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Aromatic Compounds A molecular model of benzene, the reactions of bromine with cylohexane, cyclohexene, benzene, phenol, and toluene, the effect of substituents and number of methyl groups on the electron density of aromatic rings, and chlorination reactions of methyl benzenes are demonstrated.
Aromatic Compounds
Phenols and Quinones Ferric chloride test for phenols, nitration of acetaminophen, extraction of dichloroindophenol, oxidation of phenols with sodium periodate, nucleophilic addition to quinones, "purple benzene", oxidation of 2,6-Dit-butlhydoquinone, decolorization of crystal violet, and chameleon emulsion are demonstrated.
Acylation of Ferrocene: A Greener ApproachKurt R. Birdwhistell, Andy Nguyen, Eric J. Ramos, and Robert Kobelja This article describes an acylation of ferrocene that is more eco-friendly than the conventional experiment, which has been modified by replacing mineral acid with a polymeric acid catalyst and using microwave instead of conventional heating. Birdwhistell, Kurt R.; Nguyen, Andy; Ramos, Eric J.; Kobelja, Robert. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 261.
Catalysis |
Chromatography |
Green Chemistry |
Organometallics |
Synthesis |
Transition Elements |
Brønsted-Lowry Acids / Bases
Microwave-Assisted Organic Synthesis in the Organic Teaching Lab: A Simple, Greener Wittig ReactionEric Martin and Cynthia Kellen-Yuen A microwave-assisted Wittig reaction has been developed for the organic teaching laboratory. Utilizing this technique, a variety of styrene derivatives have been synthesized from aromatic aldehydes in good yields. The mixture of cis and trans alkenes produced also provides instructors with opportunities to emphasize the spectroscopic analysis of product mixtures. Martin, Eric; Kellen-Yuen, Cynthia. J. Chem. Educ.2007, 84, 2004.
Aldehydes / Ketones |
Alkenes |
Chromatography |
Green Chemistry |
Mass Spectrometry |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Spectroscopy |
Synthesis
Synthesis and Characterization of Aldol Condensation Products from Unknown Aldehydes and KetonesNicholas G. Angelo, Laura K. Henchey, Adam J. Waxman, James W. Canary, Paramjit S. Arora, and Donald Wink Describes an experiment in which students perform the aldol condensation on an unknown aldehyde and ketone and make use of TLC, column chromatography, recrystallization, and characterization by 1H NMR, GCMS, and FTIR. Angelo, Nicholas G.; Henchey, Laura K.; Waxman, Adam J.; Canary, James W.; Arora, Paramjit S.; Wink, Donald. J. Chem. Educ.2007, 84, 1816.
Interactive Molecular OrbitalsWilliam F. Coleman The majority of Introductory Chemistry texts provide students with an adequate introduction to the visual aspects of the molecular orbital model for homonuclear diatomic molecules. The treatment of heteronuclear diatomic and polyatomic molecules is less uniform. Heteronuclear diatomics, when mentioned, are invariably treated as being derived from homonuclear diatomics. While the atomic orbital energy level differences in heteronuclear diatomics is sometimes pictured, the consequences of those differences for the resultant molecular orbitals are rarely discussed. The discussion of polyatomic molecular orbitals in these texts is limited to showing that parallel p-orbitals produce delocalized pi molecular orbitals. The molecules typically mentioned in this context are benzene, nitrate ion and carbonate ion. However, It is rarely pointed out that the six p-orbitals in benzene would form 6 pi molecular orbitals, and that only one of these orbitals would look like the picture in the text.These interactive modules are designed to clarify this subject.
MO Theory
Aldehydes and KetonesEd Vitz, John W. Moore A section of ChemPrime, the Chemical Educations Digital Library's free General Chemistry textbook.
