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Hardness of Solid Substances - Grinding A number of metals and nonmetals are ground with a mortar and pestle. The nonmetals shown here are all soft (due to weak intermolecular forces), but the metals vary in hardness.
Bonding : MatchBondStrength (8 Variations)
Match each of the following molecules to the best energy value for each bond. Do not use the table of bond energies in your book, but predict these values using your knowledge of bond length and bond strength.
Possible energies are: 300 kJ/mol, 330 kJ/mol, 415 kJ/mol and 950 kJ/mol.
How We Teach Molecular Structure to FreshmenMichael O. Hurst Examination of how textbooks discuss various aspects of molecular structure; conclusion that much of general chemistry is taught the way it is for historical and not pedagogical reasons. Hurst, Michael O. J. Chem. Educ.2002, 79, 763.
Covalent Bonding |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Lewis Structures |
VSEPR Theory |
Valence Bond Theory |
MO Theory
Electronegativity and Bond Type: Predicting Bond TypeGordon Sproul Important limitations with using electronegativity differences to determine bond type and recommendations for using electronegativities in general chemistry. Sproul, Gordon. J. Chem. Educ.2001, 78, 387.
Covalent Bonding |
Materials Science |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Ionic Bonding |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Metallic Bonding
The Use of Molecular Modeling and VSEPR Theory in the Undergraduate Curriculum to Predict the Three-Dimensional Structure of MoleculesBrian W. Pfennig and Richard L. Frock Despite the simplicity and elegance of the VSEPR model, however, students often have difficulty visualizing the three-dimensional shapes of molecules and learning the more subtle features of the model, such as the bond length and bond angle deviations from ideal geometry that accompany the presence of lone pair or multiple bond domains or that result from differences in the electronegativity of the bonded atoms, partial charges and molecular dipole moments, and site preferences in the trigonal bipyramidal electron geometry. Pfennig, Brian W.; Frock, Richard L. J. Chem. Educ.1999, 76, 1018.