectrometry to study second order reaction kinetics Gastambide, B.; Blanc, J.; Allamagny, Y.
The change studied is a synthesis reaction between menthol and phenyl isocyanate.
Gastambide, B.; Blanc, J.; Allamagny, Y. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 613.
Spectroscopy |
IR Spectroscopy |
Reactions |
Kinetics |
Synthesis
|
Demonstration of a parent-daughter radioactive equilibrium using 137Cs-137mBa Choppin, Gregory R.; Nealy, Carson L.
Demonstrates the relationship between radioactive half life and both the rate of decay and growth of a radioactive daughter.
Choppin, Gregory R.; Nealy, Carson L. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 598.
Isotopes |
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Equilibrium |
Rate Law
|
Automatic titrimetry in introductory college chemistry Zajicek, O. T.
The experiment described here employs an automatic pH titrator as a tool for the teaching of a detailed treatment of simultaneous equilibria.
Zajicek, O. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 554.
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
pH |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium
|
I - Ligand field theory Cotton, F. Albert
Examines the causes and consequences of inner orbital splittings, stereochemical consequences, and the visible spectra of transition metal compounds. [Debut]
Cotton, F. Albert J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 466.
Crystal Field / Ligand Field Theory |
Coordination Compounds |
Transition Elements
|
Molecular equilibrium (Carnell, P. H.; Reusch, R. N.) Loehlin, James H.
A programmed teaching aid.
Loehlin, James H. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 290.
Equilibrium |
Enrichment / Review Materials
|
An inexpensive Littrow spectrograph Thorn, Craig
A spectrograph of sufficient quality for introductory students need not be expensive is one is willing to construct it from readily available parts.
Thorn, Craig J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 209.
Spectroscopy |
Instrumental Methods |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Effect of chloride ion on precipitation of cadmium sulfide O'Donnell, T. A.
Adding NaCl or KCl to suspended CdS causes the suspension to disappear.
O'Donnell, T. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, A313.
Precipitation / Solubility |
pH |
Equilibrium
|
Demonstration of some properties of Prussian blue Kohn, M.
Provides suggestions for student research based on an earlier article published in the Journal.
Kohn, M. J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, A135.
Undergraduate Research |
Dyes / Pigments |
Coordination Compounds |
Acids / Bases
|
KineticsEarly and often Campbell, J. A.
Describes an approach to investigating kinetics and its application to the "blue bottle" experiment.
Campbell, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, 578.
Kinetics |
Equilibrium |
Mechanisms of Reactions
|
Heterogeneous equilibria in general chemistry Grotz, Leonard C.
Presents suggestions for approaching the subject of heterogeneous equilibria in general chemistry.
Grotz, Leonard C. J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, 479.
Equilibrium |
Kinetics
|
Preparation and analysis of a complex compound Sebera, Donald K.
A cobalt/ammonia complex is prepared and analyzed in a freshman chemistry laboratory.
Sebera, Donald K. J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, 476.
Synthesis |
Coordination Compounds |
Transition Elements
|
An inexpensive spectrograph of moderately high resolution Schoenbeck, Ralph; Tabbutt, Frederick D.
This article describes a spectrograph with a resolving power greater than 6000 that can easily be built for a minimal cost.
Schoenbeck, Ralph; Tabbutt, Frederick D. J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, 452.
Spectroscopy |
Instrumental Methods |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Temperature dependence of equilibrium: A first experiment in general chemistry Mahan, Bruce H.
This experiment uses cooling curves to derive the expression for the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant.
Mahan, Bruce H. J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, 293.
Equilibrium |
Thermodynamics
|
Formation of monothiocyanatoiron(III): A photometric equilibrium study Ramette, Richard W.
Presents a beginning equilibrium experiment using photometry.
Ramette, Richard W. J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, 71.
Photochemistry |
Equilibrium |
Spectroscopy
|
An experimental program on chemical equilibrium Reusch, R. N.; Carnell, P. H.
Describes the development and evaluation of a program on chemical equilibrium
Reusch, R. N.; Carnell, P. H. J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, 27.
Equilibrium
|
Letters Harris, Sidney P.
Suggests some additional information to supplement a previous article.
Harris, Sidney P. J. Chem. Educ. 1962, 39, 319.
Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Hypodermic syringes in quantitative elementary chemistry experiments. Part 2. General chemistry experiments Davenport, Derek A.; Saba, Afif N.
Presents a variety of experiments that make use of hypodermic syringes in quantitative elementary chemistry.
Davenport, Derek A.; Saba, Afif N. J. Chem. Educ. 1962, 39, 617.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Gases |
Liquids |
Reactions |
Equilibrium |
Stoichiometry
|
A simple and inexpensive student spectroscope Edwards, R. K.; Brandt, W. W.; Companion, Audrey L.
Presents a design for a simple and inexpensive student spectroscope.
Edwards, R. K.; Brandt, W. W.; Companion, Audrey L. J. Chem. Educ. 1962, 39, 147.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Spectroscopy
|
A model for demonstrating dynamic equilibria Weigang, O. E., Jr.
Presents an apparatus for demonstrating dynamic equilibrium.
Weigang, O. E., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1962, 39, 146.
Equilibrium
|
Equilibria in ionic solutions Kokes, R. J.; Dorfman, M. K.; Mathia, T.
In conjunction with lectures on equilibria in electrolytic solutions, students perform a set of laboratory experiments in which they determine both the ionization constant of chloroacetic acid and the solubility of its silver salt.
Kokes, R. J.; Dorfman, M. K.; Mathia, T. J. Chem. Educ. 1962, 39, 93.
Equilibrium |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Acids / Bases |
Precipitation / Solubility
|
Chemical equilibrium: The hydrogenation of benzene Kokes, R. J.; Dorfman, M. K.; Mathia, T.
This procedure examines the reversible reaction between benzene and hydrogen, forming cyclohexane, in the presence of a metal catalyst.
Kokes, R. J.; Dorfman, M. K.; Mathia, T. J. Chem. Educ. 1962, 39, 91.
Reactions |
Aromatic Compounds |
Equilibrium |
Catalysis
|
Coordination chemistry in general chemistry texts Clark, Roy W.; Selbin, Joel
Presents the results of a survey of 36 college general chemistry texts with respect to the degree to which they examine the chemistry of coordination compounds.
Clark, Roy W.; Selbin, Joel J. Chem. Educ. 1961, 38, 466.
Coordination Compounds
|
Calculating molar solubilities from equilibrium constants Butler, James N.
Presents several examples of calculating molar solubilities from equilibrium constants.
Butler, James N. J. Chem. Educ. 1961, 38, 460.
Chemical Technicians |
Equilibrium |
Stoichiometry |
Qualitative Analysis |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
The equilibria of complex formation Banks, James E.
Despite the present recognition of the stepwise formation of complexes in solution, many textbooks continue to treat it as a one-step process, presumably to preserve a reasonable simplicity in the mathematical computation of concentrations.
Banks, James E. J. Chem. Educ. 1961, 38, 391.
Equilibrium |
Coordination Compounds |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
An approach to complex equilibrium problems Butler, James N.
Presents an approach to equilibrium problems that sets up enough equations relating the various concentrations present to define the system completely and then makes approximations that simplify the equations.
Butler, James N. J. Chem. Educ. 1961, 38, 141.
Equilibrium |
Chemometrics |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Infrared spectroscopy: A chemist's tool Pimentel, George C.
This paper serves as an introduction to infrared spectroscopy and seeks to explain why it has assumed such an important role in chemistry.
Pimentel, George C. J. Chem. Educ. 1960, 37, 651.
Spectroscopy |
IR Spectroscopy
|
Color photography of spectra Marquisee, Joseph A.
Using a relatively inexpensive spectrograph, students with no previous experience at color photography can turn out beautiful full color transparencies of spectra that can be viewed in less than two hours.
Marquisee, Joseph A. J. Chem. Educ. 1960, 37, 580.
Spectroscopy
|
Dynamic equilibrium: A simple quantitative demonstration Carmody, Walter R.
Transferring colored water between two graduated cylinders using pipets of varying sizes demonstrates the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium.
Carmody, Walter R. J. Chem. Educ. 1960, 37, 312.
Equilibrium
|
Potentiometric measurements of equilibria: In general chemistry laboratory Chesick, J. P.; Patterson, Andrew, Jr.
The authors describe an experiment in which the solubility product of silver chloride, the ionization constant of the silver-ammonia complex, and the ionization constant of acetic acid can be determined with one afternoon of work.
Chesick, J. P.; Patterson, Andrew, Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1959, 36, 496.
Electrochemistry |
Equilibrium |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Acids / Bases
|
Dynamic equilibrium: A student demonstration Kauffman, George B.
Dynamic equilibrium is demonstrated by students pouring water back and forth between containers using different sized beakers.
Kauffman, George B. J. Chem. Educ. 1959, 36, 150.
Equilibrium
|
Apparatus for illustrating Le Châtelier's principle Tucker, W. C., Jr.
A device consisting of glass tubes and varying levels of water is presented as a means for illustrating equilibrium and Le Châtelier's principle.
Tucker, W. C., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1958, 35, 411.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Equilibrium
|
Textbook errors: Guest column. The solubility product constants of the metallic sulfides Waggoner, William H.
This report reviews direct and indirect methods for investigating the solubility of substances, including conductance, potentiometric, optical, equilibrium, and thermodynamic procedures.
Waggoner, William H. J. Chem. Educ. 1958, 35, 339.
Precipitation / Solubility |
Equilibrium |
Metals |
Conductivity
|
The analyst and the inconstant constants Ringbom, Anders
Simple theories taught to freshmen often do not agree well with experimental data; the author examines the case of equilibrium constants and elaborates on a method of dealing with this problem.
Ringbom, Anders J. Chem. Educ. 1958, 35, 282.
Equilibrium |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Precipitation / Solubility
|
Models of metal coordination compounds Myers, R. Thomas
Suggestions for modifying traditional molecular model kits to illustrate common types of coordination compounds.
Myers, R. Thomas J. Chem. Educ. 1958, 35, 152.
Metals |
Coordination Compounds |
Molecular Modeling
|
Textbook errors: Guest column. XVI: The vapor pressure of hydrated cupric sulfate Logan, Thomas S.
Examines variability in the values of pressures of water vapor in equilibrium with pairs of cupric sulfate in hydrates quoted in the literature and texts.
Logan, Thomas S. J. Chem. Educ. 1958, 35, 148.
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Equilibrium
|
Inorganic coordination compounds in general chemistry Kirschner, Stanley
Argues that coordination chemistry is an important part of general chemistry and identifies several places in the general chemistry course where the topic of coordination compounds can be conveniently presented.
Kirschner, Stanley J. Chem. Educ. 1958, 35, 139.
Coordination Compounds
|
Lone pair electrons Fowles, Gerald W. A.
The lone pair electrons, whether in simple or hybrid orbitals, have profound effects on the properties of the molecule; these effects may be discussed as bond angles, dipole moments, bond energies and lengths, and coordination and hydrogen bonding.
Fowles, Gerald W. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 187.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding |
Coordination Compounds |
Noncovalent Interactions |
Hydrogen Bonding |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
Demonstration of dynamic nature of ions using I131 Blake, Richard F.
This demonstration presents visual evidence of the ionic nature of solid salts and the dynamic equilibrium existing between dissolved and undissolved ions.
Blake, Richard F. J. Chem. Educ. 1956, 33, 354.
Isotopes |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Solids |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Equilibrium
|
Textbook errors: VII. The laws of reaction rates and of equilibrium Mysels, Karol J.
Examines the frequently misplaced emphasis on the rate law of mass action, its fallacious use to prove the existence and form of equilibrium constants, and the occasional confusion of the two concepts.
Mysels, Karol J. J. Chem. Educ. 1956, 33, 178.
Kinetics |
Rate Law |
Equilibrium
|
The lecture demonstration of atomic spectra Wendlandt, Wesley W.
Suggests the use of railway or highway flares of different colors to demonstrate the atomic spectra of strontium, barium, or sodium.
Wendlandt, Wesley W. J. Chem. Educ. 1955, 32, 9.
Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Le Châtelier's principle and the equilibrium constant Miller, Arild J.
Many students of chemistry have difficulty in understanding how the position of equilibrium in a gaseous reaction can change when the pressure is altered, in accordance with Le Châtelier's principle, without causing a corresponding variation in the equilibrium constant.
Miller, Arild J. J. Chem. Educ. 1954, 31, 455.
Equilibrium |
Reactions |
Gases
|
Letters to the editor Steinhardt, Ralph G., Jr.
The author replies to a commentary on his earlier article regarding the definition of "spectrum."
Steinhardt, Ralph G., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1954, 31, 217.
Spectroscopy |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols
|
Letters to the editor Rosenbaum, E. J.
Commentary on an earlier article regarding the definition of "spectrum."
Rosenbaum, E. J. J. Chem. Educ. 1954, 31, 216.
Spectroscopy |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols
|
Solubility of silver salts in aqua ammonia Johnson, Clyde R.
Examines two problems regarding the calculation of the solubility of a silver salt in aqua ammonia of a given concentration.
Johnson, Clyde R. J. Chem. Educ. 1954, 31, 205.
Precipitation / Solubility |
Equilibrium
|
Praseodymium tetrafluoride Perros, Theodore P.; Munson, Thomas R.; Naeser, Charles R.
In spite of the experimental failures to prepare praseodymium tetrafluoride, there is strong evidence for its possible formation to be found by calculating the equilibrium constants for some of the reactions by which this compound might be prepared.
Perros, Theodore P.; Munson, Thomas R.; Naeser, Charles R. J. Chem. Educ. 1953, 30, 402.
Oxidation State |
Equilibrium |
Thermodynamics
|
A procedure for solving equilibrium problems Boyd, Robert Neilson
A procedure for solving equilibrium problems is illustrated through several sample problems.
Boyd, Robert Neilson J. Chem. Educ. 1952, 29, 198.
Equilibrium |
Chemometrics |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
A temperature-equilibrium demonstration Brown, John A.
This demonstration makes use of the colored cobaltous complexes in a mixed solvent to show the dependence of some equilibria on temperature.
Brown, John A. J. Chem. Educ. 1951, 28, 640.
Equilibrium |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |
Thermodynamics |
Coordination Compounds
|
Some lecture demonstrations in general chemistry Klemm, L. H.
Describes three demonstrations involving the atomistic nature of matter, the controlled experiment, and the solubility product.
Klemm, L. H. J. Chem. Educ. 1951, 28, 587.
Kinetic-Molecular Theory |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Equilibrium
|
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