| Journal Articles: 141 results |
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"As Simple as Possible, but Not Simpler"—The Case of Dehydroascorbic Acid Robert C. Kerber
Textbooks routinely assign dehydroascorbic acid a tricarbonyl structure that is highly improbable in aqueous solution and inconsistent with its colorless appearance. Studies of oxidized forms of ascorbic acid are summarized here, and a plea is entered for accurate descriptions of chemical structures in this and other cases, even at the cost of some simplicity.
Kerber, Robert C. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1237.
Bioorganic Chemistry |
Free Radicals |
Natural Products |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Vitamins
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More on ClO and Related Radicals William B. Jensen
The novel Lewis structure for the ClO radical and other related 13e isoelectronic species presented by Hirsch and Kobrak is identical to that proposed by Linnett over 40 years ago for the same species on the basis of his well-known double-quartet approach to Lewis structures.
Jensen, William B. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 783.
Ionic Bonding |
Lewis Structures |
Free Radicals
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Research Advances: Toward a Faster Prenatal Test for Down Syndrome; Test for Headache-Causing Food Toxins; Hydrogen Storage Materials in Automotive Systems; Newly Solved Structure Reveals How Cells Resist Oxygen Damage Angela G. King
Digital PCR. "Lab on a chip" hangover prevention? Exploring hydrogen storage. Bacterial response to stress signals.
King, Angela G. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 606.
Bioanalytical Chemistry |
Biotechnology |
Crystals / Crystallography |
Enzymes |
Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
Free Radicals |
Materials Science |
Medicinal Chemistry |
Plant Chemistry |
Proteins / Peptides
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Radical Quenching of 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A Spectrometric Determination of Antioxidant Behavior John M. Berger, Roshniben J. Rana, Hira Javeed, Iqra Javeed, and Sandi L. Schulien
Describes a colorimetric assay using the persistent radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl to measure the activity of common antioxidants. This exercise is particularly appropriate for a course geared for nutrition or food science majors.
Berger, John M.; Rana, Roshniben J.; Javeed, Hira; Javeed, Iqra; Schulien, Sandi L. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 408.
Food Science |
Free Radicals |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Vitamins
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The Chemistry of Paper Preservation Henry A. Carter
This article examines the applications of chemistry to paper preservation. The acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose accounts for the deterioration of paper in library books and other written records. To combat this threat to our written heritage, new permanent papers have been developed that are relatively chemically stable and undergo a very slow rate of deterioration.
Carter, Henry A. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1937.
Acids / Bases |
Applications of Chemistry |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Free Radicals |
Gas Chromatography |
HPLC |
pH |
Kinetics |
Rate Law
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Incomplete Combustion of Hydrogen: Trapping a Reaction Intermediate Bruce Mattson and Trisha Hoette
In this demonstration, a hydrogen flame is played across the face of an ice cube and the combustion is quenched in an incomplete state. The resulting solution contains a stable side-product, hydrogen peroxide, whose presence can be verified with two simple chemical tests.
Mattson, Bruce; Hoette, Trisha. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1668.
Descriptive Chemistry |
Free Radicals |
Gases |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Reactions |
Reactive Intermediates
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Lewis Structure Representation of Free Radicals Similar to ClO Warren Hirsch and Mark Kobrak
An unconventional Lewis structure is proposed to explain the properties of the free radical ClO and a series of its isoelectronic analogues, particularly trends in the spin density of these species.
Hirsch, Warren; Kobrak, Mark. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1360.
Atmospheric Chemistry |
Computational Chemistry |
Covalent Bonding |
Free Radicals |
Lewis Structures |
Molecular Modeling |
MO Theory |
Valence Bond Theory
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Chemical Composition of a Fountain Pen Ink J. Martín-Gil, M. C. Ramos-Sánchez, F. J. Martín-Gil, and M. José-Yacamán
Black ink (Parker Quink) widely used in 19501980 is characterized and compared with other traditional inks. There is agreement that the main cause of ink decay is the iron(II) sulfate content, whose effect is stronger than the destructive action of acids.
Martín-Gil, J.; Ramos-Sánchez, M. C.; Martín-Gil, F. J.; José-Yacamán, M. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1476.
Applications of Chemistry |
Bioinorganic Chemistry |
Dyes / Pigments |
Free Radicals |
Reactions
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Synthesis of Chromophore-Labeled Polymers and Their Molecular Weight Determination Using UV–Vis Spectroscopy Eric S. Tillman, Amanda C. Roof, Steven M. Palmer, Beth Ann Zarko, Caton C. Goodman, and Alissa M. Roland
Polystyrene quantitatively end-labeled with fluorene is produced via atom transfer radical polymerization. Molecular weight characterization of the polymers is performed using UVvis spectroscopy, and BeerLambert's law is used to determine the molarity of the fluorene-labeled polymers.
Tillman, Eric S.; Roof, Amanda C.; Palmer, Steven M.; Zarko, Beth Ann; Goodman, Caton C.; Roland, Alissa M. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1215.
Polymerization |
Alkenes |
Free Radicals |
Reactions |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
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Factors That Influence Relative Acid Strength in Water: A Simple Model Michael J. Moran
The pKa's of diverse aqueous acids HA correlate well with the sum of two gas-phase properties: the HA bond-dissociation enthalpy and the electron affinity of the A radical. It is suggested that rather than bond strength alone or bond polarity, the sum of the enthalpies of these two steps is a fairly good indicator of relative acidity.
Moran, Michael J. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 800.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Free Radicals
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Microwave-Induced Chain Transfer Polymerization of a Stimuli-Responsive Polymer and Determination of Its Critical Solution Temperature F. Fischer and R. Freitag
This experiment provides an introduction for undergraduate students to the concepts of living radical polymerization (oligomerization) and to stimuli-responsive materials, namely, those showing a critical solution temperature in aqueous solution.
Fischer, F.; Freitag, R. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 447.
Addition Reactions |
Free Radicals |
Mass Spectrometry |
Materials Science |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Polymerization |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
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Polymerization and Characterization of PMMA. Polymer Chemistry Laboratory Experiments for Undergraduate Students Caroline Duval-Terrié and Laurent Lebrun
This experiment gives students the opportunity to prepare polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), one of the most important industrial polymers. Two syntheses are described, involving either free radical or anionic polymerization.
Duval-Terrié, Caroline; Lebrun, Laurent. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 443.
Addition Reactions |
Free Radicals |
Industrial Chemistry |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Polymerization |
Thermal Analysis
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The Quantitative Determination of Butylated Hydroxytoluene in Chewing Gum Using GC–MS A. E. Witter
An undergraduate experiment for the quantitative determination of the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in chewing gum is described. A simple extraction procedure was used that did not require sample derivatization for analysis.
Witter, A. E. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1538.
Food Science |
Free Radicals |
Instrumental Methods |
Mass Spectrometry |
Quantitative Analysis |
Aromatic Compounds |
Chromatography |
Consumer Chemistry |
Gas Chromatography
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Introduction to Photolithography: Preparation of Microscale Polymer Silhouettes Kimberly L. Berkowski, Kyle N. Plunkett, Qing Yu, and Jeffrey S. Moore
In this experiment, a glass microscope slide acts as the microchip. Students can pattern this "microchip" by layering negative photoresist on the slide using a solution containing monomer, crosslinker, photoinitiator, and dye. The students then cover the photoresist with a photomask, which is the negative of a computer-generated image or text printed on transparency film, and illuminate it with UV light. The photoresist in the exposed area polymerizes into a polymer network with a shape dictated by the photomask. The versatility of this technique is exemplified by allowing each student to fabricate virtually any shape imaginable, including his or her silhouette.
Berkowski, Kimberly L.; Plunkett, Kyle N.; Yu, Qing; Moore, Jeffrey S. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1365.
Materials Science |
Applications of Chemistry |
Free Radicals |
Polymerization
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A Substitute for “Bromine in Carbon Tetrachloride” Joshua M. Daley and Robert G. Landolt
Benzotrifluoride (BTF) is a suitable solvent substitute for carbon tetrachloride in experiments requiring application of bromine (Br2) in free radical or addition reactions with organic substrates. A 1 M solution of Br2 in BTF may be used to distinguish hydrocarbons based on the ease of abstraction of hydrogen atoms in thermally or light-induced free radical substitutions. Efficacy of minimization of solvent use, by aliquot addition to neat samples, has been established.
Daley, Joshua M.; Landolt, Robert G. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 120.
Alkenes |
Free Radicals |
Green Chemistry |
Qualitative Analysis |
Reactions
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Free Radical Halogenation, Selectivity, and Thermodynamics: The Polanyi Principle and Hammond's Postulate Alfred A. Scala
Free radical halogenation reactions are examined in the contexts of the Polanyi principle and Hammond's postulate and used as a vehicle for examination of the concept of selectivity in chemical reactions. The origin of selectivity is related to the thermodynamics of the competing reactions and their chemical dynamics.
Scala, Alfred A. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 1661.
Free Radicals |
Molecular Mechanics / Dynamics |
Computational Chemistry |
Kinetics |
Thermodynamics
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Relevance of Chemical Kinetics for Medicine: The Case of Nitric Oxide Alexandru T. Balaban and William Seitz
Examination of nitric acid as an industrial pollutant and a useful biomolecule.
Balaban, Alexandru T.; Seitz, William. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 662.
Free Radicals |
Gases |
Kinetics |
Medicinal Chemistry |
Applications of Chemistry
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Nitrogen-Based Diazeniumdiolates: Versatile Nitric Oxide-Releasing Compounds for Biomedical Research and Potential Clinical Applications Joseph E. Saavedra and Larry K. Keefer
Nitric oxide and drug design, physical and chemical properties of nitric oxide, and biochemical reactions involving nitric oxide and diazeniumdiolates.
Saavedra, Joseph E.; Keefer, Larry K. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 1427.
Bioinorganic Chemistry |
Bioorganic Chemistry |
Drugs / Pharmaceuticals |
Free Radicals |
Medicinal Chemistry |
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Physical Properties |
Lewis Acids / Bases |
Amines / Ammonium Compounds
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Small Scale Reactor for Ultraviolet Photochemistry James E. Gano, Andrew J. Gano, Patricia Garry, and Padmanabhan Sekher
Apparatus for performing photochemical reactions at a variety of wavelengths.
Gano, James E.; Gano, Andrew J.; Garry, Patricia; Sekher, Padmanabhan. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 1361.
Free Radicals |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Synthesis |
Photochemistry |
Undergraduate Research |
Laboratory Management
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Radioactivity, Radiation, and the Chemistry of Nuclear Waste Nick Zevos
A course that emphasizes an understanding of the nuclear waste generated from the production of plutonium at sites such as Hanford, WA, and Savannah River, GA.
Zevos, Nick. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 692.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Free Radicals |
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Nonmajor Courses
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Solar Photocatalytic Destruction of p-Nitrophenol: A Pedagogical Use of Lab Wastes J. A. Herrera-Melián, J. M. Doña-Rodríguez, E. Tello Rendón, A. Soler Vila, M. Brunet Quetglas, A. Alvera Azcárate, and L. Pascual Pariente
Using lab wastes to develop new chemistry experiments.
Herrera-Melián, J. A.; Doña-Rodríguez, J. M.; Rendón, E. Tello; Soler Vila, A.; Brunet Quetglas, M.; Azcárate, A. Alvera; Pascual Pariente, L. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 775.
Catalysis |
Free Radicals |
Photochemistry |
Water / Water Chemistry
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Logic vs Misconceptions in Undergraduate Organic Textbooks: Radical Stabilities and Bond Dissociation Energies Andreas A. Zavitsas
Undergraduate textbooks for organic chemistry relate alkyl radical stability to homolytic bond dissociation energy of the corresponding alkane. This practice is misleading, grossly overestimates the stability of the radicals relative to methyl, and leads to values that are not transferable to other molecules. Defining alkyl radical relative stabilization energies in terms of BDE[R-Me] and use of Pauling's electronegativity equation solves the problem.
Zavitsas, Andreas A. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 417.
Covalent Bonding |
Free Radicals |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Thermodynamics
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Application of Hammond's Postulate. An Activity for Guided Discovery Learning in Organic Chemistry J. E. Meany, Vicky Minderhout, and Y. Pocker
In this activity, students are given product distributions and other relevant experimental data concerning the free radical chlorination and bromination of propane. Students are guided in the use of Hammond's postulate to predict transition-state structures and to provide a rationale for the relationship between selectivity and reactivity in these and other reactions.
Meany, J. E.; Minderhout, Vicky; Pocker, Y. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 204.
Free Radicals |
Kinetics |
Reactions
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Bromination, Elimination, and Polymerization: A 3-Step Sequence for the Preparation of Polystyrene from Ethylbenzene Elizabeth M. Sanford and Heather L. Hermann
An organic chemistry lab that introduces students to polymer chemistry is presented. Students complete a radical bromination of ethylbenzene, which is followed by elimination to give styrene. A radical polymerization is then completed to produce polystyrene.
Sanford, Elizabeth M.; Hermann, Heather L. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1343.
Free Radicals |
Synthesis |
Polymerization
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Understanding Trends in C-H, N-H, and O-H Bond Dissociation Enthalpies K. U. Ingold and J. S. Wright
Trends in bond dissociation enthalpies are discussed in terms of a number of concepts useful in advanced organic chemistry courses, including electronegativity, bond length, orbital overlap, unpaired electron delocalization by conjugation and hyperconjugation, and radical stabilization energy.
Ingold, K. U.; Wright, J. S. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1062.
Covalent Bonding |
Computational Chemistry |
EPR / ESR Spectroscopy |
Free Radicals |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry
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Correction
Word error in original article.
J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 830.
Nutrition |
Free Radicals |
Learning Theories
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General Aspects of Free Radical Chemistry (edited by Z. B. Alfassi) reviewed by Jeffrey Byers
A broad survey of important information relevant to the theoretical and physical aspects of radical chemistry.
Byers, Jeffrey. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 565.
Free Radicals
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The Preparation of a UV-Light-Absorbing Polymer: A Project-Oriented Laboratory Experiment for the Introductory Organic Chemistry Curriculum Thomas Poon, Jean P. McIntyre, Andrea Dorigo, Drew J. Davis, Matthew A. Davis, Crystal F. Eller, Leah R. Eller, Heather K. Izumi, Kenya M. Jones, Kurt H. Kelley, William Massello, Megan L. Melamed, Cynthia M. Norris, Jeffrey A. Oelrich, Thomas A. Pluim, Sarah E. Poplawski, Jason M. St. Clair, Matthew P. Stokes, Wells C. Wheeler, and Erin E. Wilkes
A laboratory experiment is described that combines organic synthesis, spectroscopy, and polymer chemistry and is suitable for the sophomore organic chemistry curriculum. In this three-week sequence, students synthesize and characterize the UV-absorber 2-(2',4'-dimethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid and incorporate it into films of polymethylmethacrylate.
Poon, Thomas; McIntyre, Jean P.; Dorigo, Andrea; Davis, Drew J.; Davis, Matthew A.; Eller, Crystal F.; Eller, Leah R.; Izumi, Heather K.; Jones, Kenya M.; Kelley, Kurt H.; Massello, William; Melamed, Megan L.; Norris, Cynthia M.; Oelrich, Jeffrey A.; Pluim, Thomas A.; Poplawski, Sarah E.; St. Clair, Jason M.; Stokes, Matthew P.; Wheeler, Wells C.; Wilkes, Erin E. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1523.
Synthesis |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
NMR Spectroscopy |
IR Spectroscopy |
Free Radicals
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Minimizing the Black Box Effect: Using Normal Mode Analysis to Integrate Computational Methods into the Physical Chemistry Course Delphia F. Harris* and Julio F. Caballero
The use of normal mode analysis in molecular vibrational studies as an introduction to computational methods in a physical chemistry course is presented. Students are involved in a literature search for molecules of current interest and in the use of a program that requires substantial student interaction to minimize the "black box" effect in this computational project.
Harris, Delphia F.; Caballero, Julio F. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1298.
Atmospheric Chemistry |
Computational Chemistry |
Free Radicals |
Molecular Properties / Structure
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Motivating Students in Sophomore Organic Chemistry by Examining Nature's Way- Why Are Vitamins E and C Such Good Antioxidants? Bruce D. Beaver
Motivating students in sophomore organic chemistry by integrating material from an area of contemporary research activity into the course. This article contains an overview of the antioxidant function of vitamins E and C.
Beaver, Bruce D. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1108.
Nutrition |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Free Radicals |
Learning Theories |
Applications of Chemistry
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Homogeneous Immunoassays: Historical Perspective and Future Promise Edwin F. Ullman
The founding and growth of Syva Company is examined in the context of its leadership role in the development of homogeneous immunoassays. The simple mix and read protocols of these methods offer advantages in routine analytical and clinical applications.
Ullman, Edwin F. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 781.
Biotechnology |
Enzymes |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Free Radicals |
Photochemistry |
Medicinal Chemistry |
Proteins / Peptides
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A Safe Simple Halogenation Experiment Hilton M. Weiss and Lara Ganz
This experiment is designed to be a safe and experimentally simple procedure appropriate to the early weeks of a course when halogenation is the only reaction which has been discussed in the lecture. It can also provide some early experience with simple interpretation of NMR spectra.
Weiss, Hilton M.; Ganz, Lara. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 534.
Synthesis |
Free Radicals |
Reactions |
NMR Spectroscopy
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Teaching Polymer Science to Third-Year Undergraduate Chemistry Students Alan Jefferson* and David N. Phillips
A knowledge of the principles of polymer science is essential for graduates whose future career is certain to bring them into contact with a broad range of polymeric materials. Any undergraduate chemistry course that omits polymer chemistry and does not attempt to address and explain the principles of polymer science is lacking in relevant educational content as we approach the 21st century.
Jefferson, Alan; Phillips, David N. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 232.
Free Radicals |
IR Spectroscopy |
Synthesis
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Using Cyclic Voltammetry and Molecular Modeling To Determine Substituent Effects in the One-Electron Reduction of Benzoquinones Janell E. Heffner, Jeffrey C. Raber, Owen A. Moe Jr., and Carl T. Wigal
An electrochemical experiment that correlates the electronic effects of substituents on the reduction potential of benzoquinones. The experiment combines cyclic voltammetry (CV), molecular modeling, and the Hammett equation and can be used in either organic, physical, or instrumental laboratory courses.
Heffner, Janell E.; Raber, Jeffrey C.; Moe, Owen A., Jr.; Wigal, Carl T. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 365.
Instrumental Methods |
Electrochemistry |
Molecular Modeling |
Free Radicals |
Oxidation / Reduction
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Free Radical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions: Examples from Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater from the Chemistry in Airborne Water Droplets N. Colin Baird
A common free radical reaction in aqueous solution is electron transfer, especially to the hydroxyl radical and to ozone. Hydrogen peroxide and free radicals related to it act as weak acids, so both their neutral and deprotonated forms must be considered in reactions. Free radical reactions also play an important role in the chemistry of water droplets suspended in air in clouds and fogs.
Baird, N. Colin. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 817.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Free Radicals |
Reactive Intermediates |
Atmospheric Chemistry |
Acids / Bases |
Oxidation / Reduction
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The Discovery of Free Radicals R. M. Acheson
Even though Michael Faraday obtained the first unambiguous experimental evidence for the existence of "Free Radicals", he has never been given any credit for his discovery. This article offers that long overlooked credit.
Acheson, R. M. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 32.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Free Radicals
|
New Volumes in Continuing Series: Ellis Horwood Series in Polymer Science and Technology. Radical Polymerization in Disperse Systems (Barton, J.; Capek, I.; Kemp, T. J.; Kennedy, J. F.)
New volume in a continuing series.
J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, A42.
Polymerization |
Free Radicals
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Environmental Laboratory Exercise: Analysis of Hydrogen Peroxide by Fluorescence Spectroscopy Judith Weinstein--Lloyd and Jai H. Lee
Procedure in which students analyze precipitation samples for trace concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (a deleterious air pollutant) using fluorescence spectroscopy.
Weinstein-Lloyd, Judith; Lee, Jai H. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 1053.
Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
Free Radicals |
Photochemistry |
Acids / Bases |
Atmospheric Chemistry
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Computer Simulation of Vinyl Polymerization: Exercises in Critical Thinking Using SOLVE Michael W. Pelter and Gregory P. Neff
177. Simulation to investigate free-radical polymerization kinetics and the composition of free-radical copolymers.
Pelter, Michael W.; Neff, Gregory P. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 808.
Polymerization |
Free Radicals |
Kinetics |
Industrial Chemistry
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Methanol Cannon Demonstrations Revisited David A. Dolson, Michael E. Dolson, Michael R. Hall, Rubin Battino, Lisa S. Jutte
Demonstrations involving methanol cannons and chain reactions.
Dolson, David A.; Dolson, Michael E.; Hall, Michael R.; Battino, Rubin; Jutte, Lisa S. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 732.
Free Radicals |
Reactions |
Alcohols
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One-Pot Iodosulfonylation Dehydroiodination of Alkenes: (E)-beta-Tosylstyrene: An Experiment for Undergraduate Organic Chemistry Laboratory Carme Nájera, José M. Sansano, and Miguel Yus
Method for a one-pot preparation of a vinylic sulfone starting from an acrylamide by a tandem iodosulfonylation-dehydroiodination process.
Njera, Carmen; Sansano, Jos M.; Yus, Miguel. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 664.
Free Radicals |
Alkenes
|
Introducing Atmospheric Reactions: A Systematic Approach for Students Baird, N. Colin
Outline of the dominant reactions that occur in air, particularly with regard to atmospheric pollutants.
Baird, N. Colin J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 153.
Photochemistry |
Free Radicals |
Atmospheric Chemistry
|
Polystyrene Kinetics by Infrared: An Experiment for Physical and Organic Chemistry Laboratories Andrews-Henry, Heather
Procedure to determine the kinetics of the free radical polymerization of polystyrene.
Andrews-Henry, Heather J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 357.
IR Spectroscopy |
Kinetics |
Polymerization |
Free Radicals |
Synthesis
|
Photon-initiated hydrogen-chlorine reaction: A student experiment at the microscale level Egolf, Leanne M.; Keiser, Joseph T.
This lab offers a way to integrate the principles of thermodynamics and kinetics as well as other valuable instrumental methods.
Egolf, Leanne M.; Keiser, Joseph T. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, A208.
Covalent Bonding |
Ionic Bonding |
Electrochemistry |
Free Radicals |
Microscale Lab |
Thermodynamics |
Kinetics
|
Free Radicals and Metals in Biology: Principles and Applications in Bioinorganic Chemistry-VI Ochiai, El-Ichiro
The fifth article in a series. This one explores the question, "Why do cells form free radicals?" while looking at the interplay of free radicals and metals in biological systems.
Ochiai, El-Ichiro J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 128.
Bioinorganic Chemistry |
Organometallics |
Metals |
Free Radicals |
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Enzymes
|
Free-radical polymerization of acrylamide Silversmith, Ernest F.
A rapid and foolproof thermal polymerization.
Silversmith, Ernest F. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 763.
Free Radicals |
Polymerization |
Reactions
|
Free radical halogenation of hydrocarbons: Experiments for organic chemistry using the small-scale approach Gilow, Helmuth M.
Better understanding of free radical halogenation can be gained by doing a laboratory experiment. The challenge, however, is that these experiments pose safety threats.
Gilow, Helmuth M. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, A122.
Free Radicals |
Microscale Lab
|
Three-electrode, two-compartment quartz cell for recording EPR spectra during in situ electrolysis Poli, Nicola
The standard aqueous EPR (flat) sample Wildman cell has been modified for recording EPR spectra of short-lived radicals during in situ electrolysis.
Poli, Nicola J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 970.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Free Radicals |
Spectroscopy |
EPR / ESR Spectroscopy
|
Polymer principles (the author replies) Rodriquez, F.
The decomposition of benzoyl peroxide.
Rodriquez, F. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 790.
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Free Radicals
|
Polymer principles Abraham, Tonson
The decomposition of benzoyl peroxide.
Abraham, Tonson J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 790.
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Free Radicals
|
Isomerization of dimethyl maleate to dimethyl fumarate: An undergraduate experiment utilizing high performance liquid chromatography Ledlie, David B.; Wenzel, Thomas J.; Hendrickson, Susan M.
Introduces students to liquid chromatography, the stereoisomerization of alkenes, certain aspects of free radical chemistry, and thermodynamics.
Ledlie, David B.; Wenzel, Thomas J.; Hendrickson, Susan M. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 781.
HPLC |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Esters |
Stereochemistry |
Free Radicals |
Alkenes |
Thermodynamics
|
Photolysis of 4-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one: An undergraduate experiment in free radical chemistry White, Rick C.; Ma, Sha
The photochemical experiment introduced here gives upper-level organic students an introduction to photochemical techniques and experience in free radical chemistry and in the analysis of a reaction mixture by NMR spectroscopy.
White, Rick C.; Ma, Sha J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 827.
Free Radicals |
Photochemistry |
NMR Spectroscopy
|
Polymerization distribution experiment simulation Smith, L. Oliver
95. Bits and pieces, 38. A computer program that can be used to simulate experiments in free-radical polymerization.
Smith, L. Oliver J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 795.
Free Radicals |
Polymerization
|
Undergraduate experiments with a long-lived radical (Fremy's salt): Synthesis of 1,4-benzoquinones by degradative oxidation of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohols Morey, J.
The long-lived, stable radical described in this article can be prepared and stored for several months and therefore is an excellent basis for a series of experiments that the author designed for his class.
Morey, J. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 627.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Free Radicals |
Alcohols |
Aromatic Compounds
|
Consumer chemistry in an organic course Miller, John A.
This paper looks at the main functional groups in organic chemistry and points out their appearance in consumer chemistry. These suggestions are especially useful for courses geared toward health science majors.
Miller, John A. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 210.
Aromatic Compounds |
Free Radicals |
Hormones |
Medicinal Chemistry |
Consumer Chemistry |
Applications of Chemistry
|
A spectacular demonstration: 2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O Skinner, James F.
Detonating hydrogen in a copper combustion chamber.
Skinner, James F. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 545.
Reactions |
Free Radicals
|
Stereoisomerism as a result of free radical chlorination of a nonstereoisomeric substance Fulkroad, John E.
Examples of questions and solutions regarding stereoisomerism as a result of free radical chlorination of a nonstereoisomeric substance.
Fulkroad, John E. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 533.
Stereochemistry |
Free Radicals
|
The reactivity selectivity principle: Should it ever be used? Buncel, Erwin; Wilson, Harold
Applications and failures of the reactivity selectivity principle; quantitative aspects of the reactivity selectivity principle; and rationalization of reactivity selectivity principle failures.
Buncel, Erwin; Wilson, Harold J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 475.
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Free Radicals |
Carbocations |
Nucleophilic Substitution
|
Thioxanthone sulfone radical anion: A relatively stable ketyl Castrillon, Jose
Thioxanthone sulfone is induced to produce a deep blue color upon standing that disappears on shaking.
Castrillon, Jose J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 352.
Free Radicals |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
Catalysis of photochemical reactions: Opportunities and pitfalls Alhini, A.
It is the purpose of this paper is to present a classification of catalytic effects both because this is a promising area of development for further research and because some characteristic properties of photochemical versus thermal reactions are elucidated in this way.
Alhini, A. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 383.
Photochemistry |
Catalysis |
Chemometrics |
Free Radicals |
Biophysical Chemistry
|
The development of free radical chemistry Walling, Cheves
A historical look at the development of this branch of chemistry understanding.
Walling, Cheves J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 99.
Free Radicals |
Enrichment / Review Materials
|
The evolution of free radical chemistry at Chicago Mayo, Frank R.
This paper is an account of the origins and development of work on free radical chemistry at the University of Chicago starting with the author's graduate work in 1929.
Mayo, Frank R. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 97.
Free Radicals |
Enrichment / Review Materials
|
The NBS reaction: A simple explanation for the predominance of allylic substitution over olefin addition by bromine at low concentrations Wamser, Carl C.; Scott, Lawrence T.
What factors govern the reaction of Br2 with an alkene to give either allylic substitution or double bond addition?
Wamser, Carl C.; Scott, Lawrence T. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 650.
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Free Radicals |
Kinetics |
Alkenes
|
Chain reaction wheel: An approach to free radical reactions Monroe, Manus; Abrams, Karl
Using a "chain reaction wheel" to help students understand the mechanism of free radical reactions.
Monroe, Manus; Abrams, Karl J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 467.
Free Radicals |
Reactions |
Mechanisms of Reactions
|
The dead-end polymerization experiment: A modified treatment Hill, D. J. T.; O'Donnell, J. H.
A simplified procedure for the polymerization of n-laurylmethacrylate.
Hill, D. J. T.; O'Donnell, J. H. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 881.
Polymerization |
Free Radicals |
Kinetics
|
Catalysis of radical chain reactions Bardsley, W. D.; Failes, R. L.; Hunter, R.; Stimson, V. R.
Examples where "catalysts" enter into reaction in a consistent manner, to increase the rate in one case and decrease it in the other.
Bardsley, W. D.; Failes, R. L.; Hunter, R.; Stimson, V. R. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 657.
Catalysis |
Free Radicals |
Reactions |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Kinetics |
Rate Law
|
Free radical reactions in food Taub, Irwin A.
Describes some of the basic concepts relating to free radical structure, formation, and reactivity, as well as reactions involving ascorbic acid, myoglobin, and palmitate radicals. From the "State-of-the-Art Symposium for Chemical Educators: Chemistry of the Food Cycle".
Taub, Irwin A. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 313.
Free Radicals |
Reactions |
Food Science |
Vitamins |
Proteins / Peptides |
Lipids
|
Who is anti-Markovnikov? Tedder, J. M.
What are the factors that control the rate and orientation of free radical addition to alkenes?
Tedder, J. M. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 237.
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Addition Reactions |
Free Radicals |
Alkenes
|
Aromatic substitution reactions: when you've said ortho, meta, and para you haven't said it all Traynham, James G.
The author presents a range of examples for nucleophilic, electrophilic, and free-radical reactions where the ipso is an important, predominant, or even exclusive site of reaction.
Traynham, James G. J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 937.
Nucleophilic Substitution |
Electrophilic Substitution |
Free Radicals |
Diastereomers |
Stereochemistry |
Reactions
|
Molecular formulas of organic compounds: the nitrogen rule and degree of unsaturation Pellegrin, Valdo
This article wishes to demonstrate the nitrogen rule and the formula for calculating the number of rings plus double bonds of any common organic compound.
Pellegrin, Valdo J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 626.
Heterocycles |
Aromatic Compounds |
Free Radicals
|
Free radical chlorination of methane: A demonstration Conklin, Alfred R.; Kramme, Alan
Free radical reactions are very important and often discussed in chemistry. One of the first such reactions encountered by students of organic chemistry is the free radical chlorination of methane. This reaction serves to introduce the student to free radical reactions and chain reaction. In spite of its common occurrence, demonstrations of this reaction are uncommon.
Conklin, Alfred R.; Kramme, Alan J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 597.
Alkanes / Cycloalkanes |
Free Radicals
|
The intriguing biological role of vitamin E Krishnamurthy, S.
In this article, an attempt is made to evaluate the findings and look into profitable future lines of inquiry regarding vitamin E.
Krishnamurthy, S. J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 465.
Vitamins |
Heterocycles |
Free Radicals |
Medicinal Chemistry
|
Preservation of mercury in polyethylene containers Piccolino, Samuel Paul
A report on the effectiveness of 0.5% HNO3 with an oxidant to preserve samples for mercury analyses.
Piccolino, Samuel Paul J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 235.
Acids / Bases |
Laboratory Management |
Free Radicals
|
Systematics in the assignment of electronic and vibronic states for linear molecules Maitland, A.; Brown, R. D. H.
These authors present a brief, but somewhat comprehensive account of state predictions versus observations for short lived species produced as a result of various reactions.
Maitland, A.; Brown, R. D. H. J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 202.
Reactions |
Kinetics |
Lasers |
Free Radicals
|
Free-radical polymerization using the rotating-sector method: A computer-based study Moss, Stephen J.
35.
Moss, Stephen J. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 1021.
Free Radicals |
Polymerization |
Kinetics
|
An easily conducted free radical substitution for organic chemistry courses Pavlis, Robert R.
The photobromination of 1,2-diphenylethane into its dibromo derivative, (2R) (3S) 1,2-dibromo-1,2-diphenylethane.
Pavlis, Robert R. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 658.
Free Radicals |
Reactions |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Stereochemistry |
Diastereomers |
Photochemistry |
Alkanes / Cycloalkanes |
Aromatic Compounds
|
Reactions of free radicals produced by laser photolysis Pasternack, Louise; Nelson, H. H.; McDonald, J. R.
Generating and monitoring free radicals and techniques for studying kinetics over a wide range of time scales using lasers.
Pasternack, Louise; Nelson, H. H.; McDonald, J. R. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 456.
Lasers |
Free Radicals |
Photochemistry |
Kinetics |
Reactions
|
The effects of ionizing radiation on mammalian cells Biaglow, John E.
In this review, the author is concerned with the effects of radiation on dividing cells and the factors that influence it.
Biaglow, John E. J. Chem. Educ. 1981, 58, 144.
Medicinal Chemistry |
Free Radicals |
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Molecular Biology |
Applications of Chemistry
|
Radiation chemistry in organized assemblies Thomas, J. K.; Chen, T. S.
This paper is concerned with the effects of complexity of organization on the radical processes, which can lead to significant and useful modifications of observed chemistry.
Thomas, J. K.; Chen, T. S. J. Chem. Educ. 1981, 58, 140.
Free Radicals |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Micelles |
Polymerization |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Radiolytic damage to genetic material Ward, John F.
This article discusses some of the basic findings in the radiation chemistry of genetic material derived from studies of model systems will be described. An attempt will be made to use the findings to extrapolate to the consequences of radiation damage to DNA within cells.
Ward, John F. J. Chem. Educ. 1981, 58, 135.
Free Radicals |
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Medicinal Chemistry |
Applications of Chemistry
|
Free radical reactions with simple biochemical systems Redpath, Leslie J.
This article briefly surveys the topic of free radicals and biological systems.
Redpath, Leslie J. J. Chem. Educ. 1981, 58, 131.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Free Radicals |
Enzymes |
Amino Acids |
Proteins / Peptides
|
Free radical mechanisms in autoxidation processes Simic, Michael G.
The material in this article should lead to the understanding and exploitation of antioxidants in the battle against carcinogenicity and a number of medical problems.
Simic, Michael G. J. Chem. Educ. 1981, 58, 125.
Free Radicals |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Medicinal Chemistry
|
Redox properties of free radicals Neta, P.
This article will concentrate on reactions with organic compounds which involve an electron transfer, i.e.., redox reactions.
Neta, P. J. Chem. Educ. 1981, 58, 110.
Free Radicals |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
Electron spin resonance of radiation produced free radicals Sevilla, Michael D.
This article sketches the theory of electron spin resonance in a simplified form.
Sevilla, Michael D. J. Chem. Educ. 1981, 58, 106.
Free Radicals |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry
|
Free radicals generated by radiolysis of aqueous solutions Schwarz, Harold A.
This article will discuss the identity and nature of free radicals produced in radiolysis.
Schwarz, Harold A. J. Chem. Educ. 1981, 58, 101.
Biophysical Chemistry |
Solutions / Solvents |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Free Radicals |
Kinetics |
Acids / Bases
|
A versatile chemical system for instruction in ESR spectroscopy Darcy, Raphael
A radical precursor is sued to generate a number of interconvertible, long-lived free radicals whose spectra are observed at room temperature and show variations in detail that illustrate spectroscopic principles.
Darcy, Raphael J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 907.
Spectroscopy |
EPR / ESR Spectroscopy |
Reactive Intermediates |
Magnetic Properties |
Free Radicals
|
Radical recombination kinetics: An experiment in physical organic chemistry Pickering, Miles
Produces a bright purple, free radical that changes color in sunlight.
Pickering, Miles J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 833.
Kinetics |
Free Radicals |
Photochemistry |
EPR / ESR Spectroscopy
|
The effect of free radical stability on the rate of bromination of hydrocarbons Doheny, Anthony J.; Loudon, G. Marc
The effect of alkyl free radical stability on the rate of free radical halogenation of hydrocarbons can be convincingly demonstrated by the comparative photobromination of the arenes toluene, ethylbenzene, and cumene.
Doheny, Anthony J.; Loudon, G. Marc J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 507.
Free Radicals |
Reactions |
Alkanes / Cycloalkanes |
Photochemistry |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
A modification of the free radical bromination of p-toluic acid Olson, Edwin S.
The bromination of p-toluic acid proceeds well using less toxic chlorobenzene rather than carbon tetrachloride.
Olson, Edwin S. J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 157.
Free Radicals
|
The perturbational MO method for saturated systems Herndon, William C.
Outlines a molecular orbital approach to the problem of predicting and correlating bond dissociation energies in saturated hydrocarbons.
Herndon, William C. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 448.
MO Theory |
Alkanes / Cycloalkanes |
Free Radicals |
Mechanisms of Reactions
|
Two organic laboratory experiments with benzylic hydrocarbons Kolb, Kenneth E.; Helmer, Bradley J.
Closely related experiments to illustrate the selective susceptibility toward free radical attack of benzyl hydrogens.
Kolb, Kenneth E.; Helmer, Bradley J. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 201.
Free Radicals
|
Student experiment for measuring rate constants of radical recombination Bartle, K. D.; Butcher, P. G.; Harding, C. J.; Roberts, D. R.
The experiment described here illustrates how a recent research development can be adapted to be affordable and instructive with upper division students.
Bartle, K. D.; Butcher, P. G.; Harding, C. J.; Roberts, D. R. J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 742.
Free Radicals |
Kinetics
|
Electronic structure of organic conductors and semiconductors Soos, Zoltan G.
High electrical conductivity, comparable to that of poorer metals, is occasionally found in organic molecular solids. Once we accept the possibility of organic solids whose molecular components are free radicals, the electronic structure of organic conductors and semiconductors can be understood.
Soos, Zoltan G. J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 546.
Semiconductors |
Free Radicals |
Solid State Chemistry |
MO Theory
|
Simple energetic approach to the geometries of organic intermediates Koch, T. H.; Andrist, A. H.
An energetic approach to developing an understanding of configurational differences among the more common reactive intermediates of organic chemistry.
Koch, T. H.; Andrist, A. H. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 491.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Reactive Intermediates |
Free Radicals |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Ethylene by naphtha cracking. Free radicals in action Wiseman, Peter
Ethylene manufacture, the mechanism of ethylene formation, maximizing ethylene yield, the effect of feedstock composition, and secondary reactions.
Wiseman, Peter J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 154.
Free Radicals |
Industrial Chemistry |
Alkenes |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Reactions |
Applications of Chemistry
|
The steady-state approximation in free-radical calculations. A numerical example Porter, Marc D.; Skinner, Gordon B.
A numerical example for steady-state approximation in free-radical calculations.
Porter, Marc D.; Skinner, Gordon B. J. Chem. Educ. 1976, 53, 366.
Free Radicals |
Chemometrics
|
Biochemical effects of excited state molecular oxygen Bland, Jeffrey
This report is designed to introduce current research which illustrates the intimacy of singlet O2 in these six areas, and demonstrate the general role of singlet oxidation in biochemical processes.
Bland, Jeffrey J. Chem. Educ. 1976, 53, 274.
Biophysical Chemistry |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
MO Theory |
Medicinal Chemistry |
Free Radicals |
Metabolism
|
Free-radical addition of tetrahalomethanes to [beta]-pinene. Experiments in organic chemistry Kaye, Irving Allan; Odum, Robert A.
This laboratory provides a much needed learning opportunity about free-radicals.
Kaye, Irving Allan; Odum, Robert A. J. Chem. Educ. 1976, 53, 60.
Free Radicals |
Addition Reactions
|
Free radical polymerization of styrene. A radiotracer experiment Mazza, R. J.
1,1'-azobisisobutyronitrile-14C is used to initiate the polymerization of styrene; rates of reaction are measured gravimetrically and number average molar masses are calculated from the specific activities of the polymers and the initiator, which are determined by liquid scintillation counting.
Mazza, R. J. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 476.
Free Radicals |
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Rate Law |
Gravimetric Analysis |
Kinetics |
Polymerization |
Isotopes
|
Preparation of t-nitrosobutane dimer: A combined experiment in organic synthesis and electrochemistry Iversen, Palle E.
This experiment has been designed to demonstrate different oxidation stages of aliphatic nitrogen compounds and includes two different chemical oxidation's, one electroreduction and one electrooxidation. The final product can be used directly in a later esr-experiment on trapping of primarily formed radicals as nitroxides.
Iversen, Palle E. J. Chem. Educ. 1974, 51, 489.
Electrochemistry |
Free Radicals |
Oxidation State
|
Polymerization as a model chain reaction Morton, Maurice
The building of long chain macromolecules offers the best opportunity for the study of chain reactions and the free radical mechanism.
Morton, Maurice J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 740.
Conferences |
Professional Development |
Polymerization |
Reactions |
Free Radicals |
Kinetics |
Mechanisms of Reactions
|
Relative reactivities in free radical systems Hansen, Peter J.
Two equations in the cited article are inconsistent with one another.
Hansen, Peter J. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 162.
Free Radicals |
Reactions
|
The spectra and structures of simple free radicals: An introduction to molecular spectroscopy (Herzberg, Gerhard) Duncan, A. B. F.
Duncan, A. B. F. J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, A252.
Free Radicals |
Spectroscopy
|
The gas phase free radical halogenation of hydrocarbons. An undergraduate experiment Scala, Alfred A.
Investigates the photochemically initiated gas phase chlorination and bromination of lower hydrocarbons.
Scala, Alfred A. J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 573.
Free Radicals |
Alkylation |
Reactions |
Electrochemistry |
Photochemistry
|
Relative reactivates in free radical systems. An organic chemistry experiment Hutchinson, Mary Jane; Mosha, Melvyn W.
An organic chemistry experiment which demonstrates the importance of reaction rates.
Hutchinson, Mary Jane; Mosha, Melvyn W. J. Chem. Educ. 1971, 48, 629.
Free Radicals |
Reactions |
Rate Law
|
Free-radical bromination of p-toluic acid. An experiment in organic chemistry Tuleen, D. L.; Hess, B. A., Jr.
This paper describes the synthesis of a-bromo-p-toluic acid (II) and the subsequent displacement of bromide ion by three nucleophiles.
Tuleen, D. L.; Hess, B. A., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1971, 48, 476.
Free Radicals |
Nucleophilic Substitution
|
Nitrenes Belloli, Robert
The purpose of this article is to present some important general concepts in nitrene chemistry and to concentrate on the chemistry of more thoroughly studied nitrenes, ethoxycarbonylnitrene and cyanontirene.
Belloli, Robert J. Chem. Educ. 1971, 48, 422.
Diastereomers |
Aromatic Compounds |
Reactions |
Free Radicals
|
Free radical chlorination Adduci, Jerry M.; Dayton, Joseph H.; Eaton, David C.
The authors describe an experiment on free radical chlorination which is simple, nonhazardous, and well suited for a beginning student.
Adduci, Jerry M.; Dayton, Joseph H.; Eaton, David C. J. Chem. Educ. 1971, 48, 313.
Free Radicals
|
Organic ion radical chemistry Maler, Larry L.
This paper will briefly introduce ion radicals as a relatively new class of reactive intermediates.
Maler, Larry L. J. Chem. Educ. 1971, 48, 168.
Free Radicals |
Reactions
|
Flash lamp design and construction Cowan, D. O.; DeToma, R. P.
The application of flash lamps has proven to be extremely useful in the areas of photochemistry, free radical chemistry, spectroscopy, chemical kinetics, and laser pumping.
Cowan, D. O.; DeToma, R. P. J. Chem. Educ. 1971, 48, 146.
Spectroscopy |
Photochemistry |
Free Radicals |
Kinetics |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Chemical queries. Especially for introductory chemistry teachers Young, J. A.; Malik, J. G.; Parris, Michael
(1) Explains how free radicals differ from species such as NO3- and NH4+. (2) Explains why HI is a stronger acid than HF in aqueous solution. - answer by Parris. (3) Explains that it is possible to alter the half-life of a some radioactive processes through chemical means.
Young, J. A.; Malik, J. G.; Parris, Michael J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 697.
Free Radicals |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Isotopes
|
Demonstration of photochemistry and the dimerization and trapping of free radicals Silversmith, Ernest F.
This demonstration uses simple equipment and involves a rapid, readily noticeable color change and also illustrates dimerization and the trapping of free radicals.
Silversmith, Ernest F. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 315.
Photochemistry |
Free Radicals |
Reactions
|
Dependence of molecular weight of polystyrene on initiator concentration: An introductory physical chemistry experiment Ander, Paul
This experiment introduces students to macromolecules by examining the effect of the concentration of a free radical initiator, such as benzoyl peroxide, on the molecular weight of polystyrene.
Ander, Paul J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 233.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Free Radicals |
Polymerization
|
Chlorination of 2,3-dimethylbutane: A quantitative organic chemistry experiment Markgraf, J. Hodge
This paper describes the quantitative study of a free radical chlorination in which the student determines the relative reactivity of selected hydrogens.
Markgraf, J. Hodge J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 610.
Quantitative Analysis |
Alkylation |
Alkanes / Cycloalkanes |
Free Radicals
|
A modern look at Markovnikov's rule and the peroxide effect Isenberg, Norbert; Grdinic, Marcel
Presents a "carbonium ion" definition of Markovnikov's Rule and examines the peroxide effect.
Isenberg, Norbert; Grdinic, Marcel J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 601.
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Stereochemistry |
Diastereomers |
Free Radicals |
Alkenes |
Addition Reactions
|
Product distribution in free radical telomerizations Lloyd, W. G.
Telomerizations deserve more attention in advanced undergraduate instruction than they commonly receive, for these reactions are right at the confluence of polymer and organic chemistry.
Lloyd, W. G. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 299.
Free Radicals
|
Free radicals (Pryor, William A.) Russell, Glen A.
Russell, Glen A. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 702.
Free Radicals
|
Introduction to free radical chemistry (Pryor, William A.) Hiatt, Richard
Hiatt, Richard J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 309.
Free Radicals
|
Polymerization kinetics: Dead-end radical polymerization Senogles, E.; Woolf, L. A.
The kinetics of the polymerization of n-lauryl methacrylate in an experiment based on Tobolsky's Dead-End Theory.
Senogles, E.; Woolf, L. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 157.
Polymerization |
Kinetics |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Free Radicals
|
Bromination of alkanes: Experiment illustrating relative reactivities and synthetic utility Warkentin, J.
The radical halogenation of alkanes lend themselves well to the teaching of basic material such as bond dissociation energies, potential energy profiles, enthalpy of reaction, activation energy, and reaction rate.
Warkentin, J. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 331.
Electrochemistry |
Alkanes / Cycloalkanes |
Rate Law |
Kinetics |
Synthesis |
Alkenes |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Free Radicals
|
Chemistry of methylenes Schreck, James O.
Examines the formation of dihalomethylenes, other reactions involving the formation of methylenes, and the reactions of methylenes.
Schreck, James O. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 260.
Reactive Intermediates |
Free Radicals |
Reactions |
Mechanisms of Reactions
|
Free Radical Reactions in Preparative Organic Chemistry (Sosnovsky, George) Stacey, F. W.
Stacey, F. W. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 691.
Free Radicals |
Reactions |
Synthesis
|
Homolytic, cationotropic, and anionotropic reactions: A mechanistic approach to organic chemistry Hoogenboom, Bernard E.
Examines examples of radical, cationotropic, and anionotropic reactions.
Hoogenboom, Bernard E. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 639.
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Free Radicals |
Reactions |
Electrophilic Substitution |
Nucleophilic Substitution
|
Activation of small molecules by coordination Jones, Mark M.
Examines the general principles behind and numerous examples of the coordination process as a means of activating molecules for further reaction.
Jones, Mark M. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 493.
Catalysis |
Coordination Compounds |
Crystal Field / Ligand Field Theory |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Free Radicals |
Lewis Acids / Bases |
Reactions
|
Cyclobutane chemistry. 2. Reactions and mechanisms Wilson, Armin; Goldhamer, David
This discussion on synthetic approaches to cyclobutanes is intended to acquaint the reader with more recent works in this field.
Wilson, Armin; Goldhamer, David J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, 599.
Alkanes / Cycloalkanes |
Reactions |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Free Radicals
|
Radical Polymerization (Bevington, John C.) Ferington, Thomas E.
Ferington, Thomas E. J. Chem. Educ. 1962, 39, A494.
Free Radicals
|
Electrochemistry and the alkyl free radicals Pinkerton, Richard C.
Describes some of the history and current understanding of the electrochemistry of metal alkyl complexes.
Pinkerton, Richard C. J. Chem. Educ. 1962, 39, 554.
Electrochemistry |
Metals |
Coordination Compounds |
Free Radicals
|
Electron paramagnetic resonance of free radicals McMillan, Juan A.
Examines the importance of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) as a means of understanding some of the chemistry of free radicals.
McMillan, Juan A. J. Chem. Educ. 1961, 38, 438.
Magnetic Properties |
Free Radicals |
EPR / ESR Spectroscopy
|
The reactive intermediates of organic chemistry Stewart, Ross
The purpose of this paper is to outline a logical presentation of the more important reactive intermediates the student is likely to encounter in organic chemistry.
Stewart, Ross J. Chem. Educ. 1961, 38, 308.
Reactive Intermediates |
Free Radicals |
Mechanisms of Reactions
|
A convenient method for demonstration of stable carbanions Landsbury, Peter T.
Highly colored pyridine solutions of carbanions are used as a convenient demonstration illustrating reactive intermediates.
Landsbury, Peter T. J. Chem. Educ. 1961, 38, 307.
Reactive Intermediates |
Reactions |
Free Radicals
|
Radiation chemistry of high polymers Dole, Malcolm
Examines the effect of radiation on high polymers, including the formation of cross-links, degradation, unsaturation, energy transfer, and radiolytic oxidation.
Dole, Malcolm J. Chem. Educ. 1959, 36, 353.
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Free Radicals |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
Kinetics of polymer formation by free radical mechanism Ferington, Thomas E.
Examines the mechanism and kinetics of the vinyl chain reaction.
Ferington, Thomas E. J. Chem. Educ. 1959, 36, 174.
Free Radicals |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Rate Law
|
Contributions of vinyl polymerization to organic chemistry Mayo, Frank R.
The author illustrates three types of free radical reactions through polymerization data.
Mayo, Frank R. J. Chem. Educ. 1959, 36, 157.
Polymerization |
Free Radicals |
Addition Reactions
|
Fundamental processes of autoxidation Russell, Glen A.
It is the purpose of this review to summarize the mechanism of the autoxidation of molecular oxygen with organic materials.
Russell, Glen A. J. Chem. Educ. 1959, 36, 111.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Reactions |
Free Radicals |
Organometallics |
Photochemistry
|
Balancing organic redox equations Burrell, Harold P. C.
This paper presents a method for balancing organic redox equations based on the study of structural formulas and an artificial device - the use of hypothetical free radicals.
Burrell, Harold P. C. J. Chem. Educ. 1959, 36, 77.
Stoichiometry |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Free Radicals
|
Free radical chemistry in solution Gritter, Roy J.
Considers the general characteristics of free radical reactions in solution, types of free radical reactions, and the effect of structure on bond dissociation energies.
Gritter, Roy J. J. Chem. Educ. 1958, 35, 475.
Free Radicals |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Reactions |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding
|
The study of free radical reactions through photochemistry Gunning, Harry E.
This review discusses recent photochemical studies that have yielded quantitative data on the rates of reaction of free radicals.
Gunning, Harry E. J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 121.
Photosynthesis |
Free Radicals |
Kinetics |
Rate Law
|
Chemistry of organic free radicals in the vapor phase. II. Reactions of alkoxy and alkylperoxy radicals; energetics of some alkyl radical reactions De La Mare, Harold E.; Vaughan, William E.
Considers hydrocarbon oxidation, peroxide decomposition, decomposition of nitrite and nitrate esters, and the energetics of some simple alkyl radical reactions.
De La Mare, Harold E.; Vaughan, William E. J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 64.
Free Radicals |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
Chemistry of organic free radicals in the vapor phase. I. Detection and reactions of free alkyl radicals De La Mare, Harold E.; Vaughan, William E.
Examines the detection of free radicals, the thermal production and reactions of free alkyl radicals, alkyl radical/olefin interactions, the nitration of alkanes, halogenation, and miscellaneous pyrolyses.
De La Mare, Harold E.; Vaughan, William E. J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 10.
Free Radicals |
Reactions |
Alkylation
|
Aromatic substitution by free radicals Nelson, Peter F.
This article summarizes recent investigations upon orientation and reaction rates with respect to homolytic substitution.
Nelson, Peter F. J. Chem. Educ. 1955, 32, 606.
Free Radicals |
Aromatic Compounds |
Reactions |
Rate Law |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
The mechanisms of the reactions of aliphatic hydrocarbons Schmerling, Louis
Examines the formation of carbonium ions and free radicals, the polymerization of olefins, hydrogen-halogen exchange, the condensation of haloalkanes with alkenes, the alkylation of paraffins, the condensation of paraffins with chloroolefins, the cracking of paraffins and olefins, and the isomerization of paraffins.
Schmerling, Louis J. Chem. Educ. 1951, 28, 562.
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Alkanes / Cycloalkanes |
Free Radicals |
Polymerization
|
|
