| Journal Articles: 46 results |
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The Mechanism of Covalent Bonding: Analysis within the Hückel Model of Electronic Structure Sture Nordholm, Andreas Bäck, and George B. Bacskay
Hckel molecular orbital theory is shown to be uniquely useful in understanding and interpreting the mechanism of covalent bonding. Using the Hckel model it can be demonstrated that the dynamical character of the molecular orbitals is related simultaneously to the covalent bonding mechanism and to the degree of delocalization of the electron dynamics.
Nordholm, Sture; Bäck, Andreas; Bacskay, George B. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1201.
Covalent Bonding |
MO Theory |
Quantum Chemistry |
Theoretical Chemistry
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A Sequence of Linked Experiments, Suitable for Practical Courses of Inorganic, Organic, Computational Chemistry, and NMR Spectroscopy Grigoriy A. Sereda
A sequence of investigations associated with the iodochlorination of styrene and 1-hexene is described. The sequence is flexible enough to be used in inorganic, organic, computational, and instrumental courses.
Sereda, Grigoriy A. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 931.
Alkenes |
Computational Chemistry |
Constitutional Isomers |
MO Theory |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Synthesis
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Why the Lower-Energy Term of Singlet Dioxygen Has a Doubly Occupied π* Orbital Terry S. Carlton
The singlet term of dioxygen with one doubly occupied p* orbital has lower energy than the singlet term with two singly occupied p* orbitals even though single occupancy is favored in the aufbau of atoms. A simple physical explanation based on orbital angular momentum explains this double occupancy.
Carlton, Terry S. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 477.
MO Theory |
Quantum Chemistry
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Moving Beyond the Single Center—Ways To Reinforce Molecular Orbital Theory in an Inorganic Course Marion E. Cass and William E. Hollingsworth
Rather than ending the discussion of molecular orbital (MO) theory in an inorganic chemistry course with molecules such as octahedral ML6 or square planar ML4, we suggest moving beyond the single-atom center to include the MO diagram of ethene (C2H4).
Cass, Marion E.; Hollingsworth, William E. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 997.
MO Theory |
Molecular Modeling
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A Unified Approach to Electron Counting in Main-Group Clusters John E. McGrady
A unified approach to electron counting in main-group cluster chemistry is presented, wherein the different classes, electron-rich, electron-precise, and electron-deficient, are viewed simply as different regions of a continuum defined by two variables, vertex count and valence electron count.
McGrady, John E. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 733.
Main-Group Elements |
MO Theory
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The Visible Spectrum of Liquid Oxygen in the General Chemistry Laboratory Frazier Nyasulu, John Macklin, and William Cusworth III
Examination of the spectrum of liquid oxygen and testing several hypotheses to explain the pattern of spectral lines observed.
Nyasulu, Frazier; Macklin, John; Cusworth, William, III. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 356.
MO Theory |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Molecular Properties / Structure
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Colorful Azulene and Its Equally Colorful Derivatives Robert S. H. Liu
Analysis of azulene and related compounds for an explanation of their respective colors.
Liu, Robert S. H. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 183.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
MO Theory |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Aromatic Compounds |
Alkenes
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Structure and Bonding (by Jack Barrett) Michael Laing
Tutorial chemistry text.
Laing, Michael. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1600.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
MO Theory |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Group Theory / Symmetry |
Covalent Bonding |
VSEPR Theory
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Orbitals in Chemistry: A Modern Guide for Students
by Victor M. Gil David Hanson
Analysis of atomic and molecular orbitals.
Hanson, David. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1184.
MO Theory |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding
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Have Orbitals Really Been Observed? Eric R. Scerri
Recent reports claiming to have observed textbook d orbitals are analyzed and it is argued that what was observed indirectly, and not for the first time, was actually electron density. It is also suggested that the tendency to use the terms electron density and orbital to mean the same thing will give rise to confusion in chemical education.
Scerri, Eric R. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1492.
Computational Chemistry |
MO Theory |
Quantum Chemistry |
Theoretical Chemistry
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Molecular Orbital Animations for Organic Chemistry Steven A. Fleming, Greg R. Hart, and Paul B. Savage
Introduces the application of highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs and LUMOs) in animated form.
Fleming, Steven A.; Hart, Greg R.; Savage, Paul B. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 790.
MO Theory |
Molecular Modeling |
Mathematics / Symbolic Mathematics |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Electrophilic Substitution |
Nucleophilic Substitution
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Organizing Organic Reactions: The Importance of Antibonding Orbitals David E. Lewis
It is proposed that unoccupied molecular orbitals arbitrate much organic reactivity, and that they provide the basis for a reactivity-based system for organizing organic reactions. Such a system is proposed for organizing organic reactions according to principles of reactivity, and the system is discussed with examples of the frontier orbitals involved.
Lewis, David E. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1718.
Covalent Bonding |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
MO Theory
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Lewis Structures Are Models for Predicting Molecular Structure, Not Electronic Structure Gordon H. Purser
This article argues against a close relationship between Lewis dot structures and electron structure obtained from quantum mechanical calculations. Lewis structures are a powerful tool for structure prediction, though they are classical models of bonding and do not predict electronic structure.
Purser, Gordon H. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1013.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding |
Computational Chemistry |
Quantum Chemistry |
MO Theory |
Learning Theories |
Lewis Structures |
Molecular Modeling
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Pericyclic Reactions: FMO Approach-Abstract of Issue 9904M Albert W. M. Lee, C. T. So, C. L. Chan, and Y. K. Wu
Pericyclic Reactions: FMO Approach is a program for Macintosh computers in which the frontier molecular orbital approaches to electrocyclic and cycloaddition reactions are animated. The bonding or antibonding interactions of the frontier molecular orbital(s) determine whether the reactions are thermally or photochemically allowed or forbidden.
Lee, Albert W. M.; So, C. T.; Chan, C. L.; Wu, Y. K. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 720.
MO Theory |
Mechanisms of Reactions
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Non-Koopmans' Molecules Duke, Brian J.; O'Leary, Brian
Analysis of the validity of the molecular orbital description of the ionization process.
Duke, Brian J.; O'Leary, Brian J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 501.
MO Theory |
Molecular Properties / Structure
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An Attention-Getting Model for Atomic Orbitals Kiefer, Edgar F.
Tapping a spoon on a coffee mug to illustrate the circular orbitals of benzene.
Kiefer, Edgar F. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 500.
MO Theory |
Aromatic Compounds
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The Lewis Structure: An Expanded Perspective Reed, James L.
A simple bridge between the molecular orbital and valence bond models.
Reed, James L. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 98.
Lewis Structures |
Covalent Bonding |
MO Theory |
Molecular Properties / Structure
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Models of 2-Butanone: Using Graphics To Illustrate Complementary Approaches to Molecular Structure and Reactivity Hanks, T. W.
157. Ways in which a graphics workstation can be used to illustrate various concepts of molecular structure.
Hanks, T. W. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 62.
Aldehydes / Ketones |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Molecular Modeling |
Molecular Mechanics / Dynamics |
Stereochemistry |
Quantum Chemistry |
MO Theory
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Spectroscopic Analysis of Semiconductor Colloids: An Experiment in Materials Science for the Advanced Inorganic or Physical Chemistry Laboratory Chandler, Robin R.; Bigham, Shelli R.; Coffer, Jeffery L.
While the study of clusters and the materials derived from them is rapidly expanding, little attention is paid to them in undergraduate chemistry. The authors describe an appropriate undergraduate activity.
Chandler, Robin R.; Bigham, Shelli R.; Coffer, Jeffery L. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, A7.
Colloids |
Semiconductors |
MO Theory |
Metalloids / Semimetals |
Solid State Chemistry |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Micelles |
Metals |
Materials Science |
Metallic Bonding
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Experiments illustrating metal-insulator transitions in solids Keller, Steven W.; Mallouk, Thomas E.
Experiments and demonstrations to expose undergraduate students to electronic properties of solids.
Keller, Steven W.; Mallouk, Thomas E. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 855.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Semiconductors |
MO Theory |
Materials Science
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The Caltech chemistry animation project Lewis, Nathan S.
Animations are being produced on subjects such as: atomic and molecular orbitals, lattices, VSPER, nucleophilic substitution, stereochemistry, sigma and pi bonding, and many more.
Lewis, Nathan S. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 739.
Stereochemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Modeling |
MO Theory |
Crystals / Crystallography
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The relative energies of molecular orbitals for second-row homonuclear diatomic molecules: The effect of s-p mixing Haim, Albert
This paper attempts to point out an error usually committed when illustrating the molecular orbitals for earlier diatomic molecules (B-N) versus later ones (O and F).
Haim, Albert J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 737.
MO Theory
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MO theory made visible Mealli, Carlo; Proserpio, Davide M.
114. The authors present an automated package of programs to perform MO calculations and their graphical illustration.
Mealli, Carlo; Proserpio, Davide M. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 399.
MO Theory
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Synthesis of azulene, a blue hydrocarbon Lemal, David M.; Goldman, Glenn D.
A procedure of the synthesis of this simple, beautiful, and theoretically interesting compound with many unusual properties.
Lemal, David M.; Goldman, Glenn D. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 923.
MO Theory |
Aromatic Compounds |
Diastereomers |
Synthesis
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Recent advances in the concept of hard and soft acids and bases Pearson, Ralph G.
The hard / soft acids / bases principle has been justifiably criticized because of the lack of a precise definition of hardness and the inability to quantify this property; recent developments have overcome these objections, however.
Pearson, Ralph G. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 561.
Acids / Bases |
Coordination Compounds |
MO Theory |
Oxidation / Reduction
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Electron spectroscopic methods in teaching Allan, Michael
Presents several spectra in a format suitable for teaching applications with the intention of promoting the use of electron energy-loss spectroscopy in teaching the electronic structure of atoms and molecules at an elementary level.
Allan, Michael J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 418.
Spectroscopy |
Quantum Chemistry |
Photochemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
MO Theory
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No rabbit ears on water. The structure of the water molecule: What should we tell the students? Laing, Michael
Analysis of the bonding found in water and how it results in the observed geometry of the water molecule.
Laing, Michael J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 124.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
MO Theory |
Covalent Bonding
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Toward an organic chemist's periodic table Hall, H. K., Jr.
An analogy between electron transfer reactions of the elements and those of organic molecules.
Hall, H. K., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 49.
MO Theory |
Reactions |
Mechanisms of Reactions
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Assigning oxidation states to some metal dioxygen complexes of biological interest Summerville, David A.; Jones, Robert D.; Hoffman, Brian M.; Basolo, Fred
Considers the bonding of dioxygen in metal-dioxygen complexes, paying particular attention to the problems encountered in assigning conventional oxidation numbers to both the metal center and coordinated dioxygen.
Summerville, David A.; Jones, Robert D.; Hoffman, Brian M.; Basolo, Fred J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 157.
Oxidation State |
Metals |
Covalent Bonding |
MO Theory
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Novel pictorial approach to teaching MO concepts in polyatomic molecules Hoffman, D. K.; Ruedenberg, K.; Verkade, J. G.
Methods used in a one-quarter course to familiarize students with the general applicability of delocalized and localized molecular orbitals to polyatomic systems; includes examples of delocalized and localized molecular orbitals of XeF2, C3H3+, CH4, and CO2.
Hoffman, D. K.; Ruedenberg, K.; Verkade, J. G. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 590.
MO Theory |
Atomic Properties / Structure
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Where does resonance energy come from? A nonmathematical approach to the theory of aromaticity Sardella, D. J.
In confronting the central issue of why aromatic systems are aromatic, the author provides a verbal application of perturbational molecular orbital theory.
Sardella, D. J. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 217.
Aromatic Compounds |
MO Theory
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The LMO description of multiple bonding and multiple lone pairs England, Walter
Examines localized molecular orbitals and the description of multiple bonds and lone pairs.
England, Walter J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 427.
Covalent Bonding |
MO Theory
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A simple demonstration model for molecular orbital theory Druding, Leonard F.
Using two bar magnets and iron filings to demonstrate the formation of molecular bonding and anti-bonding orbitals.
Druding, Leonard F. J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 617.
MO Theory
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Models to illustrate orbital symmetry effects in organic reactions Brown, Peter
From a pedagogic point of view, conservation of orbital symmetry is easily assimilated by students with a rudimentary knowledge of simple MO theory and of symmetry. The author has found in teaching over the past three years at both graduate and undergraduate levels that use of a simple set of orbital models as described in this article has enormous advantages as a visual aid in the construction and assignment of symmetry elements to the appropriate semi-localized Huckel-type MOs and in following their stereo chemical fate in concerned reactions.
Brown, Peter J. Chem. Educ. 1971, 48, 535.
Molecular Modeling |
MO Theory |
Group Theory / Symmetry
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The electron-pair repulsion model for molecular geometry Gmespie, R. J.
Reviews the electron-pair repulsion model for molecular geometry and examines three-centered bonds, cluster compounds, bonding among the transition elements, and exceptions to VSEPR rules.
Gmespie, R. J. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 18.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding |
MO Theory |
VSEPR Theory |
Transition Elements
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Localized and delocalized molecular orbital description of methane Bernett, William A.
The purpose of this article is to show that the relationship between localized and delocalized molecular orbitals can be easily demonstrated for the case of methane.
Bernett, William A. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 746.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
MO Theory
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LTE. Normalization of MO's Hecht, Charles E.
The author suggests that the cited computer program be modified to normalize molecular orbitals.
Hecht, Charles E. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 700.
MO Theory |
Molecular Properties / Structure
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Fluid-flow simulation of molecular orbitals Gymer, Roger G.
A simple device, the fluid mapper, is used for the simulation of molecular orbitals.
Gymer, Roger G. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 493.
MO Theory |
Molecular Modeling
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Hybrid orbitals in molecular orbital theory Cohen, Irwin; Del Bene, Janet
Reviews, for the nonspecialist, the basis of hybrid orbitals in terms of molecular orbital theory, to show how the chemical bond is most closely approximated in orbital theory, and to present some new orbital diagrams.
Cohen, Irwin; Del Bene, Janet J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 487.
MO Theory |
Transition Elements
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Molecular geometry: Bonded versus nonbonded interactions Bartell, L. S.
Proposes simplified computational models to facilitate a comparison between the relative roles of bonded and nonbonded interactions in directed valence.
Bartell, L. S. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 754.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
VSEPR Theory |
Molecular Modeling |
Covalent Bonding |
Noncovalent Interactions |
Valence Bond Theory |
MO Theory
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Aromatic substitution Duewell, H.
Reports on the use of the molecular orbit theory in a qualitative approach to the activation and orientation of substitution in aromatic systems.
Duewell, H. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 138.
Aromatic Compounds |
MO Theory |
Mechanisms of Reactions
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Hybridization in the description of homonuclear diatomic molecules George, John W.
Presents energy levels for B2 and C2 molecules using hybrid atomic orbitals.
George, John W. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 152.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
MO Theory
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Rules for molecular orbital structures Meislich, Herbert
In view of the fact that molecular orbital theory makes more correct predictions and avoids the misconceptions that arise in the minds of novice students when they are exposed to resonance theory, it would be better to use M.O. theory as much as possible in teaching organic chemistry.
Meislich, Herbert J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, 401.
MO Theory |
Resonance Theory
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A comparison of theories: Molecular orbital, valence bond, and ligand field Liehr, Andrew D.
Compares the development, nature, and applications of the molecular orbital, valence bond, and ligand field theories.
Liehr, Andrew D. J. Chem. Educ. 1962, 39, 135.
MO Theory |
Covalent Bonding |
Crystal Field / Ligand Field Theory
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Molecular models featuring molecular orbitals Brumlik, George C.
Molecular models have been constructed that attempt to represent atomic and molecular orbitals as accurately as the current theories of valence and pertinent experimental evidence permit.
Brumlik, George C. J. Chem. Educ. 1961, 38, 502.
Molecular Modeling |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
MO Theory
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Some recent developments in the theory of bonding in complex compounds of the transition metals Sutton, Leslie E.
Examines the ligand field and the molecular orbital theories of complexes, particularly involving transition metals.
Sutton, Leslie E. J. Chem. Educ. 1960, 37, 498.
Noncovalent Interactions |
Transition Elements |
Metals |
Crystal Field / Ligand Field Theory |
Coordination Compounds |
MO Theory |
Covalent Bonding
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