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Paramagnetism: Compounds Vials of a number of compounds (NaCl, MnSO4, FeSO4, CoCl2, NiSO4, ZnSO4, K4Fe(CN)6, [Co(NH3)6]Cl3, [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2, and H2O) are hung from a thread. When a magnet is brought near, some of the vials are attracted.
Magnetic Properties |
Atomic Properties / Structure
Paramagnetism: Oxidation States of Manganese Manganese(III) oxide, with 4 unpaired electrons per Mn atom, is more strongly attracted to a magnet than is manganese(IV) oxide, with only 3 unpaired electrons per Mn atom. Potassium permanganate, a compound of Mn(VII), has no unpaired electrons and is not attracted to a magnet.
An incomplete concept map is shown below, which set of terms for A, B, C and D would result in a correct map based on the concept of wave mechanics applied to a hydrogen atom?
A New "Bottom-Up" Framework for Teaching Chemical BondingTami Levy Nahum, Rachel Mamlok-Naaman, Avi Hofstein, and Leeor Kronik This article presents a general framework for bonding that can be presented at different levels of sophistication depending on the student's level and needs. The pedagogical strategy for teaching this model is a "bottom-up" one, starting with basic principles and ending with specific properties. Levy Nahum, Tami; Mamlok-Naaman, Rachel; Hofstein, Avi; Kronik, Leeor. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 1680.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding |
Ionic Bonding |
Lewis Structures |
Materials Science |
MO Theory |
Noncovalent Interactions
Understanding and Interpreting Molecular Electron Density DistributionsC. F. Matta and R. J. Gillespie A simple introduction to the electron densities of molecules and how they can be analyzed to obtain information on bonding and geometry. Matta, C. F.; Gillespie, R. J. J. Chem. Educ.2002, 79, 1141.
Covalent Bonding |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry |
Theoretical Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Modeling |
VSEPR Theory
Ionization Energies, Parallel Spins, and the Stability of Half-Filled ShellsPeter Cann Three methods for explaining the decrease in first ionization energies between group V and group VI elements are described and commented upon. The quantum mechanical origin of the unhelpful concept of half-shell stability is explained in terms of exchange energy, for which the alternative term parallel spin avoidance factor is suggested. It is recommended that for pre-university students the simplest explanation, in terms of Coulombic repulsion between two electrons occupying the same orbital, is adopted: it involves fewer difficult concepts than the other explanations and its predictions are no less accurate. Cann, Peter. J. Chem. Educ.2000, 77, 1056.
The Amount of Substance: MolesEd Vitz, John W. Moore A section of ChemPrime, the Chemical Educations Digital Library's free General Chemistry textbook.
