6.1. Bonding Characteristics of Nitrogen Atoms in Organic Compounds
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Hardness of Solid Substances - Grinding A number of metals and nonmetals are ground with a mortar and pestle. The nonmetals shown here are all soft (due to weak intermolecular forces), but the metals vary in hardness.
Bonding : MatchBondStrength (8 Variations)
Match each of the following molecules to the best energy value for each bond. Do not use the table of bond energies in your book, but predict these values using your knowledge of bond length and bond strength.
Possible energies are: 300 kJ/mol, 330 kJ/mol, 415 kJ/mol and 950 kJ/mol.
Six Pillars of Organic ChemistryJoseph J. Mullins This article focuses on a core set of conceptselectronegativity, polar covalent bonding, inductive and steric effects, resonance, and aromaticitythe proper application of which can explain and predict a wide variety of chemical, physical, and biological properties of molecules and conceptually unite important features of general, organic, and biochemistry. Mullins, Joseph J. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 83.
Bioorganic Chemistry |
Covalent Bonding |
Hydrogen Bonding |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Reactive Intermediates |
Resonance Theory
Valence, Oxidation Number, and Formal Charge: Three Related but Fundamentally Different ConceptsGerard Parkin The purpose of this article is to clarify the terms valence, oxidation number, coordination number, formal charge, and number of bonds and illustrate how the valence of an atom in a molecule provides a much more meaningful criterion for establishing the chemical reasonableness of a molecule than does the oxidation number. Parkin, Gerard. J. Chem. Educ.2006, 83, 791.
Coordination Compounds |
Covalent Bonding |
Lewis Structures |
Oxidation State |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols
Effects of Exchange Energy and Spin-Orbit Coupling on Bond EnergiesDerek W. Smith It is shown that the ground states of atoms having pn configurations are stabilized by exchange energy (n = 2, 3, or 4) and/or spinorbit coupling (n = 1, 2, 4, or 5). Smith, Derek W. J. Chem. Educ.2004, 81, 886.
