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Hardness of Solid Substances - Grinding A number of metals and nonmetals are ground with a mortar and pestle. The nonmetals shown here are all soft (due to weak intermolecular forces), but the metals vary in hardness.
Bonding : MatchBondStrength (8 Variations)
Match each of the following molecules to the best energy value for each bond. Do not use the table of bond energies in your book, but predict these values using your knowledge of bond length and bond strength.
Possible energies are: 300 kJ/mol, 330 kJ/mol, 415 kJ/mol and 950 kJ/mol.
A New "Bottom-Up" Framework for Teaching Chemical BondingTami Levy Nahum, Rachel Mamlok-Naaman, Avi Hofstein, and Leeor Kronik This article presents a general framework for bonding that can be presented at different levels of sophistication depending on the student's level and needs. The pedagogical strategy for teaching this model is a "bottom-up" one, starting with basic principles and ending with specific properties. Levy Nahum, Tami; Mamlok-Naaman, Rachel; Hofstein, Avi; Kronik, Leeor. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 1680.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding |
Ionic Bonding |
Lewis Structures |
Materials Science |
MO Theory |
Noncovalent Interactions
Lewis Structure Representation of Free Radicals Similar to ClOWarren Hirsch and Mark Kobrak An unconventional Lewis structure is proposed to explain the properties of the free radical ClO and a series of its isoelectronic analogues, particularly trends in the spin density of these species. Hirsch, Warren; Kobrak, Mark. J. Chem. Educ.2007, 84, 1360.
Atmospheric Chemistry |
Computational Chemistry |
Covalent Bonding |
Free Radicals |
Lewis Structures |
Molecular Modeling |
MO Theory |
Valence Bond Theory
Let Us Give Lewis Acid–Base Theory the Priority It DeservesAlan A. Shaffer The Lewis concept is simple yet powerful in its scope, and can be used to help beginning students understand reaction mechanisms more fully. However, traditional approaches to acid-base reactions at the introductory level ignores Lewis acid-base theory completely, focusing instead on proton transfer described by the Br?nsted-Lowry concept. Shaffer, Alan A. J. Chem. Educ.2006, 83, 1746.