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A New "Bottom-Up" Framework for Teaching Chemical Bonding Tami Levy Nahum, Rachel Mamlok-Naaman, Avi Hofstein, and Leeor Kronik
This article presents a general framework for bonding that can be presented at different levels of sophistication depending on the student's level and needs. The pedagogical strategy for teaching this model is a "bottom-up" one, starting with basic principles and ending with specific properties.
Levy Nahum, Tami; Mamlok-Naaman, Rachel; Hofstein, Avi; Kronik, Leeor. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1680.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding |
Ionic Bonding |
Lewis Structures |
Materials Science |
MO Theory |
Noncovalent Interactions
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Lanthanum (La) and Actinium (Ac) Should Remain in the d-block Laurence Lavelle
This paper discusses the reasons and implications of placing lanthanum and actinium in the f-block and lutetium and lawrencium in the d-block.
Lavelle, Laurence. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1482.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Inner Transition Elements |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Transition Elements
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Teaching Avogadro's Hypothesis and Helping Students to See the World Differently Brett Criswell
This article uses a model from educational psychologyChi's theory of ontological misclassificationto explain the source of students' difficulties in understanding Avogadro's hypothesis and provide a method to successfully teach this fundamental concept.
Criswell, Brett. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1372.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Gases
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The Correlation of Binary Acid Strengths with Molecular Properties in First-Year Chemistry Travis D. Fridgen
This article replaces contradictory explanations for the strengths of different binary acids in first-year chemistry textbooks with a single explanation that uses a BornHaber cycle involving homolyic bond dissociation energies, electron affinities, and ion solvation enthalpies to rationalize trends in the strengths of all binary acids.
Fridgen, Travis D. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1220.
Acids / Bases |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Physical Properties |
Thermodynamics
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Forecasting Periodic Trends: A Semester-Long Team Exercise for Nonscience Majors John Tierney
Teams of students in a course for nonscience majors identify trends among the properties of elements in the periodic table, use Excel to plot and produce best-fit equations to describe relationships among those properties, and apply the resulting formulas to predict and justify the properties of missing elements.
Tierney, John. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1215.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Computational Chemistry |
Main-Group Elements |
Nonmetals |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Metals |
Student-Centered Learning
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Sampling the Soils Around a Residence Containing Lead-Based Paints: An X-ray Fluorescence Experiment Steven J. Bachofer
A soil sampling experiment using field portable instruments was conducted at a pre-1950 construction known to have lead-based paint. Students collected data following regulatory protocols at multiple locations within and outside of the house's dripline, reported their results, and provided the owner advice on methods to minimize contact with contaminated soil.
Bachofer, Steven J. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 980.
Applications of Chemistry |
Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
Instrumental Methods |
Nonmajor Courses |
Spectroscopy |
Toxicology |
Metals
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A Simple Penny Analysis Nicholas C. Thomas and Stephen Faulk
Describes a simple procedure for determining the zinc composition of U.S. pennies in which the penny zinc core is dissolved in acid and the evolved hydrogen gas is collected by water displacement.
Thomas, Nicholas C.; Faulk, Stephen. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 817.
Acids / Bases |
Gases |
Gravimetric Analysis |
Metals |
Stoichiometry
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Potassium Metal Is Explosive—Do Not Use It! Andreas Grubelnik, Veronika R. Meyer, Peter Bützer, and Urban W. Schönenberger
The reaction of sodium with water is a spectacular and essential classroom demonstration. Many teachers want to show also the more violent reaction of potassium. We propose not to do so because explosions can happen even before the metal is in contact with water.
Grubelnik, Andreas; Meyer, Veronika R.; Bützer, Peter; Schönenberger, Urban W. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 634.
Metals
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Metal Electrodeposition on an Integrated, Screen-Printed Electrode Assembly Yieu Chyan and Oliver Chyan
Screen-printed, carbon strip electrodes illustrate the essential concepts of electrochemistry and electrodeposition; their light weight facilitates sensitive measurements of electrodeposited metal, allowing for the exploration of Faraday's law and electrodeposition efficiency.
Chyan, Yieu; Chyan, Oliver. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 565.
Electrochemistry |
Metals |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Quantitative Analysis
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Flames Tests with Flair Nicholas C. Thomas
When conducted in a suitable fume hood, spraying hydrogen-filled balloons with aqueous solutions of metal salts provides a simple and safe method for demonstrating flame tests.
Thomas, Nicholas C. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 521.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Gases |
Metals
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Using Hydrogen Balloons To Display Metal Ion Spectra James H. Maynard
Describes a procedure for igniting hydrogen-filled balloons containing metal salts to obtain the brightest possible flash while minimizing the quantity of airborne combustion products.
Maynard, James H. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 519.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Gases |
Metals |
Solutions / Solvents
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Use of the Primitive Unit Cell in Understanding Subtle Features of the Cubic Close-Packed Structure John A. Hawkins, Linda M. Soper, Jeffrey L. Rittenhouse, and Robert C. Rittenhouse
Examines the pedagogical advantages in presenting the primitive rhombohedral unit cell as a means of helping students to gain greater insight into the nature of the cubic close-packed structure.
Hawkins, John A.; Soper, Linda M.; Rittenhouse, Jeffrey L.; Rittenhouse, Robert C. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 90.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Metals |
Solids
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Stuffed Derivatives of Close-Packed Structures Bodie E. Douglas
Examines a variety of stuffed silica crystal structures in terms of the close-packing of one set of atoms or ions (P sites) with other atoms or ions in tetrahedral (T) or octahedral (O) sites and filled or partially filled layers in the regular pattern, PTOT.
Douglas, Bodie E. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1846.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Group Theory / Symmetry |
Materials Science |
Metals |
Solid State Chemistry |
Solids
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Concept Maps for General Chemistry Boyd L. Earl
Two concept maps have been developed to represent the organization of the material in a first-semester general chemistry course. By providing these maps to students and referring to them in class, it is hoped that the instructor can assist students in maintaining a grasp of the "big picture" during the progress of the course.
Earl, Boyd L. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1788.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Gases |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Stoichiometry |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
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E = mc2: An Intuitive Derivation James J. Leary and William H. Ingham
Einstein's famous equation E = mc2 is derived using a thought experiment that can easily be understood by any serious student of chemistry.
Leary, James J.; Ingham, William H. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1651.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Instrumental Methods
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Guitar Strings as Standing Waves: A Demonstration Michael Davis
This demonstration uses an acoustic guitar to produce three unique harmonic vibrations, each of which is representative of a standing wave and illustrates the concept of quantization.
Davis, Michael. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1287.
Atmospheric Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Atomic Spectroscopy
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Circuit Board Analysis for Lead by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy in a Course for Nonscience Majors Jeffrey D. Weidenhamer
The analysis for lead through atomic absorption spectroscopy applied to the qualitative screening of circuit boards and the quantitative analysis of environmental samples demonstrates the potential hazards of improper disposal of used electronic equipment.
Weidenhamer, Jeffrey D. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1165.
Applications of Chemistry |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Metals |
Nonmajor Courses |
Quantitative Analysis
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News from the Periodic Table: An Introduction to "Periodicity Symbols, Tables, and Models for Higher-Order Valency and Donor–Acceptor Kinships" Henry A. Bent and Frank Weinhold
Proposes that alternative display topologies such as a 2D "left-step" or "step-pyramid" table or 3D "periodic towers" can supplement or supplant the standard periodic table by better emphasizing higher-order patterns of chemical association and reactivity, rather than the physical resemblances of standard-state elemental substances.
Bent, Henry A.; Weinhold, Frank. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1145.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Spectroscopy
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Mustard Gas: Its Pre-World War I History Ronald J. Duchovic and Joel A. Vilensky
A review of the history of the synthesis of mustard gas by 19th century European chemists highlights the increasing sophistication of the chemical sciences during this time.
Duchovic, Ronald J.; Vilensky, Joel A. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 944.
Applications of Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Toxicology
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Primo Levi and The Periodic Table: Teaching Chemistry Using a Literary Text Viktoria Klara Lakatos Osorio, Peter Wilhelm Tiedemann, and Paulo Alves Porto
Describes the use of a problem-solving activity with first-year undergraduate students based on an excerpt from Primo Levi's book The Periodic Table.
Osorio, Viktoria Klara Lakatos; Tiedemann, Peter Wilhelm; Porto, Paulo Alves. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 775.
Metals |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Reactions |
Student-Centered Learning
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The Origin of the s, p, d, f Orbital Labels William B. Jensen
Traces the origins of the s, p, d, and f orbital labels.
Jensen, William B. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 757.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Spectroscopy
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Turning Plastic Into Gold: An Analogy To Demonstrate the Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment Robert B. Gregory
Describes an in-class demonstration designed to be an analogy to the RutherfordGeigerMarsden gold foil experiment that requires only a laser pointer, two picture frames, and a sheet of plastic.
Gregory, Robert B. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 626.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Lasers |
Metals
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Puzzling through General Chemistry: A Light-Hearted Approach to Engaging Students with Chemistry Content Susan L. Boyd
Presents ten puzzles to make chemistry more interesting while reinforcing important concepts.
Boyd, Susan L. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 619.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Atmospheric Chemistry |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |
Gases |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Stoichiometry |
VSEPR Theory |
Atomic Properties / Structure
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The Analysis of a Murder, a Case Study Frank J. Dinan, Steven H. Szczepankiewicz, Melinda Carnahan, and Michael T. Colvin
In conjunction with a forensic chemistry case study, students perform strontium determinations, use the data to locate a victim's origin, and act as detectives to formulate a plan to apprehend the murderers.
Dinan, Frank J.; Szczepankiewicz, Steven H.; Carnahan, Melinda; Colvin, Michael T. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 617.
Applications of Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Spectroscopy |
Instrumental Methods |
Atomic Spectroscopy
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Flame Emission Spectrometry in General Chemistry Labs: Solubility Product (Ksp) of Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate Frazier W. Nyasulu, William Cusworth III, David Lindquist, and John Mackin
In this general chemistry laboratory, flame emission spectrometry is used to determine the potassium ion concentration in saturated solutions of potassium hydrogen phthalate. From these data the solubility products, the Gibbs free energies of solution, the standard enthalpy of solution, and the standard entropy of solution are calculated.
Nyasulu, Frazier W.; Cusworth, William, III; Lindquist, David; Mackin, John. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 456.
Acids / Bases |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Spectroscopy |
Equilibrium |
Quantitative Analysis |
Thermodynamics |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Solutions / Solvents |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Atomic Spectroscopy
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Magnesium Jay A. Young
The hazards of magnesium are discussed.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 411.
Laboratory Management |
Metals
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Application of Calibrated Peer Review (CPR) Writing Assignments To Enhance Experiments with an Environmental Chemistry Focus Lawrence D. Margerum, Maren Gulsrud, Ronald Manlapez, Rachelle Rebong, and Austin Love
Proposes the use of Web-based peer-reviewed writing for pre- and postlab assignments for large enrollment first-semester general chemistry laboratory courses. Results show that students submit average essays, but master the material via sequential reviews of exemplary and peer essays.
Margerum, Lawrence D.; Gulsrud, Maren; Manlapez, Ronald; Rebong, Rachelle; Love, Austin. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 292.
Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantitative Analysis |
Atomic Spectroscopy
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Lead Jay A. Young
The hazards of lead are discussed.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 225.
Laboratory Management |
Metals
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Density Visualization Richard L. Keiter, Whitney L. Puzey, and Erin A. Blitz
Metal rods of high purity for several elements can be used to construct a display in which their relative densities may be assessed visually.
Keiter, Richard L.; Puzey, Whitney L.; Blitz, Erin A. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1629.
Metals |
Physical Properties |
X-ray Crystallography
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Predicting Inorganic Reaction Products: A Critical Thinking Exercise in General Chemistry David G. DeWit
Describes a course module designed to afford practice in applying the principles encountered throughout the general chemistry sequence to understanding and predicting chemical reactivity and the products of simple inorganic reactions.
DeWit, David G. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1625.
Acids / Bases |
Descriptive Chemistry |
Learning Theories |
Metals |
Nonmetals |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Reactions
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Dulong and Petit's Law: We Should Not Ignore Its Importance Mary Laing and Michael Laing
This article describes two student exercises: the determination of the specific heat of a metal and hence its atomic weight and a graphical study of specific heat versus atomic weight for different groups of metals and the confirmation of Dulong and Petit's law.
Laing, Mary; Laing, Michael. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1499.
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |
Heat Capacity |
Metals |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
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Copper Jay A. Young
The hazards of copper are discussed.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1460.
Laboratory Management |
Metals
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Magnet and BB Analogy for Millikan's Oil-Drop Experiment Earl F. Pearson
Describes the use of refrigerator magnets and BB's as an analogy to Millikan's oil-drop experiment. The mass of a single BB is determined without ever measuring the mass of one BB or determining the mass of a known number of BB's.
Pearson, Earl F. . J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1313.
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Descriptive Chemistry |
Student-Centered Learning
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Millikan: Good to the Last (Oil) Drop Earl F. Pearson
In this analogy, drop-shaped pieces of magnet represent oil drops, steel BBs represent the electrons, and the mass of a BB represents the charge of an electron. The smallest possible difference in mass between any two samples of BBs should be the mass of a single BB.
Pearson, Earl F. . J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1312A.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Iodine Jay A. Young
The hazards of iodine are discussed.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1285.
Laboratory Management |
Nonmetals
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The Synthesis of Copper(II) Carboxylates Revisited Kevin Kushner, Robert E. Spangler, Ralph A. Salazar, Jr., and J. J. Lagowski
Describes an electrochemical synthesis of copper(II) carboxylates for use in the general chemistry laboratory course for chemistry majors.
Kushner, Kevin; Spangler, Robert E.; Salazar, Ralph A., Jr.; Lagowski, J. J. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1042.
Carboxylic Acids |
Coordination Compounds |
Electrochemistry |
Metals |
Solutions / Solvents |
Transition Elements |
Undergraduate Research |
Synthesis
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Do the Series in the Hydrogen Atom Spectrum Ever Overlap? David W. Ball
Addresses the question, do the series in the hydrogen atom spectrum ever overlap?
Ball, David W. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 883.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry |
Spectroscopy |
Atomic Spectroscopy
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Factors That Influence Relative Acid Strength in Water: A Simple Model Michael J. Moran
The pKa's of diverse aqueous acids HA correlate well with the sum of two gas-phase properties: the HA bond-dissociation enthalpy and the electron affinity of the A radical. It is suggested that rather than bond strength alone or bond polarity, the sum of the enthalpies of these two steps is a fairly good indicator of relative acidity.
Moran, Michael J. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 800.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Free Radicals
|
Demonstrating Void Space in Solids: A Simple Demonstration To Challenge a Powerful Misconception Mary Whitfield
The concept of bridging analogies is used in a simple demonstration to illustrate the substantial quantity of empty space that remains when solid spheres are packed together. The same demonstration also shows that the percentage of empty space is independent of particle size.
Whitfield, Mary. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 749.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Materials Science |
Solids
|
Nomenclature Made Practical: Student Discovery of the Nomenclature Rules Michael C. Wirtz, Joan Kaufmann, and Gary Hawley
Presents a method to teach chemical nomenclature to students in an introductory chemistry course that utilizes the discovery-learning model. Inorganic compounds are grouped into four categories and introduced through separate activities interspersed throughout the first semester to provide context and avoid confronting the student with all of the nomenclature rules at once.
Wirtz, Michael C.; Kaufmann, Joan; Hawley, Gary. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 595.
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |
Nonmetals |
Student-Centered Learning
|
Acrostic Puzzles in the Classroom Dorothy Swain
Acrostic puzzles are an effective vehicle to expose students to the history and philosophy of science without lecturing.
Swain, Dorothy. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 589.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |
Nonmajor Courses |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
Probing the Orbital Energy of an Electron in an Atom James L. Bills
This article answers an appeal for simple theoretical interpretations of atomic properties. A theoretical snapshot of an atom, showing the screened nuclear charge and the electron to be ionized at its radius of zero kinetic energy, enables anyone to approximate its ionization energy.
Bills, James L. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 473.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Main-Group Elements |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Physical Properties |
Quantum Chemistry |
Theoretical Chemistry
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Teaching Chemistry Laboratory Skills in Industrial Contexts Julianne M. Braun and Carol White
A recently completed project has produced a compilation of 40 laboratory experiments presented within the contexts of five major industries. This article provides a summary of these experiments, along with a discussion of ancillary materials.
Braun, Julianne M.; White, Carol. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 353.
Applications of Chemistry |
Industrial Chemistry |
Metals |
Polymerization |
Water / Water Chemistry
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Mechanisms That Interchange Axial and Equatorial Atoms in Fluxional Processes: Illustration of the Berry Pseudorotation, the Turnstile, and the Lever Mechanisms via Animation of Transition State Normal Vibrational Modes Marion E. Cass, King Kuok Hii, and Henry S. Rzepa
Teaching the Berry pseudorotation mechanism presents particular pedagogic problems due to both its dynamic and three dimensional character. The approach described here illustrates these processes using interactive animations embedded in a Web page.
Cass, Marion E.; Hii, King Kuok; Rzepa, Henry S. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 336.
Computational Chemistry |
Enantiomers |
Molecular Mechanics / Dynamics |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Nonmetals
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Using Jmol To Help Students Better Understand Fluxional Processes William F. Coleman and Edward W. Fedosky
This new WebWare neatly combines instructional text and Jmol interactive, animated illustrations to teach mechanisms that need to be clearly visualized in order to be well understood.
Coleman, William F.; Fedosky, Edward W. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 336.
Computational Chemistry |
Enantiomers |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Molecular Mechanics / Dynamics |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Nonmetals
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An Improved Flame Test for Qualitative Analysis Using a Multichannel UV–Visible Spectrophotometer Jonathan P. Blitz, Daniel J. Sheeran, and Thomas L. Becker
Describes the application of a multichannel array spectrometer equipped with a fiber optic probe for the acquisition of emission spectra as a means of performing flame tests for qualitative analysis in the general chemistry laboratory.
Blitz, Jonathan P.; Sheeran, Daniel J.; Becker, Thomas L. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 277.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Instrumental Methods |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Qualitative Analysis |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Atomic Spectroscopy
|
Filling in the Hexagonal Close-Packed Unit Cell Robert C. Rittenhouse, Linda M. Soper, and Jeffrey L. Rittenhouse
The illustrations of the hcp unit cell that are used in textbooks at all levels and also in crystallography and solid-state reference works are incomplete, in that they fail to include fractions of middle layer atomic spheres with centers lying outside of the unit cell.
Rittenhouse, Robert C.; Soper, Linda M.; Rittenhouse, Jeffrey L. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 175.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Metals |
Solids
|
Are Some Elements More Equal Than Others? Ronald L. Rich
Presents a new periodic chart with 18 columns but no interruptions of atomic numbers at Lanthanum or Actinum, and no de-emphasis of elements 57-71 or 89-103 by seeming to make footnotes of them. It shows some elements more than once in order to illuminate multiple relationships in chemical behavior.
Rich, Ronald L. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1761.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Descriptive Chemistry |
Inner Transition Elements |
Main-Group Elements |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |
Oxidation State |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Transition Elements
|
Trends in Ionization Energy of Transition-Metal Elements Paul S. Matsumoto
Examines why, as the number of protons increase along a row in the periodic table, the first ionization energies of the transition-metal elements are relatively steady, but that for the main-group elements increases.
Matsumoto, Paul S. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1660.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Transition Elements
|
Predicting the Atomic Weights of the Trans-Lawrencium Elements: A Novel Application of Dobereiner's Triads Sami A. Ibrahim
Dobereiner's concept of triads remain useful for predicting the properties of the super-heavy elements (113118) and for providing reasonable estimates of the atomic weights of all 16 trans-lawrencium elements.
Ibrahim, Sami A. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1658.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Main-Group Elements |
Transition Elements
|
E = mc2 for the Chemist: When Is Mass Conserved? Richard S. Treptow
Einstein's famous equation is frequently misunderstood in textbooks and popular science literature. Its correct interpretation is that mass and energy are different measures of a single quantity known as massenergy, which is conserved in all processes.
Treptow, Richard S. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1636.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Theoretical Chemistry |
Thermodynamics
|
Sedimentation Time Measurements of Soil Particles by Light Scattering and Determination of Chromium, Lead, and Iron in Soil Samples via ICP Patricia Metthe Todebush and Franz M. Geiger
In this two-part general chemistry laboratory activity, students study soil samples from home and from campus. In part one, the samples are placed in water and the suspended colloid fraction is separated using filtration, followed by a determination of colloid sedimentation rates via light scattering. In part two, the solid phase of the soil samples is dissolved in acid and analyzed for chromium, lead, and iron using an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer. The experiment can be expanded to include arsenic. Through these experiments students can draw conclusions about the physical and chemical behavior of solid components in soil, paying particular attention to their propensity for transporting and chemically transforming pollutants in the environment.
Todebush, Patricia Metthe; Geiger, Franz M. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1542.
Colloids |
Geochemistry |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Solids |
Surface Science |
Metals
|
Measurement of the Isotopic Ratio of 10B/11B in NaBH4 by 1H NMR Murray Zanger and Guillermo Moyna
A simple and remarkably accurate method for estimating the isotopic ratio between 10B and 11B through the use of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is presented. The experiment relies on the splitting caused by 10B (I = 3) and 11B (I = 3/2) on the 1H signal of a proton directly bound to boron, a phenomenon readily observed on an aqueous sample of NaBH4. In combination with a brief lecture or prelaboratory presentation, this laboratory can serve to introduce students to magnetic properties as well as theoretical and experimental aspects of NMR spectroscopy as early as the freshman-level chemistry.
Zanger, Murray; Moyna, Guillermo. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1390.
Instrumental Methods |
Magnetic Properties |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Isotopes
|
Zinc (dust and bulk) Jay A. Young
The hazards of zinc (dust and bulk) are discussed.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1143.
Laboratory Management |
Metals |
Physical Properties
|
Revisiting the Electric Pickle Demonstration Michelle M. Rizzo, Tracy A. Halmi, Alan J. Jircitano, Martin G. Kociolek, and Jerry A. Magraw
The electric pickle demonstration has long been used to explore the atomic emission of sodium ions, which emit a brilliant yelloworange glow. The emission from other metal ions including lithium, potassium, strontium, and barium can also be demonstrated by pickling cucumbers with the corresponding chloride salt.
Rizzo, Michelle M.; Halmi, Tracy A.; Jircitano, Alan J.; Kociolek, Martin G.; Magraw, Jerry A. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 545.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Metals
|
More Elementary Riddles Kevin Cunningham
Four chemical riddles are presented, each highlighting an element (hydrogen, arsenic, selenium, and beryllium) and some of its significant properties. Each riddle is accompanied by a full explanation of its clues and their relationship to characteristics of that element.
Cunningham, Kevin. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 539.
Main-Group Elements |
Metals |
Nonmetals |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Physical Properties
|
Cadmium Jay A. Young
The hazards of cadmium are discussed.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 521.
Metals |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Lithium Jay A. Young
The hazards of lithium are discussed.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 520.
Metals |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Electronegativity and the Bond Triangle Terry L. Meek and Leah D. Garner
The dependence of bond type on two parameters, electronegativity difference (??) and average electronegativity (?av), is examined. It is demonstrated that ionic character is governed by the partial charges of the bonded atoms, and metallic character by the HOMOLUMO band gap.
Meek, Terry L.; Garner, Leah D. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 325.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding |
Metallic Bonding |
Ionic Bonding |
Main-Group Elements
|
The Meaning of d-Orbital Labels Guy Ashkenazi
Orbital labels are the angular part of the wave function, expressed in Cartesian coordinates. The mathematical relation between the labels and the shapes of the orbitals is discussed.
Ashkenazi, Guy. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 323.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Transition Elements |
Quantum Chemistry
|
Mercury Jay A. Young
The hazards of mercury are discussed.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 203.
Metals |
Laboratory Management
|
Turning on the Light: Lessons from Luminescence Patricia B. OHara, Carol Engelson, and Wayne St. Peter
The goal of this article is to provide secondary school science teachers with a background in an array of luminescent phenomena including fluorescence, phosphorescence, and chemiluminescence that will enable them to teach their students fundamental properties of light and matter. Instructions for building and operating a simple spectrofluorometer and five detailed lesson plans are provided in the Supplemental Material for experiments that utilize these processes.
O'Hara, Patricia B.; Engelson, Carol; St. Peter, Wayne. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 49.
Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
Forensic Chemistry |
Photochemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Color My Nanoworld Adam D. McFarland, Christy L. Haynes, Chad A. Mirkin, Richard P. Van Duyne, and Hilary A. Godwin
This activity begins with the synthesis of 13 nm-diameter gold nanoparticles by reduction of a gold salt. The students use the resulting nanoparticle solution to explore the size-dependent optical properties of gold nanoparticles.
McFarland, Adam D.; Haynes, Christy L.; Mirkin, Chad A.; Van Duyne, Richard P.; Godwin, Hilary A. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 544A.
Colloids |
Materials Science |
Nanotechnology |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Metals
|
Copper Metal from Malachite circa 4000 B.C.E. Gordon T. Yee, Jeannine E. Eddleton, and Cris E. Johnson
The experiment starts with a naturally occurring ore, malachite, essentially pure Cu2CO3(OH)2, which is readily available at modest cost in bead form from jewelry stores. Using only a Bunsen burner, a porcelain crucible, and a charcoal briquette, the experiment demonstrates two steps in the ancient processing of copper ore: roasting and reduction. The product is a shiny copper metal bead that can then be hammered, polished, and shown to be electrically conductive.
Yee, Gordon T.; Eddleton, Jeannine E.; Johnson, Cris E. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 1777.
Metals |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Solids
|
Flame Tests: Which Ion Causes the Color? Michael J. Sanger
Students determine which of the ions in a series of ten commercially-available ionic compounds are responsible for the observed colors by performing flame test experiments using cotton swabs and a Bunsen burner.
Sanger, Michael J. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 1776A.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Qualitative Analysis |
Student-Centered Learning
|
Tin Jay A. Young
The hazards of tin are discussed.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 1562.
Metals |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Demonstrating and Measuring Relative Molar Magnetic Susceptibility Using a Neodymium Magnet Charles J. Malerich and Patrica K. Ruff
A method for demonstrating and measuring the magnetic attraction between a paramagnetic substance and a neodymium magnet is described and evaluated. The experiment measures the maximum angle that the magnet can deflect a paramagnetic compound from the vertical. The apparatus to make this measurement is easy to set up and is low-cost.
Malerich, Charles J.; Ruff, Patrica K. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 1155.
Magnetic Properties |
Metals |
Transition Elements |
Computational Chemistry
|
Simple Flame Test Techniques Using Cotton Swabs Michael J. Sanger and Amy J. Phelps
This article describes three new methods for performing simple flame tests using cotton swabs.
Sanger, Michael J.; Phelps, Amy J. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 969.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Qualitative Analysis
|
Boiling Point versus Mass Michael Laing
I am very pleased that Ronald Rich has written making these comments, because he is pre-eminent in this field, beginning with his early book, Periodic Correlations.
Laing, Michael. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 642.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Noncovalent Interactions |
Liquids |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
|
Boiling Point versus Mass Ronald L. Rich
Laing gave a useful examination of the boiling points of small molecules versus molecular mass. However, a molecule escaping from a liquid is not closely analogous to a satellite breaking free from the earths gravitational field with the requirement of a minimum escape velocity, such that the required kinetic energy is proportional to the mass of the satellite at that escape velocity.
Rich, Ronald L. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 642.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Liquids |
Noncovalent Interactions |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
|
"We Actually Saw Atoms with Our Own Eyes". Conceptions and Convictions in Using the Scanning Tunneling Microscope in Junior High School Hannah Margel, Bat-Sheva Eylon, and Zahava Scherz
The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the feasibility and potential contribution of using the STM as a learning tool in junior high school (JHS) to support instruction about the particulate nature of matter.
Margel, Hannah; Eylon, Bat-Sheva; Scherz, Zahava. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 558.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Kinetic-Molecular Theory |
Nanotechnology |
Surface Science |
Learning Theories |
Student-Centered Learning |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Isolation of Copper from a 5–Cent Coin. An Example of Electrorefining Steven G. Sogo
The United States 5cent coin, commonly known as a "nickel", is made of an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel. The experiment is a visually appealing illustration of the process of electrorefining using selective reduction.
Sogo, Steven G. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 530.
Electrochemistry |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Metals
|
Calcium Jay A. Young
Properties, hazards, and storage requirements for calcium.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 479.
Laboratory Management |
Physical Properties |
Metals |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Silver Jay A. Young
Properties, hazards, and storage requirements for silver.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 478.
Laboratory Management |
Physical Properties |
Metals |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
A Program of Computational Chemistry Exercises for the First-Semester General Chemistry Course Scott E. Feller, Richard F. Dallinger, and Paul Caylor McKinney
A series of 13 molecular modeling exercises designed for the first-semester general chemistry course is described. The modeling exercises, which are used as both prelecture explorations and postlecture problems, increase in difficulty and in student independence.
Feller, Scott E.; Dallinger, Richard F.; McKinney, Paul Caylor. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 283.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Computational Chemistry |
Molecular Modeling |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
The "Dissing" of Niels Bohr Andrew R. Peterson
Contributions made by Bohr to the Periodic Law.
Peterson, Andrew R. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 33.
Molecular Modeling |
Quantum Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
Photogalvanic Cells for Classroom Investigations: A Contribution for Ongoing Curriculum Modernization Claudia Bohrmann-Linde and Michael W. Tausch
Laboratory experiments examining the fundamental processes in the conversion of light into electrical energy using photogalvanic cells have been developed. These simple cells are suitable for classroom investigations examining the operating principles of photogalvanic cells and the influence of different parameters on their efficiency.
Bohrmann-Linde, Claudia; Tausch, Michael W. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 1471.
Electrochemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Photochemistry |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials
|
The KLM-Shell Labels William B. Jensen
In response to a reader's inquiry, this column traces the origins of the K, L, M labels for the shells of the Bohr atom.
Jensen, William B. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 996.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The Place of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury in the Periodic Table William B. Jensen
Explanation for why the zinc group belongs with the main group elements; includes several versions of periodic tables.
Jensen, William B. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 952.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Main-Group Elements |
Transition Elements |
Descriptive Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The Periodic Table as a Mnemonic Device for Writing Electronic Configurations Suzanne T. Mabrouk
Method for using the periodic table as a mnemonic device for writing electronic configurations.
Mabrouk, Suzanne T. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 894.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Nonmajor Courses |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
ORBITAL Robert M. Hanson
Software that produces probability-based three-dimensional representations of the hydrogen atom and other single-electron systems.
Hanson, Robert M. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 710.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Computational Chemistry |
Enrichment / Review Materials
|
Determination of Avogadro's Number by Improved Electroplating Carlos A. Seiglie
Electroplating procedure to accurately determine Avogadro's number or Faraday's constant.
Seiglie, Carlos A. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 668.
Electrochemistry |
Metals |
Quantitative Analysis |
Stoichiometry
|
A Concept-Based Environmental Project for the First-Year Laboratory: Remediation of Barium-Contaminated Soil by In Situ Immobilization Heather D. Harle, Phyllis A. Leber, Kenneth R. Hess, and Claude H. Yoder
Simulating the detection and remediation of lead-contaminated soil using barium.
Harle, Heather D.; Leber, Phyllis A.; Hess, Kenneth R.; Yoder, Claude H. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 561.
Synthesis |
Stoichiometry |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Qualitative Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis |
Metals |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Gravimetric Analysis |
Applications of Chemistry
|
Chemical Equilibria Involving Reactions of Silver(I) Ions Roberto Zingales
Demonstrating a series of reactions involving silver(I) ions.
Zingales, Roberto. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 534.
Equilibrium |
Reactions |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Qualitative Analysis |
Metals |
Precipitation / Solubility
|
ORBITAL Robert M. Hanson
Software for producing probability-based three-dimensional representations of atomic orbitals of the hydrogen atom and other single-electron systems; found on the Advanced Chemistry Collection CD-ROM, 3rd Edition.
Hanson, Robert M. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 109.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Computational Chemistry
|
Micelle-Mediated Extraction of Heavy Metals from Environmental Samples: An Environmental Green Chemistry Laboratory Experiment Dimosthenis L. Giokas, Evangelos K. Paleologos, and Miltiades I. Karayannis
A laboratory focussing on the determination of metallic elements in drinking water through cloud-point extraction.
Giokas, Dimosthenis L.; Paleologos, Evangelos K.; Karayannis, Miltiades I. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 61.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Metals |
Micelles |
Separation Science |
Green Chemistry |
Qualitative Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis
|
Periodic Table Live! 3rd Edition: Abstract of Special Issue 17 Nicholas B. Adelman, Jon L. Holmes, Jerrold J. Jacobsen, John W. Moore, Paul F. Schatz, Jaclyn Tweedale, Alton J. Banks, John C. Kotz, William R. Robinson, and Susan Young
CD-ROM containing an interactive journey through the periodic table; includes information about each element, biographies of discoverers, videos of reactions, sources and uses, macro and atomic properties, and crystalline structures.
Adelman, Nicholas B.; Holmes, Jon L.; Jacobsen, Jerrold J.; Moore, John W.; Schatz, Paul F.; Tweedale, Jaclyn; Banks, Alton J.; Kotz, John C.; Robinson, William R.; Young, Susan. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 1487.
Descriptive Chemistry |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Solid State Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Physical Properties |
Reactions |
Crystals / Crystallography
|
Understanding and Interpreting Molecular Electron Density Distributions C. F. Matta and R. J. Gillespie
A simple introduction to the electron densities of molecules and how they can be analyzed to obtain information on bonding and geometry.
Matta, C. F.; Gillespie, R. J. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 1141.
Covalent Bonding |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry |
Theoretical Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Modeling |
VSEPR Theory
|
Simple Measurement of Magnetic Susceptibility with a Small Permanent Magnet and a Top-Loading Electronic Balance Yoshinori Itami and Kozo Sone
Measuring magnetic susceptibility of solid transition metal salts using a simple, inexpensive, and easy-to-handle device.
Itami, Yoshinori; Sone, Kozo. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 1002.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Magnetic Properties |
Transition Elements |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Metals
|
Determination of the Empirical Formula of a Copper Oxide Salt Using Two Different Methods Michael J. Sanger and Kimberly Geer
Converting copper oxide into copper metal using two different methods: reduction of copper oxide to copper metal using methane gas, and reduction of copper oxide to copper metal using aluminum in aqueous solution; the results are used to determine the empirical formula of copper oxide.
Sanger, Michael J.; Geer, Kimberly. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 994.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Stoichiometry |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Metals
|
Iron, Nature's Universal Element: Why People Need Iron and Animals Make Magnets
by Eugenie Vorburger Mielczarek and Sharon Bertsch McGrayne Linda H. Doerrer
History of iron and the role it plays in living systems.
Doerrer, Linda H. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 806.
Metals |
Geochemistry
|
How We Teach Molecular Structure to Freshmen Michael O. Hurst
Examination of how textbooks discuss various aspects of molecular structure; conclusion that much of general chemistry is taught the way it is for historical and not pedagogical reasons.
Hurst, Michael O. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 763.
Covalent Bonding |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Lewis Structures |
VSEPR Theory |
Valence Bond Theory |
MO Theory
|
Fingerprinting: Commercial Products and Elements DeeDee Allen and Maria T. Oliver-Hoyo
Activity in which students relate emission spectra to bar codes.
Allen, DeeDee; Oliver-Hoyo, Maria T. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 459.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The Chemical Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: The Case of Three Thomas R. Rybolt and Thomas G. Waddell
A chemical mystery emphasizing simple physical properties (density) and chemical characterization of metals, featuring Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson.
Rybolt, Thomas R.; Waddell, Thomas G. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 448.
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Forensic Chemistry |
Metals |
Physical Properties
|
Response to Lowe's Potential-Energy-Only Models Lowe, John P.
Discussion of the suitability of a potential-only model for the successive ionization energies of sulfur for an introductory chemistry course.
Lowe, John P. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 430.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry |
Theoretical Chemistry
|
Response to Lowe's Potential-Energy-Only Models (re J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 155-156) Frank Rioux and Roger L. DeKock
Discussion of the suitability of a potential-only model for the successive ionization energies of sulfur for an introductory chemistry course.
Rioux, Frank; DeKock, Roger L. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 429.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry |
Theoretical Chemistry
|
Chemical Laboratory Information Profile: Sodium Jay A. Young
Properties, hazards, and storage requirements for sodium.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 425.
Physical Properties |
Laboratory Management |
Metals
|
The Electrolytic Recovery of Copper from Brass. A Laboratory Simulation of an Industrial Application of Electrical Energy Domenico Osella, Mauro Ravera, Cristina Soave, and Sonia Scorza
Procedure demonstrating the electrolytic purification of copper.
Osella, Domenico; Ravera, Mauro; Soave, Cristina; Scorza, Sonia. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 343.
Electrochemistry |
Materials Science |
Metals
|
The Mendeleev-Seaborg Periodic Table: Through Z = 1138 and Beyond Paul J. Karol
Extending the periodic table to very large atomic numbers and its implications for the organization of the periodic table, consideration of relativistic effects, and the relative stability of massive and supermassive atomic nuclei.
Karol, Paul J. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 60.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Astrochemistry
|
Response to Potential-Energy-Only Models (re J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 155-156) Frank Rioux and Roger L. DeKock
Example of buffering power in deviations of the pH of sodium acetate from calculated values.
Rioux, Frank; DeKock, Roger L. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 29.
Acids / Bases |
Carboxylic Acids |
pH |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry |
Theoretical Chemistry
|
Putting UV-Sensitive Beads to the Test Terre Trupp
Explores the temperature behavior of UV-sensitive beads and investigates the effectiveness of sunscreens.
Trupp, Terre. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 648A.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Kinetics |
Applications of Chemistry |
Consumer Chemistry |
Photochemistry
|
Semimetallicity? Stephen J. Hawkes
Analysis of whether semimetals are semiconductors and distinctions between metals, semimetals, and nonmetals.
Hawkes, Stephen J. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1686.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Metals |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Nonmetals |
Physical Properties |
Solid State Chemistry |
Conductivity
|
LEDs Are Diodes George C. Lisensky, S. Michael Condren, Cynthia G. Widstrand, Jonathan Breitzer, and Arthur B. Ellis
Comparison of incandescent bulbs with LEDs powered by AC and DC voltages; shows that LEDs are diodes and illustrates the relative energies of different wavelengths of light.
Lisensky, George C.; Condren, S. Michael; Widstrand, Cynthia G.; Breitzer, Jonathan; Ellis, Arthur B. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1664A.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Materials Science |
Nanotechnology |
Solid State Chemistry |
Applications of Chemistry
|
A Discovery-Based Experiment Illustrating How Iron Metal Is Used to Remediate Contaminated Groundwater Barbara A. Balko and Paul G. Tratnyek
Procedure in which students investigate the chemistry of iron-permeable reactive barriers and their application to the remediation of contaminated groundwater.
Balko, Barbara A.; Tratnyek, Paul G. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1661.
Kinetics |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Metals |
Applications of Chemistry |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Humic Acids: Marvelous Products of Soil Chemistry Geoffrey Davies, Elham A. Ghabbour, and Cornelius Steelink
Classification, physical and chemical characteristics, formation, structure and sources of humic substances.
Davies, Geoffrey; Ghabbour, Elham A.; Steelink, Cornelius. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1609.
Agricultural Chemistry |
Metals |
Natural Products |
Plant Chemistry |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Applications of Chemistry
|
Visualizing the Photochemical Steady State with UV-Sensitive Beads (re J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 77, 648A-648B) Jerry A. Bell
Analysis of the temperature dependence of the color intensity of UV-sensitive beads.
Bell, Jerry A. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1594.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Kinetics |
Photochemistry |
Chemometrics
|
Boiling Points of the Family of Small Molecules CHwFxClyBrz: How Are They Related to Molecular Mass? Michael Laing
Investigating the role of molecular mass in determining boiling points of small molecules.
Laing, Michael. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1544.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Noncovalent Interactions |
Liquids |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Physical Properties
|
The Mole, the Periodic Table, and Quantum Numbers: An Introductory Trio Mali Yin and Raymond S. Ochs
Suggestions for presenting and developing three key ideas in chemistry: the mole, the periodic table, and quantum numbers.
Yin, Mali; Ochs, Raymond S. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1345.
Nonmajor Courses |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Stoichiometry |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The Joy of Color in Ceramic Glazes with the Help of Redox Chemistry Allen A. Denio
The chemistry of pottery, ceramic glazes, and the firing process.
Denio, Allen A. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1298.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Geochemistry |
Applications of Chemistry |
Dyes / Pigments |
Metals
|
Melting Point, Density, and Reactivity of Metals Michael Laing
Using melting points and densities to the predict the relative reactivities of metals.
Laing, Michael. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1054.
Descriptive Chemistry |
Metals |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Physical Properties |
Reactions |
Thermodynamics |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |
Electrochemistry
|
The Conductivity of Molten Materials Monica E. Thomas, Audrey A. Cleveland, Rubin Battino, David A. Dolson, and Michael R. Hall
Demonstrating the conductivity of molten ionic compounds; includes apparatus for demonstrating conductivity and suggested list of selected test materials and their melting points.
Thomas, Monica E.; Cleveland, Audrey A.; Battino, Rubin; Dolson, David A.; Hall, Michael R. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1052.
Conductivity |
Metals |
Ionic Bonding |
Physical Properties
|
A Dramatic Flame Test Demonstration Kristin A. Johnson and Rodney Schreiner
Spraying a methanol / salt solution into the flame of a Meker burner to produce a large, brightly colored flame.
Johnson, Kristin A.; Schreiner, Rodney. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 640.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Atomic Spectroscopy
|
Screening Percentages Based on Slater Effective Nuclear Charge as a Versatile Tool for Teaching Periodic Trends Kimberley A. Waldron, Erin M. Fehringer, Amy E. Streeb, Jennifer E. Trosky, and Joshua J. Pearson
Using charge shielding to identify and explain trends within the periodic table.
Waldron, Kimberley A.; Fehringer, Erin M.; Streeb, Amy E.; Trosky, Jennifer E.; Pearson, Joshua J. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 635.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Theoretical Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Observations on Lemon Cells Jerry Goodisman
The lemon cell, consisting of pieces of two different metals stuck into a lemon or other fruit, is pictured in many general chemistry textbooks without being discussed; manuscript describes simple experiments, suitable for the general chemistry laboratory, which elucidate how this kind of cell works.
Goodisman, Jerry. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 516.
Electrochemistry |
Metals |
Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials
|
Electronegativity and Bond Type: Predicting Bond Type Gordon Sproul
Important limitations with using electronegativity differences to determine bond type and recommendations for using electronegativities in general chemistry.
Sproul, Gordon. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 387.
Covalent Bonding |
Materials Science |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Ionic Bonding |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Metallic Bonding
|
Application of Light Emitting Diodes to Chemical Analysis: Determination of Copper in Water Juan D. Mozo, Manuel Galán, and Emilio Roldán
In this paper a photometer based on a light emitting diode is described. The light source is a 5-mm LED, which can be replaced in order to select the emission wavelength. A fiber optic is used to conduct light from the LED to the sample, and an inexpensive solid-state light-to-voltage optical sensor is used as a detector. Using a yellow LED (peak emission = 595 nm), copper(II) in the mg/L range can be accurately analyzed.
Mozo, Juan D.; Galán, Manuel; Roldán, Emilio. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 355.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Metals |
Quantitative Analysis |
Undergraduate Research
|
Chemiluminescence of Tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II): A Glowing Experience Ed Bolton and Mark M. Richter
When Mg powder or turnings are added to a CH3CN-H2O (50:50 v/v) solution mixture containing 1 mM Ru(bpy)32+ and 40 mM S2O82- (CH3CN = acetonitrile, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, S2O82 = peroxydisulfate) at pH 1.2, a bright orange emission results that is easily visible in a darkened room.
Bolton, Ed; Richter, Mark M. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 47.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Photochemistry
|
No, the Molecular Mass of Bromobenzene Is Not 157 amu: An Exercise in Mass Spectrometry and Isotopes for Early General Chemistry Steven M. Schildcrout
Even with no background in bonding and structure, students can successfully interpret the output of a modern research instrument. They learn to identify an isotope pattern, assign chemical formulas to ions giving mass spectral peaks, calculate an average atomic weight (for bromine) from measured isotopic abundances, and write balanced equations for ion fragmentation reactions.
Schildcrout, Steven M. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1433.
Isotopes |
Mass Spectrometry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
A Chemical-Medical Mystery: Gold Jewelry and Black Marks on Skin Barbara B. Kebbekus
Gold jewelry at times makes a black mark or smudge on skin. This may be caused by abrasive powders on the skin (e.g. zinc oxide) but the phenomenon may also be caused by other skin conditions, possibly the presence of chloride ion, acidity, or sulfur-containing amino acids.
Kebbekus, Barbara B. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1298.
Bioorganic Chemistry |
Geochemistry |
Hormones |
Metals |
Solids |
Applications of Chemistry
|
Ernest Rutherford, Avogadro's Number, and Chemical Kinetics Revisited (about J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 998-1003) James E. Sturm
Estimation of temperatures in heaven and hell based on biblical information.
Sturm, James E. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1278.
Nonmajor Courses |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |
Thermodynamics |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Kinetics |
Nuclear / Radiochemistry
|
Ionization Energies, Parallel Spins, and the Stability of Half-Filled Shells Peter Cann
Three methods for explaining the decrease in first ionization energies between group V and group VI elements are described and commented upon. The quantum mechanical origin of the unhelpful concept of half-shell stability is explained in terms of exchange energy, for which the alternative term parallel spin avoidance factor is suggested. It is recommended that for pre-university students the simplest explanation, in terms of Coulombic repulsion between two electrons occupying the same orbital, is adopted: it involves fewer difficult concepts than the other explanations and its predictions are no less accurate.
Cann, Peter. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1056.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Quantum Chemistry |
Theoretical Chemistry
|
A Drop in the Ocean Damon Diemente
Teachers of high-school chemistry customarily use calculations done as in-class exercises or as demonstrations to impress their students with the enormity of Avogadro's number and the concomitant miniscularity of atoms and molecules. This article presents and works out one such calculation.
Diemente, Damon. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1010.
Stoichiometry |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
News from Online: Learning Communities Carolyn Sweeney Judd
Summary of a variety of online, chemistry resources.
Judd, Carolyn Sweeney. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 808.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols
|
Metallurgy in the Laboratory: Preparation of Pure Antimony Brooke L. O'Klatner and Daniel Rabinovich
The preparation of pure antimony is readily accomplished on a laboratory scale by the high-temperature reduction of antimony trioxide with potassium cyanide. The product is obtained in almost quantitative yield (up to 98%) using a procedure that is simple, inexpensive, and quick.
O'Klatner, Brooke L.; Rabinovich, Daniel. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 251.
Metals |
Metallurgy
|
Determination of the Fundamental Electronic Charge via the Electrolysis of Water Brittany Hoffman, Elizabeth Mitchell, Petra Roulhac, Marc Thomes, and Vincent M. Stumpo
In an illuminating experiment suitable for secondary school students, a Hoffman electrolysis apparatus is employed to determine the fundamental electronic charge. The volume and pressure of hydrogen gas produced via the electrolysis of water during a given time interval are measured.
Hoffman, Brittany; Mitchell, Elizabeth; Roulhac, Petra; Thomes, Marc; Stumpo, Vincent M. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 95.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Electrochemistry |
Gases |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
Photochemistry and Pinhole Photography: An Interdisciplinary Experiment Angeliki A. Rigos and Kevin Salemme
This interdisciplinary activity combines chemistry and art through the construction and use of a pinhole camera. We focused on the chemistry of the black and white photographic process as the science component of this activity. The reactions involved are good examples of photochemistry and multiphase chemical reactions, since the light sensitive materials (silver halides) are in the form of a gelatin emulsion of microscopic crystals.
Rigos, Angeliki A.; Salemme, Kevin. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 736A.
Metals |
Photochemistry |
Oxidation State |
Nonmajor Courses |
Applications of Chemistry
|
Analysis of Soft Drinks Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Mentorship Arkim Wilson, Craig Myers, George Crull, Michael Curtis, and Pamela Pasciak Patterson
This mentorship was designed to expose a student to the laboratory routine for a chemist at Bristol Myers Squibb Company (BMS). The student visited BMS, collaborated with BMS scientists, and actually completed a project on site. He was asked to determine the identity of an unknown sample of soft drink retrieved from a fictitious crime scene using NMR spectroscopy.
Wilson, Arkim; Myers, Craig; Crull, George; Curtis, Michael; Pasciak, Pamela M. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1414.
Instrumental Methods |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Qualitative Analysis |
Separation Science |
Student / Career Counseling
|
A Framework for Presenting the Modern Atom James J. Leary and Tadd C. Kippeny
A flow chart is presented that summarizes major empirical and theoretical accomplishments that contributed to the modern view of the atom. A chronology is included to show the time dependence of the various contributions. Suggestions are made about how this chart can be used in a variety of contexts as a framework for discussing science as a process.
Leary, James J.; Kippeny, Tadd C. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1217.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
A Further Demonstration of Sulfite-Induced Redox Cycling of Metal Ions Initiated by Shaking Horacio D. Moya, Eduardo Almeida Neves, and Nina Coichev
Details of a fascinating laboratory demonstration of the sulfite-induced redox cycling of Ni(II)/Ni(III), which is initiated by shaking the solution in the presence of air, are reported. The balance between the sulfite and oxygen concentration controls the direction of the overall reaction.
Moya, Horacio D.; Neves, Eduardo Almeida; Coichev, Nina. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 930.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Metals |
Catalysis
|
Flame Tests Using Improvised Alcohol Burners Veljko Dragojlovic
In this demonstration, an improvised alcohol burner, with a methanol solution of a salt as fuel, produces a long-lasting brightly colored flame.
Dragojlovic, Veljko. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 929.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Descriptive Chemistry |
Qualitative Analysis
|
Chromium Pollution: An Experiment Adapted for Freshman Engineering Students Penny Seymour
Students analyze water samples contaminated with Cr(VI) to determine which of several industries appears to be the source of the contamination. The adaptation involves requiring the students to develop the analytic procedure themselves, rather than working from a prepared set of instructions, and then to report the results as a letter plus appendices, including general recommendations for remedial action, directed to the client who contracted the investigation.
Seymour, Penny. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 927.
Metals |
Applications of Chemistry
|
Soda Bottle Orbital Models Adcock, Louis H.
Better method for connecting bottles.
Adcock, Louis H. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 899.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The Genius of Slater's Rules James L. Reed
With only a few modifications a procedure has been developed that yields the one-electron energies for atoms and ions with a level of detail very well suited for instruction in the structure and properties of atoms. It provides for the computation of very reasonable values for such properties as ionization energies, electron affinities, promotion energies, electronic transitions, and even XPS and ESCA spectra.
Reed, James L. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 802.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry |
Theoretical Chemistry |
Spectroscopy
|
The Ubiquitous Metaphors of Chemistry Teaching Herbert Beall
The understanding and the confusion resulting from any scientific metaphor thus have to be considered when it is used. For example, a common chemical metaphor for the electron distribution about an atom is a cloud. Some of the entailments of this metaphor are apt, such as the diffuse nature of a cloud. Others, such as the ability of a cloud to evaporate, are not appropriate.
Beall, Herbert. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 366.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Chemistry of the Heaviest Elements-One Atom at a Time Darleane C. Hoffman and Diana M. Lee
A 75-year perspective of the chemistry of the heaviest elements, including a 50-year retrospective view of past developments, a summary of current research achievements and applications, and some predictions about exciting, new developments that might be envisioned within the next 25 years.
Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 331.
Chromatography |
Instrumental Methods |
Isotopes |
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Separation Science |
Descriptive Chemistry |
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Why Gold and Copper Are Colored but Silver Is Not Ariel H. Guerrero, Héctor J. Fasoli, and José Luis Costa
Interpretation of the yellow color of gold based on an adequate external electronic configuration (s1d10/s2d9) and s and d sublevels close enough to allow transition between them to proceed significantly.
Guerrero, Ariel H.; Fasoli, Hctor J.; Costa, Jos Luis. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 200.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Metals |
Descriptive Chemistry
|
The Gravity of the Situation Damon Diemente
This article presents a few calculations demonstrating that gravitational attraction between atoms is many orders of magnitude weaker than the gravitational attraction between Earth and an atom, and that the gravitational attraction between two ions is many orders of magnitude weaker than the electromagnetic attraction between them.
Diemente, Damon. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 55.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding |
Noncovalent Interactions
|
Modeling Nuclear Decay: A Point of Integration between Chemistry and Mathematics Kent J. Crippen and Robert D. Curtright
A four-part activity utilizing a graphing calculator to investigate nuclear stability is described. Knowledge acquired through the activity provides background for answering the societal question of using nuclear materials for energy production.
Crippen, Kent J.; Curtright, Robert D. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 1434.
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Chemometrics
|
Letters
Suggestions for additional chemistry experiments involving pennies.
J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 1362.
Metals
|
Orbital Models Made of Plastic Soda Bottles Vyacheslav V. Samoshin
The models for demonstration of shape and direction of atomic and molecular orbitals, their overlaps, interactions, and hybridizations may be easily constructed from plastic soda bottles. When the bottles are screwed into the lids, the models of sp3, sp2, or sp hybridized atoms are obtained.
Samoshin, Vyacheslav V. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 985.
Molecular Mechanics / Dynamics |
Molecular Modeling |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Percent Composition and Empirical Formula - A New View George L. Gilbert
A new method of obtaining the empirical formula for a compound from its percent composition is proposed. The method involves the determination of a minimum molar mass for the compound based on the percentage of each element, obtaining the lowest common molar mass and using this data to calculate the integer values used in writing the empirical formula.
Gilbert, George L. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 851.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Stoichiometry |
Chemometrics
|
Demonstrating Electron Transfer and Nanotechnology: A Natural Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline Energy Converter Greg P. Smestad and Michael Gratzel
A unique solar cell fabrication procedure has been developed using natural anthocyanin dyes extracted from berries. It can be reproduced with a minimum amount of resources in order to provide an interdisciplinary approach for lower-division undergraduate students learning the basic principles of biological extraction, physical chemistry, and spectroscopy as well as environmental science and electron transfer.
Smestad, Greg P.; Grtzel, Michael. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 752.
Photochemistry |
Plant Chemistry |
Electrochemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Dyes / Pigments |
Nanotechnology |
Separation Science |
Spectroscopy
|
Using Balls of Different Sports To Model the Variation of Atomic Sizes Gabriel Pinto
In this article, an analogy is described about the order of magnitude of the variation of atomic sizes that can be used for discussion in introductory chemistry classes. The order of magnitude of this variation, involving microscopic magnitudes, is difficult for students to imagine.
Pinto, Gabriel. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 725.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Experimental 4s and 3d Energies in Atomic Ground States James L. Bills
A new definition is given for the effective charge Zf. HF orbital energies e4s and e3d are used in concert with I4s and I3d to answer four questions: Why does the 4s sublevel fill before 3d? Why is ionization easier for 4s than 3d? When 4s23dn has e3d < e4s, why doesn't 4s23dn -> 4s13dn+1? Why are Cr and Cu each 4s13dn+1 instead of 4s23dn?
Bills, James L. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 589.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Deducing the Shell Model from Ionization Energies and the Use of Models in Introductory Chemistry Ronald J. Gillespie, Richard S. Moog, and James N. Spencer
A major objection of Rioux and DeKock is the statement in the authors' earlier paper that electron repulsion is responsible for the relative ionization energies of H and He. The commentators work clearly shows that a quantum mechanical treatment of this problem reveals that kinetic energy considerations play a crucial role in these values. However, although their criticism is appropriate in the context of this more sophisticated QM treatment, it does not in any way invalidate the authors original paper, the goal of which was to provide a model, namely the shell model, for the electronic structure of atoms that is consistent with experimental ionization energies.
Gillespie, Ronald J.; Moog, Richard S.; Spencer, James N. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 539.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry |
Theoretical Chemistry
|
The Crucial Role of Kinetic Energy in Interpreting Ionization Energies Frank Rioux and Roger L. DeKock
The experimental ratio of the ionization energies of H and He is 1.81. The authors show that it is not correct to interpret this ratio using a classical Coulombic potential energy model. Rather a quantum mechanical model is required in which both kinetic and potential energy play a role.
Rioux, Frank; DeKock, Roger L. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 537.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry |
Theoretical Chemistry
|
News from Online: Photons and Lasers Carolyn Sweeney Judd
Online resources related to light and lasers.
Judd, Carolyn Sweeney. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 526.
Lasers |
Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
An Improved Method for Students' Flame Tests in Qualitative Analysis William D. Bare, Tom Bradley, and Elizabeth Pulliam
A new method for flame tests to be performed by students is presented. The method involves the use of a hot wire to vaporize the sample,which is subsequently drawn into the flame via the burner air vent.
William D. Bare, Tom Bradley, and Elizabeth Pulliam. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 459.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Atomic Spectroscopy
|
Designing a Self-Contained Qualitative Analysis Test for Transition Metal Ions Y. S. Serena Tan, B. H. Iain Tan, Hian Kee Lee, Yaw Kai Yan, and T. S. Andy Hor
A challenging self-contained qualitative analysis test for transition metal compounds comprising nine unknowns whereby the unknown solutions can be systematically identified, without relying on external reagents, by inter-mixing the unknown samples. The names of the samples are made known, but their correspondence with the samples is concealed. A representative range of transition metal compounds was selected, together with two complementary main-group compounds. This "9-bottle" test encourages logical deduction and analytical thinking.
Y. S. Serena Tan, B. H. Iain Tan, Hian Kee Lee, Yaw Kai Yan, and T. S. Andy Hor. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 456.
Qualitative Analysis |
Transition Elements |
Metals
|
The ThermobileTM: A Nitinol-Based Scientific Toy George B. Kauffman and Isaac Mayo
The "memory metal" Thermobile toy is highlighted.
Kauffman, George B.; Mayo, Isaac. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 313.
Materials Science |
Metals |
Applications of Chemistry
|
Demonstrations on Paramagnetism with an Electronic Balance Adolf Cortel
The demonstration shows the paramagnetism of common inorganic compounds by measuring the force with which they are attracted by a magnet over the plate of an electronic balance.
Cortel, Adolf. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 61.
Magnetic Properties |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding
|
Flame Tests That Are Portable, Storable, and Easy To Use George M. McKelvy
How to build a portable, storable, and easy to use flame test apparatus.
McKelvy, George M. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 55.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Spectroscopy
|
Complexometric Titrations: Competition of Complexing Agents in the Determination of Water Hardness with EDTA M. Cecilia Yappert and Donald B. DuPre
The competition of complexing agents for the same metal ion and the formation of colored metal-ion complexes is demonstrated with the use of an overhead projector. This demonstration can be used to emphasize both the relevance of the relative values of formation constants in the complexation of metal cations and the applicability of complexometric titrations in quantitative chemical analysis.
Yappert, M. Cecilia; DuPre, Donald B. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1422.
Equilibrium |
Coordination Compounds |
Qualitative Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Metals
|
What Is a "Heavy Metal"? Stephen J. Hawkes
Heavy metals are the transition and post-transition metals.
Hawkes, Stephen J. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1374.
Metals |
Transition Elements
|
The Disappearing Liquid H. D. Gesser and Ian Ward
Mixing ethanol and water in a volumetric flask results in a noticeable reduction in the volume of the mixture.
Gesser, H. D.; Ward, Ian. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1357.
Liquids |
Solutions / Solvents |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Solid State Structures (Abstract of Volume 5D, Number 2) Ludwig A. Mayer
Solid State Structures is a collection of image files that allows the user to display, rotate, and examine individually a large collection of 3-D structure models.
Mayer, Ludwig A. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1144.
Solid State Chemistry |
Metals |
Solids |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Molecular Modeling
|
A Window on the Solid State: Part I: Structures of Metals; Part II: Unit Cells of Metals; Part III: Structures of Ionic Solids; Part IV: Unit Cells of Ionic Solids (Abstract of Volume 5D, Number 2) William R. Robinson and Joan F. Tejchma
A Window on the Solid State helps students understand and instructors present the structural features of solids. The package provides a tour of the structures commonly used to introduce features of the solid state.
Robinson, William R.; Tejchma, Joan F. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1143.
Solid State Chemistry |
Metals |
Solids |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Molecular Modeling
|
Constructing Chemical Concepts through a Study of Metals and Metal Ions: Guided Inquiry Experiments for General Chemistry Ram S. Lamba, Shiva Sharma, and Baird W. Lloyd
A set of inquiry-based experiments designed to help students develop an understanding of basic chemical concepts within the framework of studying the properties and reactivity of metals and metal ions.
Lamba, Ram S.; Sharma, Shiva; Lloyd, Baird W. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1095.
Electrochemistry |
Metals |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Stoichiometry
|
Getting Close with the Instructional Scanning Tunneling Microscope Carl Steven Rapp
This state-of-the-art instrumentation is making it possible for students to actually view atoms in their own classroom. What is truly amazing, however, is that the ISTM can be set up and atomic resolution images obtained in about an hour.
Rapp, Carl Steven. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1087.
Instrumental Methods |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Nanotechnology |
Surface Science |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing
|
Iron as Nutrient and Poison N. M. Senozan and M. P. Christiano
Iron containing compounds of the body and the ingestion and elimination of iron, the function and transport of this metal among different sites and substances of the body, and biochemical defects and nutritional habits that lead to excessive accumulation of iron and some unexpected consequences of this accumulation are described.
Senozan, N. M.; Christiano, M. P. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1060.
Bioinorganic Chemistry |
Bioorganic Chemistry |
Food Science |
Metals |
Vitamins |
Toxicology |
Nutrition |
Applications of Chemistry |
Descriptive Chemistry
|
A Refrigerator Magnet Analog of Scanning-Probe Microscopy Julie K. Lorenz, Joel A. Olson, Dean J. Campbell, George C. Lisensky, and Arthur B. Ellis
The magnetic interactions between a flexible-sheet refrigerator magnet and a probe tip cut from the same magnet is used as a macroscopic analog of scanning probe microscopies.
Lorenz, Julie K.; Olson, Joel A.; Campbell, Dean J.; Lisensky, George C.; Ellis, Arthur B. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1032A.
Surface Science |
Materials Science |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Nanotechnology |
Magnetic Properties
|
Observation of Magnetic Repulsion Acting on Nitrogen Bubble on Water Surface - A Simple Experiment of Studying Diamagnetic Property of Nitrogen Yukinori Matsuyama, Takashi Yasuoka, Syunmei Mitsuzawa, Tunetaka Sasaki
Observation of the paramagnetic property by a simple experiment showing the attraction of an oxygen bubble on the water surface to a magnet has been reported. In this article, we report the opposite behavior magnetic repulsion observed for a nitrogen bubble by the same method. [Third author's first name misspelled in hard copy and PDF.]
Matsuyama, Yukinori; Yasuoka, Takashi; Mitsuzawa, Syunmei; Sasaki, Tunetaka. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 943.
Learning Theories |
Magnetic Properties |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The Sodium Rainbow Miroslav Proksa
A new approach to the reaction of sodium with water to produce a "rainbow" of colors.
Proksa, Miroslav. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 942.
Acids / Bases |
Metals |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
Atomic and Molecular Structure in Chemical Education: A Critical Analysis from Various Perspectives of Science Education Georgios Tsaparlis
The perspectives employed in this paper are (i) the Piagetian developmental perspective, (ii) the Ausbelian theory of meaningful learning, (iii) the information processing theory, and (iv) the alternative conceptions movement. The implications for teaching and curriculums are discussed.
Tsaparlis, Georgios. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 922.
Learning Theories |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Constructivism
|
VSEPR Theory Demo Janice Parker
This article describes a procedure to demonstrate electron pair repulsion (or molecular arrangement) using cow magnets and simple laboratory equipment.
Parker, Janice. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 776.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
VSEPR Theory
|
Teaching Chemistry with Electron Density Models Gwendolyn P. Shusterman and Alan J. Shusterman
This article describes a powerful new method for teaching students about electronic structure and its relevance to chemical phenomena. This method, developed and used for several years in general chemistry and organic chemistry courses, relies on computer-generated three-dimensional models of electron density distributions.
Shusterman, Gwendolyn P.; Shusterman, Alan J. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 771.
Learning Theories |
Computational Chemistry |
Molecular Modeling |
Quantum Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding |
Ionic Bonding |
Noncovalent Interactions
|
Dymystification at What Cost? (re J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 617 and 627) R. J. Gillespie, J. N. Spencer, R. S. Moog
Rationale for using Allen's scale of electronegativities.
Gillespie, R. J.; Spencer, J. N.; Moog, R. S. . J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 480.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Dymystification at What Cost? (re J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 617 and 627) Eric Scerri
Errors and questionable rationale for using Allen's scale of electronegativities.
Scerri, Eric. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 480.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The Traveling Electron Richard Pendarvis
An analogy is drawn between the location of students on vacation and the probability of finding an electron at some point in space. Students participate in developing the analogy by indicating how far from campus they were during a given vacation period.
Pendarvis, Richard. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 396.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Electron Affinities of the Alkaline Earth Metals and the Sign Convention for Electron Affinity John C. Wheeler
It has been known since 1987, both theoretically and experimentally, that the ion Ca- is stable. It is now certain that Sr-, Ba-, and Ra- are also stable, and accurate values for the electron affinities of Ca-, Sr-, and Ba- have been determined. Recommended values for these electron affinities, in the units commonly employed in introductory texts and with the sign convention used here, are 2.37, 5.03, and 13.95 kJ/mol for Ca, Sr, and Ba, respectively.
Wheeler, John C. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 123.
Metals |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Concept Maps in Chemistry Education Alberto Regis, Pier Giorgio Albertazzi, Ezio Roletto
This article presents and illustrates a proposed application of concept maps in chemistry teaching in high schools. Three examples of the use of concept maps in chemistry teaching are reported and discussed with reference to: atomic structure, oxidation-reduction and thermodynamics.
Regis, Alberto; Albertazzi, Pier Giorgio; Roletto, Ezio. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 1084.
Learning Theories |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Thermodynamics
|
An n-Bottle Lab Exercise With No Hazardous Waste Claire R. Olander
Traditional n-bottle exercises include precipitation reactions of environmentally hazardous substances, thereby creating a waste disposal problem. The lab exercise described here uses substances whose waste can be easily treated and disposed in the trash.
J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 849.
Laboratory Management |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Metals |
Qualitative Analysis
|
On-Line Surfactant Monitoring by Foam Generation Patrick D. Soran, Everett E. Neal, Barbara Smith, and Ken I. Mullen
The device continuously monitors the concentration of surfactants on-line, in real time, and is particularly suited for process monitoring or process control.
Soran, Patrick D.; Neal, Everett E.; Smith, Barbara; Mullen, Ken I. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 819.
Metals |
Surface Science |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
An Easily Constructed and Versatile Molecular Model Sandra A. Hernandez, Nora M. Rodriguez, and Oscar Quinzani
This article discusses inexpensive, easily carried, and semipermanent molecular models that the students may build by themselves.
Hernandez, Sandra A.; Rodriguez, Nora M.; Quinzani, Oscar V. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 748.
Molecular Modeling |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
Electronic Configuration Pattern Found in Pascal's Triangle Robert L. Duncan
A simple method for revealing the electronic configuration pattern within Pascal's Triangle is discussed. The origin of this unique pattern may be part of a combinatoric and is suggested a link may be made to quantum mechanics. Based on this triangular array an alternate representation of the Periodic Table is presented.
Duncan, Robert L. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 742.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Quantum Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
On the Masses of the Fundamental Particles in the Bound State R. Subramanium, N. K. Goh, and L. S. Chia
A simple computational approach is presented to show that the masses of the fundamental particles are not only lower in the elements but are also different for the various elements. Only basic concepts relating to an atom such as mass number, atomic number, relative isotopic mass, and Avogadro's Number are required.
R. Subramanium, N. K. Goh, and L. S. Chia. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 663.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
An Approach to Reaction Thermodynamics through Enthalpies, Entropies, and Free Energies of Atomization James N. Spencer, Richard S. Moog, and Ronald J. Gillespie
An alternative to the conventional method of calculating enthalpies of reaction is presented, using enthalpies of atomization in place of enthalpies of formation. This allows the student to see directly that the reaction enthalpies are determined by the difference in bond strengths in the reactants and products.
James N. Spencer, Richard S. Moog, and Ronald J. Gillespie. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 631.
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |
Thermodynamics |
Equilibrium |
Reactions |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Stoichiometry
|
Ionization Energies, Electronegativity, Polar Bonds, and Partial Charges James N. Spencer, Richard S. Moog, and Ronald J. Gillespie
Ionization energies obtained experimentally from photoelectron spectroscopy provide a convenient and simple method for obtaining electronegativity values that correlate well with the standard methods of Pauling, Allred, and Rochow.
James N. Spencer, Richard S. Moog, and Ronald J. Gillespie. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 627.
Covalent Bonding |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Spectroscopy
|
Bonding and Molecular Geometry without Orbitals- The Electron Domain Model Ronald J. Gillespie, James N. Spencer, and Richard S. Moog
An alternative to the conventional valence bond approach to bonding and geometry-the electron domain model-is presented. This approach avoids some of the problems with the standard approach and presents fewer difficulties for the student, while still providing a physical basis for the VSEPR model and a link to the valence bond model.
Ronald J. Gillespie, James N. Spencer, and Richard S. Moog. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 622.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
VSEPR Theory
|
Electron Configurations from Experiment Ronald J. Gillespie, James N. Spencer, and Richard S. Moog
Alternative methods of introducing students to atomic energy levels and electron configurations are presented based on experimental evidence rather than quantum mechanics.
Ronald J. Gillespie, James N. Spencer, and Richard S. Moog. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 617.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Spectroscopy
|
Tape and Tetrahedra John W. Hill
I have found a simple solution to the problem of visualizing the tetrahedron. I use masking tape or labeling tape to connect the hydrogen atoms to one another. The tape represents the edges of the tetrahedron; the four hydrogen atoms are the corners.
Hill, John W. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 531.
Molecular Modeling |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
All Positive Ions Give Acid Solutions in Water Stephen J. Hawkes
The acidity of aqueous solutions of positive ions is never zero although many texts say incorrectly that most metals of Groups I and II and some others are not acidic.
Hawkes, Stephen J. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 516.
Acids / Bases |
Metals |
Solutions / Solvents |
pH
|
Glowing Veggies Pirketta Scharlin, Audrey A. Cleveland, Rubin Battino, Monica E. Thomas, and Arnold George
In this paper we extend our work to other vegetables and the spectra generated by other elements than the sodium in pickle brines. We also did a study on the effect of concentration and voltage on glow intensity.
Scharlin, Pirketta; Cleveland, Audrey A.; Battino, Rubin; Thomas, Monica E. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 457.
Conductivity |
Food Science |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Salts are Mostly Not Ionized Stephen J. Hawkes
The popular assumption that all salts are totally ionized in aqueous solution is false. Moreover, it is approximated only by alkali metal salts and by salts of alkaline earth metals with high atomic numbers.
Hawkes, Stephen J. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 421.
Ionic Bonding |
Metals |
Solutions / Solvents
|
A Millikan Oil Drop Analogy Doris A. Eckey
As an aid to understanding, an analogy is drawn between the manner in which the charge on a single electron is deduced from the total charge on an oil drop, and a rather peculiar pricing system in a surreal candy store.
Eckey, Doris. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 237.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
A 3-D Diagram of the Relationships among Atomic Orbitals Donald M. Graham
A stereo diagram is presented of the relationships among the three quantum numbers required to identify atomic orbitals. This provides students with an immediate visual image of the constraints on the values of the quantum numbers.
Graham, Donald M. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 210.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Microscale Preparation of Nickel Formate Dihydrate: A Simple Experiment for the Freshman Lab Arnaiz, Francisco J.
Microscale preparation of nickel formate dihydrate.
Arnaiz, Francisco J. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, A200.
Metals |
Gravimetric Analysis |
Synthesis
|
Fe(s) + Cu(II)(aq) ----> Fe(II)(aq) + Cu(s): Fifteen Centuries of Search Vladimir Karpenko
Historical development of understanding of the title reaction, particularly erroneous alchemical beliefs.
Karpenko, Vladimir. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 1095.
Metals |
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Reactions |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
A Mnemonic Method for Assigning the Electronic Configurations of Atoms Nerea Iza and Manuel Gil
An algorithm for determining electronic configurations.
Iza, Nerea; Gil, Manuel. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 1025.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
Moseley's Work on X-Rays and Atomic Number C. W. Haigh
Explanation of the relationship between Moseley's work in determining atomic numbers, the spectrum of the hydrogen atom, the Bohr theory, and Slater's rules for screening constants.
Haigh, C. W. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 1012.
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry
|
What Does It Mean?: Reflections on Concentration, Activity, and Electrode Potential Pietro Lanza
Explanation of electrode potential and the mechanism of the electrode process for determining concentration.
Lanza, Pietro. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 1009.
Solutions / Solvents |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Ion Selective Electrodes |
Electrochemistry
|
An Alternative Methodology for General Chemistry Laboratories: Chemical Equivalent of a Metal Carlos M. Bonatti, José L. Zurita, and Horácio N. Sólimo
Procedure in which students are asked to identify an unknown metal that can react with mineral acids to evolve hydrogen where the students are required to obtain bibliographic information and decide on some aspects of the experimental work.
Bonatti, Carlos M.; Zurita, Jose L.; Sclimo, Horacio N. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 834.
Metals |
Qualitative Analysis
|
Syringe Ammonia Fountain Jin Li and Ai-Zhi Peng
Energizing various metallic chlorides in watch glasses with methanol to introduce atomic emission spectroscopy.
Li, Jin; Peng, Ai-Zhi; Burgett, P. Clayton. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 828.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Singlet Oxygen at the Laundromat David Keeports
Method for demonstrating the production of singlet molecular oxygen.
Keeports, David . J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 822.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
A Window on the Solid State William R. Robinson and Christopher P. Saari
Student tutorial and lecture demonstration software illustrating the structures and unit cells of metals.
Robinson, W. R. . J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 814.
Metals |
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solid State Chemistry
|
pKw Is Almost Never 14.0: Contribution from the Task Force on the General Chemistry Curriculum Stephen J. Hawkes
Corrections to the errors made in the ionic equilibrium chapters of introductory chemistry textbooks.
Hawkes, Stephen J. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 799.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Making Sparklers: An Introductory Laboratory Experiment Allen Keeney, Christina Walters, and Richard D. Cornelius
Method for producing sparklers to illustrate redox reactions.
Keeney, Allen; Walters, Christina; Cornelius, Richard D. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 652.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Reactions |
Metals
|
Determining Iron Content in Foods by Spectrophotometry Paul E. Adams
Activity to introduce high school students to the concept and techniques of colorimetry by determining the iron content in various foods; sample data and analysis included.
Adams, Paul E. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 649.
Spectroscopy |
Metals |
Food Science |
Consumer Chemistry |
Quantitative Analysis
|
A Laboratory Experiment Illustrating the Properties and Bioavailability of Iron Kimbrough, Doris R.; Martinez, Noelia; Stolfus, Stephanie
A qualitative laboratory experiment to illustrate the properties and behavior of iron and its complexes to the absorption and bioavailability of iron in human systems.
Kimbrough, Doris R.; Martinez, Noelia; Stolfus, Stephanie J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 558.
Metals |
Qualitative Analysis
|
Resistance Measurement as a Tool for Corrosion Studies Singh, N. P.; Gupta, S. C.; Sood, B. R.
Procedure for determining the rate of corrosion by measuring changes in the resistance of a thin wire or strip of metal; sample data and analysis included.
Singh, N. P.; Gupta, S. C.; Sood, B. R. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 465.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Metals |
Rate Law |
Reactions |
Electrochemistry
|
Three-Dimensional Graphical Visualization of One-Electron Atomic Orbitals Ramachandran, B.; Kong, P. C.
173. Bits and pieces, 53. Software to produce contour plots of atomic orbitals.
Ramachandran, B.; Kong, P. C. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 406.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Where the Electrons Are Barth, Roger
173. Bits and pieces, 53. Software for realistic modeling of electronic orbitals using contour plots of probability densities.
Barth, Roger J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 401.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
An Easily Constructed Salicylate-Ion-Selective Electrode for Use in the Instructional Laboratory Creager, Stephen E.; Lawrence, Kyle D.; Tibbets, Craig R.
Construction and use of a salicylate-ion-selective electrode; includes a calibration curve.
Creager, Stephen E.; Lawrence, Kyle D.; Tibbets, Craig R. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 274.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Electrochemistry |
Ion Selective Electrodes
|
Use of Electrochemical Concentration Cells to Demonstrate the Dimeric Nature of Mercury(I) in Aqueous Media Bhattacharya, Deepta; Peters, Dennis G.
Experimental procedure for demonstrating that divalent mercury is monovalent in aqueous solution; includes data and analysis.
Bhattacharya, Deepta; Peters, Dennis G. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 64.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Electrochemistry |
Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Studying Activity Series of Metals: Using Deep-Learning Strategies Hoon, Tien-Ghun; Goh, Ngoh-Khang; Chia, Lian-Sai
Uses a unit of the activity series of metals to demonstrate the teaching of the interrelationships between chemical concepts by linking new information to previously known material.
Hoon, Tien-Ghun; Goh, Ngoh-Khang; Chia, Lian-Sai J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 51.
Metals |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Transition Elements
|
Determination of Ionic Mobilities by Thin-Layer Electrodeposition Kuhn, Alexander; Argoul, Francoise
The authors describe a new method for the determination of ionic mobilities. An advantage of the measurement described is that it allows its demonstration within the framework of the student's practical training in ionic conductivity.
Kuhn, Alexander; Argoul, Francoise J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, A273.
Electrochemistry |
Ion Selective Electrodes |
Metals
|
The Hydride Ion and Its Loosely Bound Outer Electron Li, Wai-Kee
The author is giving credit for a conclusion on the electron configuration of the hydrogen atom that was incorrectly referenced to him.
Li, Wai-Kee J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 1098.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The Periodic Table of Atoms: Arranging the Elements by a Different Set of Rules Treptow, Richard S.
The periodic table found in this paper is based on the properties of free gaseous atoms rather than atoms in a chemical environment.
Treptow, Richard S. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 1007.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
A Student's Travels, Close Dancing, Bathtubs, and the Shopping Mall: More Analogies in Teaching Introductory Chemistry Rayner-Canham, Geoff
Four analogies are described for use in introductory chemistry classes.
Rayner-Canham, Geoff J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 943.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Equilibrium
|
Nuclear Shapes: From the Mundane to the Exotic Yates, Steven W.
The shape and stability of atomic nuclei.
Yates, Steven W. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 837.
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Some Analogies for Teaching Atomic Structure at the High School Level Goh, Ngoh Khang; Chia, Lian Sai; Tan, Daniel
Analogies for orbitals, Hund's rule, and the four quantum numbers.
Goh, Ngoh Khang; Chia, Lian Sai; Tan, Daniel J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 733.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry
|
Rare Earth Iron Garnets: Their Synthesis and Magnetic Properties Geselbracht, Margaret J.; Cappellari, Ann M.; Ellis, Arthur B.; Rzeznik, Maria A.; Johnson, Brian J.
A general synthesis for compositions in the solid solution series YxGd3-xFe5O12 (x = 0, 1, 2, 3) and a simple demonstration that illustrates the differing magnetic properties of these materials.
Geselbracht, Margaret J.; Cappellari, Ann M.; Ellis, Arthur B.; Rzeznik, Maria A.; Johnson, Brian J. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 696.
Metals |
Transition Elements |
Magnetic Properties |
Synthesis |
Solid State Chemistry
|
Vanadium Ions as Visible Electron Carriers in a Redox System Bare, William D.; Resto, Wilfredo
Demonstration using a column to display the four, differently colored, oxidation states of vanadium simultaneously.
Bare, William D.; Resto, Wilfredo J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 692.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Transition Elements |
Metals |
Oxidation State
|
Simulations and Interactive Resources Martin, John S.
12 Simulations and Interactive Resources (SIRs) including Periodic Table Displays, Electron Orbits and Orbitals, Electron Configurations, Barometers and Manometers, Vapor Pressure, Ideal Gas Behavior, Heat Capacity and Heat of Reaction, Approach to Equilibrium, The Law of Chemical Equilibrium, Titration Curves, Electrochemical Cells, and Rate of Reaction.
Martin, John S. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 667.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Gases |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |
Equilibrium |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials |
Rate Law
|
Transition Metals and the Aufbau Principle Vanquickenborne, L. G.; Pierloot, K.; Devoghel, D.
Explanation of why the ground state configuration of the neutral transition metals is in most cases 3dn4s2, and why the ground state configuration of the corresponding ions is obtained by preferentially removing the 4s electrons.
Vanquickenborne, L. G.; Pierloot, K.; Devoghel, D. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 469.
Transition Elements |
Metals |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Atomic Spectra-Graph Surovell, Todd
Displays the emission spectra of over 80 elements; data are encapsulated into Microsoft Excel spreadsheets.
Surovell, Todd J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 422.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Spectroscopy
|
Laboratory Explosion Danger from Mixing Magnesium and Copper Oxide Vella, Alfred J.
Hazard of mixing magnesium and copper(II) oxide while heating; danger of thermite-type reactions in general.
Vella, Alfred J. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 328.
Metals
|
Testing the Waters for Chromium Herrmann, Mary S.
A test for the presence of Cr(IV) in water using a sensitive colorimetric reagent.
Herrmann, Mary S. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 323.
Water / Water Chemistry |
Metals |
Quantitative Analysis
|
A Window on the Solid-State Robinson, William R.
"Part I: Structures of Metals" introduces the four basic structural types found in metals. "Part II: Unit Cells of Metals" discusses how to use a unit cell to describe a two-dimensional structure.
Robinson, William R. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 300.
Solid State Chemistry |
Solids |
Metals
|
On Using Incomplete Theories as Cataloging Schemes: Aufbau, Abbau, and VSEPR Tykodi, R. J.
How to restructure as cataloging schemes the aufbau and abbau procedures for obtaining the ground-state electronic structures of atoms and monatomic ions.
Tykodi, R. J. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 273.
VSEPR Theory |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
Further Aufbau Nonsense Scerri, Eric R.
Aufbau mnemonics are counterproductive.
Scerri, Eric R. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 270.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
A WARNING: Explosion Hazards of Reacting Magnesium and Aluminum with Powdered Silver Nitrate Laing, Michael
Danger of reacting Mg and AgNO3, Al and AgNO3.
Laing, Michael J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 270.
Metals |
Reactions
|
Mechanical Properties of Metals: Experiments with Steel, Copper, Tin, Zinc, and Soap Bubbles Geselbracht, Margaret J.; Ellis, Arthur B.; Penn, Rona L.; Lisensky, George C.; Stone, Donald S.
Annealing, hardening, and tempering of metals; using bubbles to model the crystalline structure of metals.
Geselbracht, Margaret J.; Ellis, Arthur B.; Penn, Rona L.; Lisensky, George C.; Stone, Donald S. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 254.
Physical Properties |
Metals |
Crystals / Crystallography
|
Collecting and Using the Rare Earths Solomon, Sally; Lee, Alan
Prices, sources, handling tips, and specific suggestions about how to use the lanthanide elements in the classroom and the laboratory.
Solomon, Sally; Lee, Alan J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 247.
Metals |
Transition Elements |
Physical Properties
|
Shell thickness of the copper-clad cent Vanselow, Clarence H.; Forrester, Sherri R.
An exercise in determining the thickness of the copper layer of modern pennies presents the opportunities to combine good chemistry, instrumentation, simple curve fitting, and geometry to solve a simply stated problem.
Vanselow, Clarence H.; Forrester, Sherri R. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 1023.
Metals |
Quantitative Analysis |
Chemometrics
|
Determining the metal activity series using a potato porcupine Fortman, John J.; Battino, Rubin
Determining the metal activity series using a potato porcupine.
Fortman, John J.; Battino, Rubin J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 939.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Metals
|
The changing chemistry of mercury Renuka, A.
Contrary to prior belief, Mercury does exist as a monomer and can exist in other unusual oxidation states.
Renuka, A. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 871.
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Oxidation State |
Metals
|
Investigating protective coatings for steel Runyan, Tom; Herrmann, Mary
Learning about corrosion chemistry provides students with authentic inquiry experience as well as an opportunity to learn relevant and applicable content.
Runyan, Tom; Herrmann, Mary J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 843.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Acids / Bases |
Metals |
Applications of Chemistry |
Consumer Chemistry |
Materials Science
|
The Caltech chemistry animation project Lewis, Nathan S.
Animations are being produced on subjects such as: atomic and molecular orbitals, lattices, VSPER, nucleophilic substitution, stereochemistry, sigma and pi bonding, and many more.
Lewis, Nathan S. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 739.
Stereochemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Modeling |
MO Theory |
Crystals / Crystallography
|
"Qual": From a different viewpoint Laing, Michael
Author contends that traditional teaching techniques in inorganic chemistry need to be reconsidered.
Laing, Michael J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 666.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Metals |
Qualitative Analysis |
Coordination Compounds
|
Pictorial analogies VII: Quantum numbers and orbitals Fortman, John J.
Quantum number n is related to the size of a house, l is related to the shape of a house, and m is compared to the direction the house is facing. Pictures are included.
Fortman, John J. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 649.
Quantum Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Chemical detection of latent fingerprints Clark, Steve; Quigley, Michael N.; Tezak, James
Working with reagents that are used for modern finger print detection.
Clark, Steve; Quigley, Michael N.; Tezak, James J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 593.
Applications of Chemistry |
Forensic Chemistry |
Nonmetals
|
A visual illustration of oxidation numbers and moles: Using balloons to demonstrate moles of electrons Bergquist, Wilbur
Illustrating the connection between moles of electrons and oxidation number.
Bergquist, Wilbur J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 586.
Oxidation State |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Metals
|
Pictorial analogies VI: Radial and angular wave function plots Fortman, John J.
The distribution of an electron around a nucleus is likened to a friend who enjoys eating at restaurants ... especially those close to his/her home.
Fortman, John J. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 549.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry
|
Gallium beating heart Ealy, James L., Jr.
Oscillating gallium in a Petri dish offers an exciting demonstration.
Ealy, James L., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 491.
Electrochemistry |
Metals
|
Chemical checkers on the computer Orlik, Y. G.; Glyakov, P. V.; Varova, R. M.
148. Bits and pieces, 49. A program that is enjoyable and useful because it enables students to organize and sum up their knowledge on topics such as chemical properties of metals and properties of acids, bases, and salts.
Orlik, Y. G.; Glyakov, P. V.; Varova, R. M. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 297.
Acids / Bases |
Metals
|
Coloring titanium and related metals by electrochemical oxidation Gaul, Emily
Procedure for anodizing metals as a companion experiment to electroplating. The activity is very appealing to students in visual arts.
Gaul, Emily J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 176.
Metals |
Electrochemistry |
Nonmajor Courses
|
Helping students to develop an hypothesis about electrochemistry: A demonstration with a lab report and supplemental worksheet VanderZee, Chester
Author shares a successful electrochemistry demonstration with calculations and assessment.
VanderZee, Chester J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 924.
Electrochemistry |
Metals
|
Replacement reactions using a dissecting microscope Lam-Erwin, Chuk-Yin; Sprague, Joseph
Performing drop-size experiments under dissecting microscopes, including examining the reactivity of metals and double replacement reactions.
Lam-Erwin, Chuk-Yin; Sprague, Joseph J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 855.
Qualitative Analysis |
Metals |
Microscale Lab |
Reactions |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Acids / Bases
|
Line spectra using a CD disc Brouwer, Henry
Viewing the emission spectrum from a gas discharge tube or element heated in a flame using a CD disk.
Brouwer, Henry J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 829.
Spectroscopy |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Rediscovering the wheel: The flame test revisited Ragsdale, Ronald O.; Driscoll, Jerry A.
Exciting metallic salts in burning methanol to produce colors visible throughout a large lecture hall.
Ragsdale, Ronald O.; Driscoll, Jerry A. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 828.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Metals
|
Conducting midshipmen - A classroom activity modeling extended bonding in solids Lomax, Joseph F.
Using the electron-hopping model (analogous to people sitting in chairs) to explain electron movement and conductivity in insulators, semiconductors, and metals.
Lomax, Joseph F. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 794.
Solids |
Solid State Chemistry |
Conductivity |
Metals |
Semiconductors
|
Electronegativity and atomic charge Reed, James L.
Because electronegativity is such a fundamental concept, it should be continually developed in sophistication throughout the curriculum; considers the energy function, atomic charges, and chemical reactivities.
Reed, James L. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 785.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Comments invited on changes in definition of "atomic weight" Richardson, D. E.
Invitation to comment on changes in definition of "atomic weight" by the Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances of IUPAC.
Richardson, D. E. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 736.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Argon-potassium atomic weight inversion in the periodic table. Arnikar, H. J.
An explanation for the Ar-K inversion in terms of the nuclear characteristics of the naturally occurring isotopes of these elements.
Arnikar, H. J. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 687.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Geochemistry |
Isotopes
|
Rutherford: Exploring the scattering of alpha particles. Rittenhouse, Robert C.
This simulation permits students to design and implement scattering experiments of the sort performed by Rutherford, Geiger, and Marsden.
Rittenhouse, Robert C. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 637.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The nature of the chemical bond - 1992 Pauling, Linus
Commentary on errors in an earlier article on the nature of the chemical bond.
Pauling, Linus J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 519.
Covalent Bonding |
Quantum Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
The best Aufbau mnemonic: The periodic table Ludwig, Oliver G.
Using the periodic table exclusively to rationalize electron assignments has the advantage of emphasizing the experimental aspect of the science and avoids giving the impression that chemistry is nothing but a set of mysterious rules.
Ludwig, Oliver G. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 430.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
Alternative Aufbau mnemonics Bevak, Joseph P.; McDevitt, Eugene J.
Author believes there is a better alternative to Aufabu mnemonics.
Bevak, Joseph P.; McDevitt, Eugene J. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 430.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Reactions of the alkali metals with water: A novel demonstration Alexander, M. Dale
This demonstration is a novel variation that is much safer to perform than the standard demonstration of simply dropping a small piece of alkali metal into a beaker of water.
Alexander, M. Dale J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 418.
Metals
|
Atomic spectroscopy with a compact disc Mebane, Robert C.; Rybolt, Thomas R.
The compact disc used by the music industry provides a convenient and ubiquitous diffraction grating that can be used with a mercury street lamp to explore the electronic structure of atoms through simple atomic spectroscopy observations.
Mebane, Robert C.; Rybolt, Thomas R. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 401.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Orbital Transitions Liebl, Michael
"Orbital Transitions" displays two-dimensional plots of the changing electron probability density function in the hydrogen atom as an electron moves from one orbital to another.
Liebl, Michael J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 400.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Biomethylation and environmental transport of metals Krishnamurthy, S.
Biological methylation of metals is a mechanism that plays an important role in the mobilization and transport of toxic heavy metals.
Krishnamurthy, S. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 347.
Metals |
Organometallics |
Bioinorganic Chemistry
|
A spectacular demonstration of flame tests Thomas, Nicholas C.; Brown, Rachel
The authors present an alternate flame test demonstration that utilizes guncotton as the combustible material.
Thomas, Nicholas C.; Brown, Rachel J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 326.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Analogical demonstrations Fortman, John J.
By illustrating an analogy with a visual demonstration, a student is aided in both understanding and remembering a lesson.
Fortman, John J. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 323.
Physical Properties |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Amino Acids |
Proteins / Peptides |
Acids / Bases
|
An overhead projector demonstration of nuclear beta emission Fortman, John J.
This demonstration illustrates an analogy for beta emission, with its concurrent conversion of a neutron to a proton.
Fortman, John J. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 162.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Close packing of identical spheres Ostercamp, Daryl L.
Ordinary marbles can be placed in a wooden rack on the stage of an overhead projector to illustrate the close-pack coordination of 12, the arrangement with 12 nearest neighbor atoms.
Ostercamp, Daryl L. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 162.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Synthesis, oxidation and UV/IR spectroscopy illustrated: An integrated freshman lab session Zoller, Uri; Lubezky, Aviva; Danot, Miriam
This paper describes a specially designed, and successfully implemented lab-session for the first-year college general chemistry course.
Zoller, Uri; Lubezky, Aviva; Danot, Miriam J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, A274.
IR Spectroscopy |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Coordination Compounds |
Metals
|
A flexible automated laboratory system for the qualitative analysis of selected metal cations Blankenship, James F.; Costello, Steven; Sprouse, Matthew; Settle, Frank A., Jr.; Bolen, Rosina H.; Pleva, Michael A.
A flexible automated laboratory system for the qualitative analysis of selected metal cations: history, goals, experimental apparatus, software, and performance.
Blankenship, James F.; Costello, Steven; Sprouse, Matthew; Settle, Frank A., Jr.; Bolen, Rosina H.; Pleva, Michael A. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, A65.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
Qualitative Analysis |
Metals
|
Chem 1 concept builder (Lower, Steve with Instructional Software) Hair, Sally R.
A review of a software package designed for tutorial and drill.
Hair, Sally R. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, A19.
Acids / Bases |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Stoichiometry |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
A short qualitative analysis scheme without hazardous wastes Petty, John T.
A description of laboratory procedures that utilize the important pedagogy of qualitative analysis schemes while being more safe to perform than the traditional procedures.
Petty, John T. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 942.
Descriptive Chemistry |
Metals |
Qualitative Analysis |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
Adding colors and sparkles to hydrogen balloon explosions Fortman, John J.
This short paper provides instructions and a table with needed quantities. The author also notes advice and insights into the quality of colors and sparkles produced.
Fortman, John J. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 937.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Developmental instruction: Part II. Application of the Perry model to general chemistry Finster, David C.
The Perry scheme offers a framework in which teachers can understand how students make meaning of their world, and specific examples on how instructors need to teach these students so that the students can advance as learners.
Finster, David C. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 752.
Learning Theories |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Chemometrics |
Descriptive Chemistry
|
A simple laboratory experiment illustrating the relative nature of atomic weights Huff, Randolph B.; Evans, David W.
The concept of atomic weight scale remains a source of confusion for beginning chemistry students. This paper proposes a simple lab experience that could help students better understand this idea.
Huff, Randolph B.; Evans, David W. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 675.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
Aufbau mnemonics Scerri, Eric R.
Assignment of electron configurations represents an approximation that is inconsistent with quantum mechanics.
Scerri, Eric R. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 445.
Quantum Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Bright-line spectrum analogy Samsa, Richard A.
An analogy for bright-line emission using common items, such as sand and an eraser.
Samsa, Richard A. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 412.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Photochemistry |
Quantum Chemistry
|
Aufbau rewritten. Singh, Ramsharan; Dikshit, S. K.
A handy little chart to help with learning ground-state electron configurations.
Singh, Ramsharan; Dikshit, S. K. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 396.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry
|
The disco analogy Battino, Rubin
A fantastic idea in helping students visualize the quantum mechanical model of the atom.
Battino, Rubin J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 285.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry
|
An old new idea Chauffe, Leroy
Hakala's scheme for applying the Aufbau principle in writing electron configurations for atoms. Please note that the letter cites the wrong article. The correct citation is for Volume 66, number 4, page 319...not page 310.
Chauffe, Leroy J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 270.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Alternative flame test procedures Barnes, Zexia K.
An alternative to using Nichrome wire where the limited volume of solution delivered makes it difficult to see the color in the flame.
Barnes, Zexia K. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 246.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry |
Photochemistry
|
The correct interpretation of Hund's rule as applied to "uncoupled states" orbital diagrams Campbell, Mark L.
The application of Hund's rule by general chemistry students is appropriate as long as Hund's rule is interpreted correctly.
Campbell, Mark L. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 134.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry
|
How to get more from ionization energies in the teaching of atomic structure Mirone, Paolo
A wealth of experimental data could be exploited more extensively and profitably than what is presently done in the teaching of atomic structure.
Mirone, Paolo J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 132.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
There are no such things as orbitals-Act two! Simons, Jack
What is the role of molecular orbital theory in chemistry instruction?
Simons, Jack J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 131.
MO Theory |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry
|
MolVib: Visualizing molecular vibrations Huber, Daniel
A software program that features animations that aid in visualizing molecular vibrations. This program can be used appropriately in several levels of chemistry.
Huber, Daniel J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 39.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
Simple Inorganic Substances: A New Approach (Sanderson, R.T.) Kauffman, Goerge B.
This book stresses the cause-and-effect relationship between the structures of atoms and the properties of their compounds, with an emphasis on providing a thorough understanding of the most familiar and important inorganic compounds.
Kauffman, Goerge B. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, A26.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Descriptive Chemistry
|
A visible spectrometer Martin, James D.
An overhead projector spectrophotometer.
Martin, James D. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 1061.
Spectroscopy |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Demonstration of ionic dissociation in aqueous solution Diemente, Damon
A simple demonstration that readily convinces students that many ionic solids exist in a different form in solution from that which they exhibit in the solid state.
Diemente, Damon J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 950.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Metals
|
Simulation of Rutherford's experiment Bishop, Carl B.
Apparatus and procedure to simulate Rutherford's classic gold foil experiment.
Bishop, Carl B. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 889.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Electron dormitory: Analogue Morreale, Charles
Analogous reasoning and relating filling a dormitory with people and an atom with electrons.
Morreale, Charles J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 862.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Spectacular classroom demonstration of the flame test for metal ions Mattson, Bruce M.; Snipp, Robert L.; Michels, Gary D.
Spraying a 1 M solution of a metal salt into the flame of a large Fisher burner.
Mattson, Bruce M.; Snipp, Robert L.; Michels, Gary D. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 791.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Atomic Spectroscopy
|
Periodic chart pedagogy Yoder, Claude H.; Yoder, Carolyn S.
Questions based upon a hypothetical set of quantum numbers and their relationships; includes answers.
Yoder, Claude H.; Yoder, Carolyn S. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 759.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Picturing atomic magnitudes Nelson, P. G.
Helping students to visualize the sizes of atoms.
Nelson, P. G. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 720.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Qualitative analysis of alloys by electrography Gaggero, Fernando Labandera; Rodriguez, Alvaro Mombru
Electrolytes and color reagents used for the identification of 25 metallic ions.
Gaggero, Fernando Labandera; Rodriguez, Alvaro Mombru J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 706.
Qualitative Analysis |
Metals
|
Keeping track of directions of atomic orbitals: A useful device in organic chemistry Talaty, Erach R.
The usefulness of keeping track of the directions of atomic orbitals.
Talaty, Erach R. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 655.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Alkenes |
Alkynes
|
How do electrons get across nodes? A problem in the interpretation of the quantum theory Nelson, P. G.
Suggested responses to the question "How do electrons get across nodes?".
Nelson, P. G. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 643.
Quantum Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
"New" schemes for applying the Aufbau principle Freeman, Robert D.
Two, essentially identical schemes for remembering how to write electronic configurations are not really new.
Freeman, Robert D. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 576.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
Why the Daniell cell works! Martins, George F.
The strength of bonds between atoms in metals, the relative ease of removing electrons from atoms, and the energy lowering of the attraction of water molecules for positive ions in solution all aid beginning student's understanding of why reactions occur.
Martins, George F. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 482.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Metals |
Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials
|
Understanding electron configurations Rieck, David F.
The author has successfully employed an analogy for understanding electron configurations recommended for use in secondary schools as well as in nonmajor sections of college general chemistry.
Rieck, David F. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 398.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Nonmajor Courses
|
Magnetic marbles as teaching aids Hill, John W.
Magnetic marbles are valuable teaching aids for teachers who have steel chalkboards in their classroom.
Hill, John W. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 320.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding |
Ion Exchange
|
The periodicity of electron affinity Myers, R. Thomas
In general, the values of electron affinity for the elements can be understood in terms of their ground state electron configuration, and the screening (effective nuclear charge) exerted on the added electron by the electrons already present in the neutral atom.
Myers, R. Thomas J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 307.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
The nature of the chemical bond--1990: There are no such things as orbitals! Ogilivie, J. F.
The author discusses the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, the laws and theories, and the relationship of quantum-mechanics to atomic and molecular structure, as well as their relevance to chemical education.
Ogilivie, J. F. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 280.
Quantum Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
A formula for calculating atomic radii of metals Ping, Mei; Xiubin, Lei; Yuankai, Wen
In this paper, the authors present a theoretical formula for calculating metallic radii.
Ping, Mei; Xiubin, Lei; Yuankai, Wen J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 218.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Metals
|
A student experiment to demonstrate the energy loss and straggling of electrons in matter de Bruin, M.; Huijgen, F. W. J.
The experiment described has been applied routinely for several years in introductory courses in the application of radiation and isotopes. The results obtained give direct insight into the characteristics of the phenomena associated with the absorption of energetic electrons in matter.
de Bruin, M.; Huijgen, F. W. J. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 86.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Isotopes
|
Demonstrations for nonscience majors: Using common objects to illustrate abstract concepts Laurita, William
Some concrete examples of common chemical phenomena designed for a class of nonscience majors.
Laurita, William J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 60.
Nonmajor Courses |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
Visualization of electron clouds in atoms and molecules Douglas, John E.
110. Visualization of the electron orbital concept continues to challenge and intrigue chemical educators. [October and November 1989 Computer Series both inadvertently called number 107. Numbering restored by skipping 109 and calling January 1990 number 110.]
Douglas, John E. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 42.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
Teaching the shapes of the hydrogenlike and hybrid atomic orbitals Allendoerfer, Robert D.
The purpose of this article to show that, in this age of computer graphics, the "difficult to obtain" argument no longer has merit and to give an example of where the standard treatment gives insufficient attention to detail in describing the nodal surfaces of hybrid orbitals.
Allendoerfer, Robert D. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 37.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The most useful actinide isotope: Americium-241 Navratil, James D.; Schulz, Wallace W.; Seaborg, Glenn T.
This paper briefly reviews Americium's discovery, nuclear and chemical properties, and its uses with an emphasis on its production and separations chemistry.
Navratil, James D.; Schulz, Wallace W.; Seaborg, Glenn T. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 15.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Separation Science |
Applications of Chemistry
|
The use of a simple spectrometer/microcomputer arrangement for teaching atomic theory in general chemistry courses Casanova, J.; Arellano, M.; Lazo, L.; Gomez, H.
Experiment involving the analysis of a discharge tube to introduce students to the hydrogen atom model.
Casanova, J.; Arellano, M.; Lazo, L.; Gomez, H. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, A201.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing
|
Multiport student spectrometer Bishop, Carl B.
A spectrometer that can be used simultaneously by seven students to observe a single spectrum emitted by an element of compound in a single light tube against a calibrated screen.
Bishop, Carl B. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 1037.
Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
An entirely fabulous account of the origin of the Pauli exclusion principle Ruekberg, Ben
A fictitious story relating Pauli's "discovery" of the exclusion principle
Ruekberg, Ben J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 983.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The electronic periodic chart of the elements von Marttens Osorio, Hernan; Goldschmidt, Alfonso
A scheme for the arrangement of the elements that allows students to understand and write down the electronic configuration of any given element.
von Marttens Osorio, Hernan; Goldschmidt, Alfonso J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 758.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The discovery of the electron, proton, and neutron Peake, Barrie M.
Brief history of the discovery of the electron, proton, and neutron.
Peake, Barrie M. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 738.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
What is an element? Roundy, Willard H., Jr.
Problems with using outdated definitions of what constitutes an element.
Roundy, Willard H., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 729.
Isotopes |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The historic atom: From d to q Smith, Richard
A Styrofoam model of the atom that has been used to show middle and high school students the historical development of the atomic model.
Smith, Richard J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 637.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Transition metal configurations and limitations of the orbital approximation Scerri, Eric R.
Points out a misconception concerning the "building up" of the transition elements and their first ionization energies that is reinforced by many chemistry texts.
Scerri, Eric R. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 481.
Transition Elements |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Hund's Rule-Like Behavior among Humans! Nambi, Parthasarathy
On my Metro bus ride to work every day, I have consistently observed Hund's rule-like behavior among humans.
Nambi, Parthasarathy J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 359.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
A new mnemonic scheme for applying the Aufbau principle Parsons, Raymond W.
This paper proposes a new mnemonic scheme for arriving at the ground-state electron configuration of a neutral, isolated atom.
Parsons, Raymond W. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 319.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Ammonium hydroxide does not exist Yoke, John
No matter how the s and three p orbitals are hybridized, nitrogen can form a maximum of only four bonds.
Yoke, John J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 310.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
Chemistry according to ROF (Fee, Richard) Radcliffe, George; Mackenzie, Norma N.
Two reviews on a software package that consists of 68 programs on 17 disks plus an administrative disk geared toward acquainting students with fundamental chemistry content. For instance, acids and bases, significant figures, electron configuration, chemical structures, bonding, phases, and more.
Radcliffe, George; Mackenzie, Norma N. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, A239.
Chemometrics |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Equilibrium |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Stoichiometry |
Physical Properties |
Acids / Bases |
Covalent Bonding
|
Bowling balls and beads: A concrete analogy to the Rutherford experiment Lorenz, Mary V.
Visual suggestions for understanding the design of the Rutherford experiment.
Lorenz, Mary V. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 1082.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Questions from a can of Pepsi Mitchell, Tony
A can of Pepsi can be the starting point of countless chemistry questions that students can relate to. The author encourages other instructors to think about helping students understand chemistry as it relates to contemporary society.
Mitchell, Tony J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 1070.
Consumer Chemistry |
Applications of Chemistry |
Stoichiometry |
Physical Properties |
Food Science |
Nutrition |
Gases |
Acids / Bases |
Metals
|
A new approach for determining electronic configurations of atoms Darsey, Jerry A.
The "Pascal's Christmas Tree" method for determining the structure of atoms.
Darsey, Jerry A. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 1036.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Oxidation states of manganese Kolb, Doris
This demonstration illustrates oxidation states of manganese.
Kolb, Doris J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 1004.
Oxidation State |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Metals |
Transition Elements
|
Introduction to atomic structure: Demonstrations and labs Ciparick, Joseph D.
This paper presents a sequence of demonstrations and activities that help offer evidence to students to scaffold an understanding of atomic structure.
Ciparick, Joseph D. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 892.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry
|
A simple mnemonic device for electron configuration Grenda, Stanley C.
This visual device provides a great alternative to the usual way of remembering orbital order.
Grenda, Stanley C. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 697.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry
|
A colorful demonstration to simulate orbital hybridization Emerson, David W.
A simple, colorful demonstration involving nothing more than several beakers of colored water can speed up student comprehension of hybrid orbitals at the introductory level.
Emerson, David W. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 454.
Covalent Bonding |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
Flame colors demonstration Peyser, John R.; Luoma, John R.
A simple and exciting display producing little smoke or ash.
Peyser, John R.; Luoma, John R. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 452.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Qualitative Analysis |
Descriptive Chemistry |
Quantum Chemistry
|
An interesting student chemistry project: Investigating Liesegang rings Schibeci, Renato A.; Carlsen, Connie
This lab allows students not only exposure to content, but also an appreciation of the way in which scientists build their knowledge.
Schibeci, Renato A.; Carlsen, Connie J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 365.
Solutions / Solvents |
Geochemistry |
Metals
|
Art in chemistry: An interdisciplinary approach to teaching art and chemistry Greenberg, Barbara
A unique high school course recalls the days when chemists were artists and artists were chemists. Topics covered include: color, painting surfaces, clay and glazes, jewelry making, photography, art history, and chemical hazards in art.
Greenberg, Barbara J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 148.
Metals |
Dyes / Pigments
|
Principles of electronegativity Part I. General nature Sanderson, R. T.
The concept of electronegativity has been modified, expanded, and debated. The concept can be used to help students gain valuable insights and understanding of the cause-and-effect relationship between atomic structure and compound properties. This is the first in a series of articles that explores the important concept of electronegativity.
Sanderson, R. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 112.
Electrochemistry |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Noncovalent Interactions |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Physical Properties |
Enrichment / Review Materials
|
Preparation of a simple thermochromic solid Van Oort, Michiel J. M.
An easy, dramatic, and effective laboratory introduction to solid-solid phase transitions, thermochromism, and color changes associated with changes in ligand coordination suitable for undergraduate students in physical and general chemistry.
Van Oort, Michiel J. M. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 84.
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Crystals / Crystallography |
Coordination Compounds |
Metals |
Thermodynamics
|
Orbital plots of the hydrogen atom Liebl, Michael
89. Bits and pieces, 36. The software described in this article enable a 48K Apple II with a single disk drive to plot the orbitals of the hydrogen atom in one, two, or three dimensions. This visualization of orbitals allows students to understand their importance in understanding chemistry.
Liebl, Michael J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 23.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry
|
Periodic contractions among the elements: Or, on being the right size Mason, Joan
Contraction across the row, irregularities in the build up of the periodic table, the second row anomaly relativistic contraction and expansion among the heavier elements, post-transition anomaly, periodicities of physicochemical properties.
Mason, Joan J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 17.
Descriptive Chemistry |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Relative atomic mass scale: A teaching aid Baumgartner, Erwin; Benitez, Carlos; Cirelli, Alicia Fernandez; Flores, Luz Lastres
Relative atomic mass can be a confusing concept for students and a source of frustration for instructors. These authors propose an idea called a RAM scale.
Baumgartner, Erwin; Benitez, Carlos; Cirelli, Alicia Fernandez; Flores, Luz Lastres J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 16.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
Computer-Assisted Blackboard (Soltzberg, L. J.) Kruger, J. D.
8-disk set of programs (Apple II) designed to help a lecturer illustrate gas laws, the Rutherford atomic model, quantization in a Bohr atom, wave-functions and orbitals, heat and changes in state, kinetics and simple reaction mechanisms, equilibrium, acid-base reactions, and titrations.
Kruger, J. D. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, A135.
Acids / Bases |
Gases |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Kinetics |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Equilibrium |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle: An application to the shell structure of atoms and orbit descriptions of molecules Hartcourt, Richard D.
A further novel use of the uncertainty principle to deduce the 2n2 shell occupancy rule for atoms.
Hartcourt, Richard D. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 1070.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The ground state electronic structure for atoms and monoatomic ions Tykodi, R. J.
The aufbau (build up) rule for neutral atoms and monatomic anions and the abbau (tear down) rule for monatomic cations.
Tykodi, R. J. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 943.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Electronegativity: A mnemonic rule Kapellos, S.; Mavrides, A.
A rule for the electronegativities of the second and third row elements.
Kapellos, S.; Mavrides, A. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 941.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
Preparation of lead compounds: An exercise in applied chemistry Laing, Michael; Williams-Wynn, David; Suhramoney, Saroj
Uses and synthesis of Pb(NO3)2, PbO2, PbCrO4, PbS, PbO, lead carbonate, lead acetate, and lead metal itself.
Laing, Michael; Williams-Wynn, David; Suhramoney, Saroj J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 811.
Synthesis |
Metals |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Oxidation State |
Reactions |
Descriptive Chemistry
|
Redox demonstrations and descriptive chemistry: Part 1. Metals Ophardt, Charles E.
The oxidation states of iron, tin, and mercury.
Ophardt, Charles E. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 716.
Metals |
Descriptive Chemistry |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Oxidation State
|
Hydrogen atom spectrum using an AA spectrophotometer Douglas, John; von Nagy Felsobuki, Ellak I.
Using an AA spectrophotometer to measure the Balmer series of the hydrogen atom spectrum.
Douglas, John; von Nagy Felsobuki, Ellak I. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 552.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Atomic Spectroscopy
|
The effect of pH and chloride ion concentration on the mobilities of various cations in soil Brown, Melody; Sutherland, Mary; Leharne, Stephen
Measuring the mobilities of cations (particularly of toxic metals) in soils using soil thin layer chromatography.
Brown, Melody; Sutherland, Mary; Leharne, Stephen J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 448.
pH |
Agricultural Chemistry |
Metals |
Thin Layer Chromatography
|
Hemoglobinometry: A biochemistry experiment that utilizes the principles of transition metal chemistry Giuliano, Vincenzo
Colorimetric measurements are used to determine the concentration of hemoglobin in blood and the effect of the effect that the presence of cyanide ions has on the formation of cyanomethemoglobin.
Giuliano, Vincenzo J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 354.
Transition Elements |
Metals |
Medicinal Chemistry |
Spectroscopy
|
Introduction to overhead projector demonstrations Kolb, Doris
General suggestions for using the overhead projector and 21 demonstrations. [Debut]
Kolb, Doris J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 348.
Rate Law |
Reactions |
Catalysis |
Equilibrium |
Transition Elements |
Metals |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Acids / Bases
|
Periodic table message question Wieder, Milton J.
This question presents an interesting technique for testing students' grasp of trends in periodicity.
Wieder, Milton J. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 320.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
A two-dimensional working model of the neon electron configuration Bricker, Clark E.
A demonstration that shows a dynamic, two-dimensional working model of the arrangement of the 10 electrons found in the neon core.
Bricker, Clark E. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 133.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Sociology and Pauli's aufbau rules Hill, Scott T.
A demonstration to preface the discussion of Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule.
Hill, Scott T. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 27.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
An upward view of the periodic table: Getting to the bottom of it Guenther, William B.
Develops the 18-group basis of the periodic table; shows that, while the 1-18 designations can give unambiguous information to students, no printed designations are needed for teaching; and shows how to obtain unique, physical group definitions that avoid the problems of conflicting and changeable chemical interpretations.
Guenther, William B. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 9.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The squeezed-earth problem Rhodes, Gale
This take-home-exam question promotes a discussion in class and demonstrates the conceptual difficulties in understanding protons and neutrons.
Rhodes, Gale J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 970.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Solid State Chemistry
|
Is the theoretical emperor really wearing any clothes? Sanderson, R. T.
The author asserts that general chemistry material both pushes material of doubtful value and omits material that is useful to many.
Sanderson, R. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 845.
Theoretical Chemistry |
Quantum Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding |
Ionic Bonding |
Noncovalent Interactions
|
The periodic table and electron configurations Strong, Judith A.
This author shares her approach to having students learn electron configurations.
Strong, Judith A. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 834.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Teaching an introductory course in qualitative analysis in order to enhance learning general chemistry Shamai, Ruth; Stavy, Ruth
These two authors have found that qualitative analysis is an excellent way for concrete operational thinkers to become formal thinkers.
Shamai, Ruth; Stavy, Ruth J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 707.
Qualitative Analysis |
Learning Theories |
Metals |
Ionic Bonding
|
Subatomic pea shooter Smith, Bruce G.
The author presents readers with a demonstration that is useful in enticing students to learn about atomic structure and theory.
Smith, Bruce G. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 629.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry
|
Aufbau on a chessboard Hovland, Allan K.
A chess or checkerboard offers a convenient frame of reference for a mnemonic to use in writing the electron configuration of the elements.
Hovland, Allan K. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 607.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The significance of arrows in orbital diagrams Burdman, Clark S.
The author noticed that introductory texts rarely explain electron spin notations. He provides a brief explanation aimed at the student level.
Burdman, Clark S. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 320.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Capillary tube flame test Boueher, John H.
An interesting alternative for nichrome wire flames tests is to use a capillary tube.
Boueher, John H. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 158.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Density gradient columns for chemical displays Guenther, William B.
An important advantage of these demonstrations of complex chemistry is that students can observe them over a period of time as they grasp concepts of solution equilibria.
Guenther, William B. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 148.
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Coordination Compounds |
Metals
|
Is an atom of copper malleable? Ben-Zvi, Ruth; Eylon, Bat-Sheva; Silberstein, Judith
It is important to study the mental pictures of the atomic model formed by students at an early stage of their studies, since misunderstanding this model may prevent meaningful learning at later stages.
Ben-Zvi, Ruth; Eylon, Bat-Sheva; Silberstein, Judith J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 64.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Chemical Demonstrations: A Handbook for Teachers of Chemistry, Volume I (Shakhashiri, Bassam Z.) Kauffman, George B.
81 tested demonstrations grouped into 4 chapters: thermochemistry, chemiluminescence, polymers, and color and equilibria of metal ion precipitates and complexes.
Kauffman, George B. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, A31.
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |
Photochemistry |
Metals
|
Puzzles for teaching descriptive chemistry. Nonmetals Evans, Mildred H.
Nonmetals crossword puzzle.
Evans, Mildred H. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 1113.
Nonmetals |
Descriptive Chemistry
|
Puzzles for teaching descriptive chemistry. Metals Evans, Mildred H.
A metals crossword puzzle.
Evans, Mildred H. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 1103.
Metals |
Descriptive Chemistry
|
Pandemonium pesticide: A simple demonstration illustrating some fundamental chemical concepts Kauffman, George B.; Chooljian, Steven H.; Ebner, Ronald D.
Demonstration that uses large, visible particles to simulate calculations of atomic / molecular mass, percentage composition, and molecular formula.
Kauffman, George B.; Chooljian, Steven H.; Ebner, Ronald D. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 870.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Stoichiometry |
Chemometrics
|
Competition analogy Felty, Wayne L.
Using football competition as an analogy for bond polarity.
Felty, Wayne L. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 869.
Covalent Bonding |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
IUPAC table of atomic weights to four significant figures Greenwood, N. N.; Peiser, H. S.
Masses for the first 103 elements scaled so the mass of 12C is exactly 12.
Greenwood, N. N.; Peiser, H. S. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 744.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
A model to illustrate the brittleness of ionic and metallic crystals Birk, James P.
Uses magnetic strips to explain the difference in brittleness between ionic and metallic solids.
Birk, James P. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 667.
Ionic Bonding |
Metallic Bonding |
Metals |
Physical Properties |
Crystals / Crystallography
|
An improved calcium flame test Pearson, Robert S.
Flame tests using strips of chromatography paper dipped in aqueous solutions of metallic chlorides.
Pearson, Robert S. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 622.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The transuranium elements Seaborg, Glenn T.
History of the discovery of the transuranium elements.
Seaborg, Glenn T. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 463.
Transition Elements |
Metals |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
Revised atomic form periodic table Strong, Frederick C., III
A circular periodic table.
Strong, Frederick C., III J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 456.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
Measuring the atomic or molecular mass of a gas with a tire gauge and a butane lighter fluid can Bodner, George M.; Magginnis, Lenard J.
Also demonstrating the mass of air and the dependence of the pressure of a gas on the mass of the sample.
Bodner, George M.; Magginnis, Lenard J. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 434.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Alkanes / Cycloalkanes |
Gases
|
Relativistic effects at the freshman level Banna, M. Salim
Relativistic effects can be used to help explain a variety of physical and chemical properties.
Banna, M. Salim J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 197.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Physical Properties
|
Qualitative analysis of some transition metals Kilner, Cary
Students are asked to determine which test or or sequence of tests unambiguously identifies each of several cations (iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper) and to use their results to identify several unknowns.
Kilner, Cary J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 80.
Qualitative Analysis |
Transition Elements |
Metals
|
Gram formula weights and fruit salad Felty, Wayne L.
Effective analogy and explanation of gram formula weights.
Felty, Wayne L. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 61.
Stoichiometry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
A LAP on moles: Teaching an important concept Ihde, John
The objective of the Learning Activity Packet on moles include understanding the basic concept of the mole as a chemical unit, knowing the relationships between the mole and the atomic weights in the periodic table, and being able to solve basic conversion problems involving grams, moles, atoms, and molecules. [Debut]
Ihde, John J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 58.
Stoichiometry |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |
Chemometrics |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
Updating the atomic theory in general chemistry Whitman, Mark
Presents a descriptive overview of the recent achievements that have furthered the understanding of atomic structure to provide instructors with the background necessary to enhance their classroom presentations.
Whitman, Mark J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 952.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Suitable light sources and spectroscopes for student observation of emission spectra in lecture halls Hughes, Elvin, Jr.
Assembly of a simple, rugged spectroscope suitable for the lecture hall.
Hughes, Elvin, Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 908.
Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
E-Z s,p Leach, John M.
Easier method for recalling the filling order of orbitals.
Leach, John M. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 652.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
The extraction of gold and its simulation with copper Bradley, J. D.; Brand, M.; Louli, J. A. M.
The simulation of the extraction of gold by the use of its analog, copper, makes it possible to capitalize on the glamor of gold without sacrificing any chemical principles.
Bradley, J. D.; Brand, M.; Louli, J. A. M. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 634.
Separation Science |
Metallurgy |
Industrial Chemistry |
Applications of Chemistry |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Metals
|
Analogies that indicate the size of atoms and molecules and the magnitude of Avogardo's number Alexander, M. Dale; Ewing, Gordo J.; Abbott, Floyd T.
Three analogies to help students imagine the sizes of atoms, molecules, and Avogadro's number.
Alexander, M. Dale; Ewing, Gordo J.; Abbott, Floyd T. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 591.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Stoichiometry
|
Simplest formula for copper iodide Suchow, Lawrence
We should no longer try to "prove" the Law of Definite Proportions with non-molecular inorganic solids, especially those that contain elements which exhibit multiple oxidation states.
Suchow, Lawrence J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 566.
Oxidation State |
Metals |
Stoichiometry
|
On the filling order of orbitals (aufbau order) Karp, Steward
Two of the suggested mnemonic devices are more trouble than they are worth.
Karp, Steward J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 565.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
Should orbitals be x-rated in beginning chemistry courses? Bent, Henry A.
Memorizing orbital rules helps students earn credits in science without knowing what science is.
Bent, Henry A. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 421.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Electronic structure prediction for transition metal ions Nance, Lewis E.
A useful mnemonic for the electronic structure for M (II) elements.
Nance, Lewis E. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 339.
Transition Elements |
Metals |
Oxidation State |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
A simple aid for teaching the theory of atomic structure Chiang, Hung-cheh; Tseng, Ching-Hwei
A simple game to demonstrate the Pauli exclusion principle, Hund's rule, quantum numbers, electronic energy levels, and electron configurations.
Chiang, Hung-cheh; Tseng, Ching-Hwei J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 216.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Models to depict hybridization of atomic orbitals Stubblefield, C. T.
Six models of hybridization: linear, trigonal, tetrahedral, planar, trigonal bipyrimidal, and octahedral.
Stubblefield, C. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 158.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Modeling |
Covalent Bonding |
Coordination Compounds
|
Metal-ligand complexes-a calculation challenge Ramette, R. W.
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate one of the most important experimental methods for studying complex equilibria and to present synthetic data as a challenge to the many sophisticated calculation procedure that enjoy various degrees of loyalty around the world.
Ramette, R. W. J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 946.
Equilibrium |
Metals |
Electrochemistry |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Coordination Compounds
|
Dyeing of anodized aluminum Grotz, Leonard C.
Anodization of Al is widely practiced in industry to improve the corrosion resistance of articles made of aluminum.
Grotz, Leonard C. J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 763.
Industrial Chemistry |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Metals |
Dyes / Pigments |
Applications of Chemistry
|
A simple and dramatic demonstration of overvoltage Bradford, John L.; Davis, Alvie L.
This demonstration is easily visualized only for small groups, but can be displayed for a large audience by using an overhead projector.
Bradford, John L.; Davis, Alvie L. J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 674.
Potentiometry |
Electrochemistry |
Metals
|
Convenient relations for the estimation of bond ionicity in A-B type compounds Barbe, Jacques
Calculating the electronegative differences between atoms does not always give an accurate prediction of bond strength.
Barbe, Jacques J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 640.
Noncovalent Interactions |
Metals |
Electrochemistry
|
A visual analogy for metallic deposition Hartwig, Dcio R.; Filho, Romeu C. Rocha
Metallic deposition stoichiometry problems are difficult for students to visualize. A clever visual tool is explained in this article.
Hartwig, Dcio R.; Filho, Romeu C. Rocha J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 591.
Metals |
Electrochemistry |
Stoichiometry
|
4s, 3d, what? Carpenter, A. Kurtz
The author presents a method to help students memorize the order of electron orbitals.
Carpenter, A. Kurtz J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 562.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry
|
The use of an air-natural gas flame in atomic absorption Melucci, Robert C.
The experiment reported in this paper demonstrates that students can get excellent results using air-natural gas flame in atomic absorption, and a tremendous advantage in safety is gained for a small sacrifice in the limit of detectability.
Melucci, Robert C. J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 238.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Qualitative Analysis |
Metals |
Descriptive Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Analysis of 1982 pennies Miller, James M.
The composition of pennies has recently been altered, providing for some interesting chemical analysis.
Miller, James M. J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 142.
Quantitative Analysis |
Metals
|
Why doesn't the electron fall into the nucleus? Mason, Franklin P.; Richardson, Robert W.
This paper presents a simple, yet essentially correct model of the atom that can be used to answer the title question for even beginning students of chemistry.
Mason, Franklin P.; Richardson, Robert W. J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 40.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry
|
A simulation of Rutherford experiment Hau, Kit-Tai
An overhead demonstration simulating Rutherford's experiment to detect the atomic nucleus.
Hau, Kit-Tai J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 973.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Nuclear / Radiochemistry
|
Determination of sodium in salt substitute by flame emission spectroscopy Goodney, David E.
Using this procedure a student should be able to report the ppm Na in a salt substitute with an error of a few percent.
Goodney, David E. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 875.
Food Science |
Consumer Chemistry |
Quantitative Analysis |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Reduction potentials and hydrogen overvoltage: An overhead projector demonstration Ramette, Richard W.
Relates the scale of standard reduction potentials to the observed behavior of metals in their reactions with hydrogen ion to produce hydrogen gas.
Ramette, Richard W. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 866.
Electrochemistry |
Metals |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
A fluorescence lecture demonstration Bozzelli, Joseph W.
A fluorescence demonstration can be related to several aspects of molecular theory and quantized energy levels; suggests eight different fluorescent dye solutions.
Bozzelli, Joseph W. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 787.
Photochemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry |
Dyes / Pigments
|
Why teach the electron configuration of the elements are we do? Millikan, Roger C.
Out of 106 elements in the table of electron configurations, there are 29 special cases - rules that only work 73% of the time seem hardly worth teaching.
Millikan, Roger C. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 757.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
A unified approach to the study of chemical reactions in freshman chemistry Cassen, T.; DuBois, Thomas D.
An approach that aims to provide students with the background that will enable them to make reasonable predictions as to the likely products of a chemical reaction.
Cassen, T.; DuBois, Thomas D. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 377.
Reactions |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Oxidation State |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
Presenting the Bohr atom Haendler, Blanca L.
A more significant consideration of the role of the Bohr theory in the development of quantum mechanics would have many benefits for introductory and advanced chemistry classes.
Haendler, Blanca L. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 372.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry
|
Developing models: What is the atom really like? Records, Roger M.
Using physical and computer models to illustrate historical changes in our view of the atom.
Records, Roger M. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 307.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry
|
Illustrating the problem described by Heisenberg's uncertainty principle Cosser, Ronald C.
A simple overhead projector demonstration illustrating Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle.
Cosser, Ronald C. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 300.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Quantum chemistry Davenport, Richard P., Capt.
Videocassette on quantum numbers.
Davenport, Richard P., Capt. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 260.
Quantum Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Group IA elements: Chemical properties (a); Group IA elements: Chemical properties (b) Dombrink, Kathleen J.
Film loop that demonstrates reactions between alkali metals and halogens.
Dombrink, Kathleen J. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 260.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Reactions |
Metals
|
Detection of carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke using molybdosilicate Feinstein, H. I.
This carbon monoxide detector was first developed during WWII: it is simple, rapid, and extremely sensitive.
Feinstein, H. I. J. Chem. Educ. 1981, 58, 633.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Applications of Chemistry |
Metals |
Coordination Compounds
|
"The Dancing Wu Li Masters" Stapleton, George W.
After reading "The Dancing Wu Li Masters", this author became convinced that the right person can explain the most difficult ideas in a clear, refreshing, and logical manner.
Stapleton, George W. J. Chem. Educ. 1981, 58, 574.
Quantum Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
A moir pattern analogy to electron motion Bard, James R.
The optical illusion produced by this pattern may help students better understand the motion of electrons in atoms.
Bard, James R. J. Chem. Educ. 1981, 58, 480.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Exchange stabilization and the variation of ionization energy in the pn and dn series Blake, Antony B.
This article is concerned with two types of ionizations that are of special importance to chemists. The author's main purpose is to clarify current textbook interpretations of the peculiar decrease in ionization energy following completion of a half-filled p or d shell.
Blake, Antony B. J. Chem. Educ. 1981, 58, 393.
MO Theory |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Quantum Chemistry
|
Some aspects of coordination chemistry Mickey, Charles D.
The genesis of modern coordination theory; the Wernerian system; experimental support for Werner's coordination theory; amplification of Werner's theory; the nature of complex ions; formation and nomenclature for complexes, complexes in the environment; chelates in medicine; complexing in natural systems; and industrial application of complexes.
Mickey, Charles D. J. Chem. Educ. 1981, 58, 257.
Coordination Compounds |
Medicinal Chemistry |
Metals
|
Homemade models of the five d-atomic orbitals Saieed, Alfred E.
Styrofoam shapes are used to represent the d-atomic orbitals.
Saieed, Alfred E. J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 805.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Modeling
|
Groups and subgroups in the periodic table of the elements: A proposal of modification in the nomenclature Araneo, Antonio
A proposal to eliminate the "A" and "B" designations of subgroups and replace them with letters referring directly to the electronic structures of atoms.
Araneo, Antonio J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 784.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
A visual aid to demonstrate the VSEPR theory Meloan, Cliff E.
Using a clear globe and magnets to demonstrate the VSEPR theory.
Meloan, Cliff E. J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 668.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
VSEPR Theory
|
How does the electron cross the node? Johnsen, Russell H.; Lloyd, Winston D.
Confusion arises from the assumption that the electron is a particle, when the model that produces an orbital diagram assumes that the electron behaves as a wave.
Johnsen, Russell H.; Lloyd, Winston D. J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 651.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Dense, denser, densest Conroy, Lawrence E.
Iridium is more dense than osmium.
Conroy, Lawrence E. J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 528.
Physical Properties |
Metals |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
Artifacts and the Electromotive Series Mickey, Charles D.
The chemistry of metals and its application to archeology.
Mickey, Charles D. J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 275.
Electrochemistry |
Metals |
Applications of Chemistry |
Metallurgy |
Reactions
|
Spectroscopic cation analysis using metal salt pills Barnard, Sister Marquita
Making metal salt pills for spectroscopic cation flame analysis using a Carver press.
Barnard, Sister Marquita J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 153.
Spectroscopy |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
4s Sometimes is below 3d - the author replies Pilar, Frank L.
Reply to criticism of original article.
Pilar, Frank L. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 767.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
4s Sometimes is below 3d Carlton, Terry S.
Seeks to correct flaws in cited article.
Carlton, Terry S. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 767.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
A low-cost classroom demonstration of the Aufbau Principle Hanley, James R. III; Hanley, James R., Jr.
Uses golf balls placed in egg cartons to represent the placement of electrons in orbitals.
Hanley, James R. III; Hanley, James R., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 747.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
Bent thermometer Smith, Douglas D.
Reducing the breakage of thermometers, using CO2 as an insecticide, and improving the demonstration of the reaction between sodium and water.
Smith, Douglas D. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 742.
Laboratory Management |
Applications of Chemistry |
Metals |
Reactions
|
Physical and chemical properties and bonding of metallic elements Myers, R. Thomas
137. Common textbook errors concerning the physical and chemical properties, conductivity and bonding of metals.
Myers, R. Thomas J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 712.
Physical Properties |
Metallic Bonding |
Metals |
Covalent Bonding
|
Electronegativity, bond energy, and chemical reactivity Myers, R. Thomas
The Pauling electronegativity concept can be used to help rationalize several kinds of chemical reactions.
Myers, R. Thomas J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 711.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding |
Reactions
|
Corrosion: A Waste of energy J. Chem. Educ. Staff
Thermodynamics and electrochemical aspects of corrosion, and inhibition of the corrosion process.
J. Chem. Educ. Staff J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 673.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Applications of Chemistry |
Metals |
Thermodynamics |
Electrochemistry
|
Empirical formulas Ryan, Dennis P.
This question forces one to duplicate the line of reasoning used by Dalton in his initial formulation of atomic weights; it tests for the ability to deduce atomic sizes and to calculate empirical formulas.
Ryan, Dennis P. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 528.
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
Chemical toxicology. Part II. Metal toxicity Carter, D. E.; Fernando, Quintus
Considers essential trace metals and the toxic affects of vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt copper, zinc, selenium, molybdenum, cadmium, lead, and mercury.
Carter, D. E.; Fernando, Quintus J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 490.
Toxicology |
Metals
|
The precipitation of ferrous hydroxide: A lecture demonstration Lau, O. W.
This demonstration can illustrate such topics as the solubility of ionic compounds, electrode potentials of transition elements and their modification by formation of either an insoluble compound of a complex ion, and mixed valence compounds.
Lau, O. W. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 474.
Precipitation / Solubility |
Solutions / Solvents |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Transition Elements |
Metals |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Oxidation State
|
Producing flame spectra Smith, Douglas D.
Adding the desired salt to canned heat.
Smith, Douglas D. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 48.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Atomic Spectroscopy
|
Participatory lecture demonstrations Battino, Rubin
Examples of participatory lecture demonstrations in chromatography, chemical kinetics, balancing equations, the gas laws, the kinetic-molecular theory, Henry's law, electronic energy levels in atoms, translational, vibrational, and rotational energies of molecules, and organic chemistry.
Battino, Rubin J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 39.
Chromatography |
Kinetic-Molecular Theory |
Kinetics |
Stoichiometry |
Gases |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
Illustration of d and p block element properties Canty, Allan J.
The experiments described in this article have been devised to cover descriptive chemistry appropriate for introductory chemistry.
Canty, Allan J. J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 790.
Descriptive Chemistry |
Metals |
Nonmetals
|
Determination of copper in a copper-nickel alloy: A new experiment for the general chemistry laboratory Gallagher, Kristin; Cantor, Charles R.
A brief description of a laboratory experience for the determination of copper in a copper-nickel alloy: A new experiment for the general chemistry laboratory.
Gallagher, Kristin; Cantor, Charles R. J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 660.
Metals |
Quantitative Analysis
|
Using the Aufbau principle Whitmer, John C.
This question is written with the belief that general chemistry students should not only attain an understanding of the Aufbau principle enabling them to write down electron configurations, they ought also recognize the correspondence between the quantum numbers and the structures of the periodic table.
Whitmer, John C. J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 515.
Quantum Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
Concentration model Leung, Wai-Keung Solomon; Buchanan, Edward B., Jr.
The authors provide a model for lessons concerning parts-per-million and parts-per-billion.
Leung, Wai-Keung Solomon; Buchanan, Edward B., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 380.
Toxicology |
Metals
|
The electron game: A novel approach to aid in the teaching of electronic structures of atoms Wiseman, Frank L., Jr.
The author reports a competitive group activity called "The electron game" that has been used as an aid to teaching the aufbau principle for determining atomic electronic structure to nonscience major chemistry students in an introductory chemistry course.
Wiseman, Frank L., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 325.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Lecture projectable atomic orbital cross-sections and bonding interactions Shepherd, Rex E.
Models using small Styrofoam balls and slinky toys improve student understanding of covalent bonds.
Shepherd, Rex E. J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 317.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding |
MO Theory |
Molecular Modeling
|
Molar volumes: Microscopic insight from macroscopic data Davenport, Derek A.; Fosterling, Robert B.; Srinivasan, Viswanathan
The molar volumes of the alkali metal halides; molar volumes of binary hydrogen compounds; molar volumes of the first transition series; molar volumes of the lanthanoids and actinoids; molar volumes of the carbon family; molar volumes of isotopically related species; aquated ions and ions in aqueous solution.
Davenport, Derek A.; Fosterling, Robert B.; Srinivasan, Viswanathan J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 93.
Inner Transition Elements |
Metals |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Stoichiometry |
Gases |
Transition Elements |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Isotopes
|
Electroplating of polyethylene Gorodetsky, Malka
In the process of reorganizing a first-year chemistry laboratory for engineering students the authors have developed experiments that reproduce the approach in solving industrial chemical problems.
Gorodetsky, Malka J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 66.
Industrial Chemistry |
Electrochemistry |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Metals
|
Biochemical roles of some essential metal ions J. Chem. Educ. Staff
Summarizes the important biochemical roles played by ions of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, cobalt, and copper.
J. Chem. Educ. Staff J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 761.
Metals |
Organometallics |
Bioinorganic Chemistry
|
Elemental evolution and isotopic composition Rydberg, J.; Choppin, G. R.
Reviews elemental abundances and the processes of elemental creation.
Rydberg, J.; Choppin, G. R. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 742.
Astrochemistry |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Isotopes |
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Geochemistry
|
Questions [and] Answers Campbell, J. A.
330-333. Four questions and their answers; includes comments made by readers on earlier questions 130, 153, 154, 171, 172, 181.
Campbell, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 678.
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Atmospheric Chemistry |
Applications of Chemistry |
Electrochemistry |
Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials |
Metals |
pH
|
Atomic wave functions Fitzpatrick, Noel; Wilson, Owen
A booklet containing wave functions drawn using a Calcomp plotter is available.
Fitzpatrick, Noel; Wilson, Owen J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 676.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Non-polluting treatment of the waste of chromic acid mixture Shirai, Michiko; Matsumoto, Yoshio
Regenerating the waste of chromic acid mixtures.
Shirai, Michiko; Matsumoto, Yoshio J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 609.
Laboratory Management |
Metals
|
Emphasis on elements J. Chem. Educ. Staff
Lists major metals and minerals, current metal reserves, and elemental composition of the human body and the oceans. [Debut]
J. Chem. Educ. Staff J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 551.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Geochemistry |
Metals
|
But if atoms are so tiny... Kolb, Doris
Reviews the atomic theory, the laws of chemical combination, atomic weight scales, Avogadro's hypothesis, the development of the mass spectrograph, the meaning of atomic weight, and the difference between mass and weight in answering the question "If atoms are so small, how can we know how much they weigh?" [Debut]
Kolb, Doris J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 543.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Kinetic-Molecular Theory |
Mass Spectrometry
|
Vanadium for high school students Grant, A. Ward, Jr.
After the instructor performs the reduction of vanadium(V) as a demonstration, students can perform the oxidation of the vanadium(II) back to its original state.
Grant, A. Ward, Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 500.
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Oxidation State |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Metals |
Transition Elements
|
Questions [and] Answers Campbell, J. A.
303-308. Six practical, environmental chemistry application questions and their answers. Q303 submitted by Jerry Ray Dias.
Campbell, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 369.
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Metals |
Toxicology |
Coordination Compounds |
Membranes |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
A demonstration in solid state chemistry: The nonstoichiometry of nickel oxide, NiO Perrino, Charles T.; Johnson, Robert
A simple experiment to demonstrate the nonstoichiometric synthesis of nickel oxide.
Perrino, Charles T.; Johnson, Robert J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 367.
Stoichiometry |
Oxidation State |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Solid State Chemistry |
Metals
|
Alkali metal anions. An unusual oxidation state Dye, James L.
There can no longer be any doubt that the 1- oxidation state of the alkali metals exists under a variety of conditions.
Dye, James L. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 332.
Metals |
Oxidation State
|
Lecture demonstration of the various oxidation states of manganese Arora, C. L.
Showing the colors associated with seven different oxidation states of magnesium and methods for preparing each.
Arora, C. L. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 302.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Oxidation State |
Transition Elements |
Metals
|
Chemical aspects of Bohr's 1913 theory Kragh, Helge
The chemical content of Bohr's 1913 theory has generally been neglected in the treatises on the history of chemistry; this paper regards Bohr as a theoretical chemist and discusses the chemical aspects of his atomic theory.
Kragh, Helge J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 208.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding |
Theoretical Chemistry
|
Display of sodium as a shiny metal Davidson, Scott
Involves adding a few drops of a high molecular weight secondary alcohol to delay oxidation of the sodium while stored under kerosene.
Davidson, Scott J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 29.
Metals
|
The experimental values of atomic electron affinities. Their selection and periodic behavior Chen, E. C. M.; Wentworth, W. E.
Presents experimental values of atomic electron affinities and discusses their determination.
Chen, E. C. M.; Wentworth, W. E. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 486.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
The failings of the law of definite proportions Suchow, Lawrence
Inorganic solids often violate the law of definite proportions.
Suchow, Lawrence J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 367.
Stoichiometry |
Solids |
Transition Elements |
Metals
|
Converting a television system into a quantitative atomic emission spectrograph Richtol, H. H.; Reeves, R. R.; Nelson, D. L.
The conversion involves placing a transmission grating over the lens of a television camera that is focussed on a discharge tube.
Richtol, H. H.; Reeves, R. R.; Nelson, D. L. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 198.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Brass McCormick, P. D.
A spectacular illustration of a diffusion process in solid copper - transforming a copper penny into brass (or "gold") using NaOH and zinc.
McCormick, P. D. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 102.
Metals |
Solids
|
What is oxidation? Herron, J. Dudley
Why do most teachers continue to define oxidation and reduction in terms of a gain and loss of electrons rather than in terms of a change in oxidation number? [Debut]
Herron, J. Dudley J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 51.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Reactions
|
A general chemistry laboratory project utilizing atomic absorption Testa, J. F.; Wyatt, J. L.
This project involves the preparation and purification of an unknown inorganic compound followed by qualitative and quantitative analysis for the materials used in the preparation.
Testa, J. F.; Wyatt, J. L. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 50.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Synthesis |
Quantitative Analysis |
Qualitative Analysis
|
The spectrum of atomic lithium. An undergraduate laboratory experiment Miller, Kenneth J.
The author gives a background on the theory and experimental procedure for the spectrum of atomic lithium.
Miller, Kenneth J. J. Chem. Educ. 1974, 51, 805.
Quantum Chemistry |
Spectroscopy |
Quantitative Analysis |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
A study of water pollution. An undergraduate chemistry laboratory experience Sarkis, Vahak D.
In addition to its environmental relevance, a water pollution study of the inorganic constituents in water as outlined in this article, provides the student with certain important principles of chemistry namely, colorimetric and titrimetric procedures.
Sarkis, Vahak D. J. Chem. Educ. 1974, 51, 745.
Applications of Chemistry |
Metals |
Green Chemistry |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
A novel approach for qualitative analysis Ophadt, Charles E.
This qualitative analysis series allows students to spend a semester exploring the behavior of one ion during the course of a semester that might not be readily learned from a textbook.
Ophadt, Charles E. J. Chem. Educ. 1974, 51, 415.
Descriptive Chemistry |
Metals |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
Line spectrum demonstration for the large lecture hall Driscoll, Jerry A.
The undergraduate's learning experience with quantum mechanics and Bohr's theory can be greatly enhanced by the presentation of a line spectrum demonstration, but these are often hard to see in large lecture halls. The authors present a physical arrangement of an apparatus that can be easily assembled to allow for easier student viewing in a lecture-hall situation.
Driscoll, Jerry A. J. Chem. Educ. 1974, 51, 97.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry |
Spectroscopy
|
Questions [and] Answers Campbell, J. A.
Six questions that can be answered with the application of basic chemical principles.
Campbell, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 847.
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Metals |
Plant Chemistry |
Electrochemistry |
Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials |
Applications of Chemistry
|
Regularities and relations among ionization potentials of nontransition elements Liebman, Joel F.
Provides several semiempirical procedures for investigating ionization potentials.
Liebman, Joel F. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 831.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
Some reactions of tungsten: A lecture demonstration Nelson, D. L.; Reeves, R. R.; Richtol, H. H.
Several demonstrations involving reactions of tungsten.
Nelson, D. L.; Reeves, R. R.; Richtol, H. H. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 810.
Metals |
Reactions |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
The Rutherford scattering experiment: CAI in the laboratory Garbarino, John R.; Wartell, M. A.
Briefly describes a computer generated Rutherford scattering experiment.
Garbarino, John R.; Wartell, M. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 792.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The stability of the hydrogen atom Rioux, Frank
The Kimball-Neumark-Kleiss model of the atom is conceptually correct, requires only simple mathematics, and clearly explains the stability of the hydrogen atom.
Rioux, Frank J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 550.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Electron affinity. The zeroth ionization potential Brooks, David W.; Meyers, Edward A.; Sicilio, Fred; Nearing, James C.
It is the purpose of this article to present the merits of adopting the terminology zeroth ionization potential to describe the energy change that occurs when a gaseous anion loses an electron.
Brooks, David W.; Meyers, Edward A.; Sicilio, Fred; Nearing, James C. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 487.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols
|
Charge and mass of the electron. An introductory experiment Thompson, C. C.
Procedure for the electrolytic determination of the charge and mass of the electron requiring only the use of a balance and the careful recording of data.
Thompson, C. C. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 435.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Electrochemistry |
Metals
|
Sulfur compounds. Pollution, health effects, and biological function Leh, F.; Chan, K. M.
Reviews the role of sulfur and its compounds in pollution and adverse health effects as well as biological functions.
Leh, F.; Chan, K. M. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 246.
Nonmetals |
Proteins / Peptides
|
Commercial gas replaces hydrogen in general chemistry laboratory Ehlert, Thomas C.
Methane can be used in place of hydrogen to reduce metal oxides.
Ehlert, Thomas C. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 162.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Laboratory Management |
Gases |
Metals
|
Questions [and] Answers Campbell, J. A.
Seven questions requiring an application of basic principles of chemistry.
Campbell, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 831.
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Applications of Chemistry |
Gases |
Dyes / Pigments |
Metals
|
Water analysis experiment Anderlick, Barbara
Analyzing various water samples for the presence of a variety of ions.
Anderlick, Barbara J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 749.
Water / Water Chemistry |
Qualitative Analysis |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Metals
|
The effect of ligands on hydrolysis constants of transition metal ions Morrow, Jack I.
This procedure examines the effect that ligands in the inner coordination sphere have upon the chemical behavior of transition metal ions.
Morrow, Jack I. J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 748.
Coordination Compounds |
Transition Elements |
Metals |
Crystal Field / Ligand Field Theory |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
A simple, effective demonstration of magnetic properties of materials Burke, John A., Jr.
A simple demonstration of diamagnetism that requires only a magnet of a few kilogauss in strength.
Burke, John A., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 568.
Magnetic Properties |
Physical Properties |
Metals |
Transition Elements
|
Questions [and] Answers Campbell, J. A.
Six questions requiring the application of basic principles of chemistry.
Campbell, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 538.
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Applications of Chemistry |
Electrochemistry |
Astrochemistry |
Stoichiometry |
Metals
|
Electron configuration diagram Krupsaw, Marylin; Ng, George
A simpler schematic diagram for remembering the order of filling subshells when constructing electron configurations.
Krupsaw, Marylin; Ng, George J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 433.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
Visualization of the atomic absorption of mercury vapor by use of a fluorescent screen Argauer, Robert J.; White, Charles E.
Presents a demonstration to visualize the presence of metallic mercury vapor.
Argauer, Robert J.; White, Charles E. J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 27.
Toxicology |
Gases |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The identification of an unknown alloy. A first experiment in elementary chemistry Watson, Naola V.
The experiments which are often used as an introduction to the laboratory in beginning chemistry courses are considered by many students to be sheer buys work. This experiment is devised to provide students with an interesting and meaningful introduction to the laboratory.
Watson, Naola V. J. Chem. Educ. 1971, 48, 324.
Qualitative Analysis |
Metallurgy |
Metals
|
Model to illustrate bonding and symmetry of transition metal complexes Betteridge, D.
Describes a physical model used to demonstrate the combination of atomic orbitals of the transition metal ion with those on surrounding ligands to give molecular orbitals.
Betteridge, D. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 824.
Transition Elements |
Metals |
Coordination Compounds |
Molecular Modeling |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Group Theory / Symmetry
|
Transparent 3-D models of electron probability distributions McClellan, A. L.
The authors describe transparent, three-dimensional models in which regions of high electron probability seem to float in space, without definite boundaries and with the "internal" variations of probability density clearly visible.
McClellan, A. L. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 761.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Modeling
|
A new way of presenting atomic orbitals Linnett, J. W.; Bordass, W. T.
Uses three-dimensional contour diagrams to plot and illustrate electron distributions and atomic orbitals.
Linnett, J. W.; Bordass, W. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 672.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Aufbau principle: A simple model for demonstration Sagi, Seetarama Raju
This electrical model of the atom used light bulbs to illustrate how the electron density gradually increases around the nucleus with successive additions of electrons to the various orbitals.
Sagi, Seetarama Raju J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 648.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
Forces and quantum field theory Brescia, Frank
This article seeks to explain the nature of forces between nucleons in terms of the quantum field theory for the general reader using a simple analogy.
Brescia, Frank J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 642.
Quantum Chemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Some "real life" applications of solubility: Iron, iron everywhere but not a drop to drink Brasted, Robert C.
Although Hawaiian pineapples grow in red soils whose iron composition may exceed 20%, they starve for iron because it is in an insoluble form; also considers applications of the insolubility of other transition metals.
Brasted, Robert C. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 634.
Applications of Chemistry |
Solutions / Solvents |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Plant Chemistry |
Agricultural Chemistry |
Metals |
Transition Elements |
Oxidation State
|
Some "real life" applications of solubility: Iron, iron everywhere but not a drop to drink Brasted, Robert C.
Although Hawaiian pineapples grow in red soils whose iron composition may exceed 20%, they starve for iron because it is in an insoluble form; also considers applications of the insolubility of other transition metals.
Brasted, Robert C. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 634.
Applications of Chemistry |
Solutions / Solvents |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Plant Chemistry |
Agricultural Chemistry |
Metals |
Transition Elements |
Oxidation State
|
Nuclear concepts as part of the undergraduate chemistry curriculum Caretto, A. A., Jr.; Sugihara, T. T.
It is proposed that there are distinct advantages to a freshman curriculum that introduces nuclear concepts simultaneously with the discussion of analogous atomic and molecular concepts.
Caretto, A. A., Jr.; Sugihara, T. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 569.
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Interpretation of oxidation-reduction Goodstein, Madeline P.
Presents an interpretation of the oxidation number system based upon the electronegativity principle, thus removing the adjective "arbitrary" frequently found in the descriptions of oxidation number.
Goodstein, Madeline P. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 452.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Oxidation State |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Reactions
|
Role of f electrons in chemical binding Johnson, O.
Data presented suggests that f electrons, by their ineffective screening of the nuclear charge, exert an indirect effect on the binding strength of actions.
Johnson, O. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 431.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Metals |
Transition Elements
|
The periodic systems of D. I. Mendeleev and problems of nuclear chemistry Gol'danskii, V. I.; translated by Avakian, Peter
Examines the acquisition and identification of new chemical elements and the structure of the eighth period of the periodic table.
Gol'danskii, V. I.; translated by Avakian, Peter J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 406.
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Metals
|
The mole again! Haack, N. H.
Discusses the definition of the mole.
Haack, N. H. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 324.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Stoichiometry |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols
|
An electronegativity spectrum for the periodic table Guenther, W. B.
This periodic table uses a spectrum of colors coded to electronegativity values and gives equal legitimacy to s, p, d, and f blocks of elements.
Guenther, W. B. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 317.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
Isomerism in transition metal complexes: An experiment for freshman chemistry laboratory Foust, Richard D., Jr.; Ford, Peter C.
In this experiment students synthesize two isomers, cis- and trans-dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)-cobalt(III) chloride.
Foust, Richard D., Jr.; Ford, Peter C. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 165.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Transition Elements |
Metals |
Coordination Compounds |
Diastereomers |
Synthesis
|
Chemical queries. Especially for introductory chemistry teachers Young, J. A.; Malik, J. G.; Choppin, Gregory R.; Young, J. P.
(1) Is there more to nuclear stability than only the neutron to proton ration? - answer by Choppin. (2) What are the products generated by the electrolysis of molten potassium nitrate with stainless steel electrodes? - answer by Young.
Young, J. A.; Malik, J. G.; Choppin, Gregory R.; Young, J. P. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 73.
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Isotopes |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Electrochemistry
|
Metals of groups IV-VIII. Group VI (Chromium) Alyea, Hubert N.; Cooper, Edwin H.
The preparation of various chromium compounds from chromite ore.
Alyea, Hubert N.; Cooper, Edwin H. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, A452.
Metals
|
Metals of groups IV-VIII. Group V (Vanadium). Alyea, Hubert N.; Bernard Robert
A demonstration of the oxidation states of vanadium.
Alyea, Hubert N.; Bernard Robert J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, A452.
Metals |
Oxidation State
|
Metals of groups IV-VIII. Group IV (Ti, Sn, Pb) Alyea, Hubert N.; Jackman, Kenneth V.; Dunham S. S.; Johnson L. P.; Palermo, Alphonse
Six overhead demonstrations involving titanium, tin, and lead.
Alyea, Hubert N.; Jackman, Kenneth V.; Dunham S. S.; Johnson L. P.; Palermo, Alphonse J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, A451.
Metals
|
High school courses Briggs, A. G.
The author points out that students may be more accepting of chemistry content (such as the size of the atom) if they are allowed to experiment for themselves.
Briggs, A. G. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 700.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Contour diagrams for relativistic orbitals Szabo, Attila
The purpose of this article is to amplify an earlier JCE article regarding taking pictorial representations of atomic orbitals too literally.
Szabo, Attila J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 678.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Chemical queries. Especially for introductory chemistry teachers Young, J. A.; Malik, J. G.; House, J. E., Jr.; Campbell, J. A.
(1) When is the rule valid that the rate of reaction approximately doubles with a ten-degree temperature rise? - answer by House. (2) On the colors of transition metal complexes. (3) On an electrolysis experiment in which an acid solution is used to minimize the hydrolysis of Cu 2+. - answer by Campbell.
Young, J. A.; Malik, J. G.; House, J. E., Jr.; Campbell, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 674.
Rate Law |
Kinetics |
Transition Elements |
Coordination Compounds |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Electrochemistry |
Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials |
Acids / Bases
|
An improved equivalent weight apparatus Brown, Oliver L.
Presents an improved apparatus for the reaction of weighed samples of metals with hydrochloric acid and the measurement of the volume of hydrogen evolved.
Brown, Oliver L. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 617.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Metals |
Laboratory Management |
Reactions |
Gases |
Stoichiometry
|
On the discovery of the electron Morrow, B. A.
Thomson's experiment resolved the controversy concerning the corpuscular or wave nature of cathode rays, while Millikan's experiment resolved the controversy concerning the continuous or discrete nature of electrical phenomena.
Morrow, B. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 584.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Chemical queries. Especially for introductory chemistry teachers Young, J. A.; Malik, J. G.; Haight, Gilbert P., Jr.; Rechnitz, Garry A.
(1) Suggestions for presenting the relationship between the Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales. (2) Why are 4s rather than 3d electrons involved in the first and second ionizations of the first row transition elements? - answer by Haight. (3) The basis for the mnemonic ordering of atomic orbitals. (4) What is a liquid-liquid membrane electrode? Is it the same as an ion-selective electrode? - answer by Rechnitz.
Young, J. A.; Malik, J. G.; Haight, Gilbert P., Jr.; Rechnitz, Garry A. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 444.
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Transition Elements |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Electrochemistry |
Ion Selective Electrodes |
Membranes
|
Chemical queries. Especially for introductory chemistry teachers Young, J. A.; Malik, J. G.; Quagliano, James V.; Danehy, James P.
(1) Why different potential for copper/zinc cells when using nitrates vs. sulfates? Why is neither cell potential as large as predicted by Nerst equation? (2) Do elements in the zinc subgroup belong to the transition series? - answer by Quagliano. (3) How can the 2,4,5-trichloro derivative of phenoxyacetic acid be prepared? - answer by Danehy.
Young, J. A.; Malik, J. G.; Quagliano, James V.; Danehy, James P. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 227.
Electrochemistry |
Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Metals |
Synthesis |
Aromatic Compounds
|
Improving potassium flame tests Strong, Frederick C., III
Describes ways for optimizing the classical flame test for potassium.
Strong, Frederick C., III J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 178.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Qualitative Analysis
|
Reactions of metals and sulfur Walker, Noojin
An iron nail reacts with sulfur to produce iron(II) sulfide.
Walker, Noojin J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, A901.
Metals |
Reactions
|
Educational film loops on atomic and molecular structure Wahl, Arnold C.; Blukis, Uldis
Describes six films dealing with fundamental principles of atomic and molecular structure.
Wahl, Arnold C.; Blukis, Uldis J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 787.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry
|
Studying the chemical properties of metallic aluminum Feifer, Nathan
Studying the chemical properties of aluminum is made much easier by first producing an amalgam by treating aluminum with mercurous nitrate.
Feifer, Nathan J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 648.
Metals |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
Stereo plots of hydrogen-like electron densities Cromer, Don T.
Presents a series of stereo plots of computer-generated, hydrogen-like electron densities.
Cromer, Don T. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 626.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
A model for illustrating d orbitals Baker, Wilbur L.
This model illustrates the directional properties of the d orbitals.
Baker, Wilbur L. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 135.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The five equivalent d orbitals Powell, Richard E.
Several textbooks assert that there is no way of choosing the five d orbitals so they have the same shape but differ only in their orientation.
Powell, Richard E. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 45.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Group 1. The Alkali Metals. The Copper Group Mancuso, Carl J.; Alyea, Hubert N.
Demonstrations include the density and melting point of copper versus sodium, the conductivity of sodium, the reactivity with water of groups IA vs IB, and the stability of CO3--, HCO3-, and hydroxides of groups IA vs IB.
Mancuso, Carl J.; Alyea, Hubert N. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, A919.
Metals |
Reactions |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Physical Properties
|
Metallurgy E. Metals and Alloys Rogers, Crosby U.; Owens, Charles
Demonstrates low-melting alloys.
Rogers, Crosby U.; Owens, Charles J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, A919.
Metals
|
Metallurgy E. Metals and Alloys Alyea, Hubert N.; Soule, Dean; Rogers, Crosby U.
Demonstrations include the conductivity, expansion through heating, and identification of metals.
Alyea, Hubert N.; Soule, Dean; Rogers, Crosby U. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, A717.
Metallurgy |
Metals |
Conductivity |
Qualitative Analysis
|
Metallurgy D. Refining the Metal Alyea, Hubert N.
Copper refined by electroplating.
Alyea, Hubert N. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, A717.
Metallurgy |
Metals |
Electrochemistry
|
Metallurgy C. Reducton of Ore Rogers, Crosby U.
Demonstrations include the reduction of Cu2O with charcoal, heating zinc carbonate, and zinc sulfide heated in air.
Rogers, Crosby U. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, A717.
Metallurgy |
Metals |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
Atomic Structure. Radioactivity. B. Nuclear Phenomena: Radioactivity Surina, Albert A.; Alyea, Hubert N.
Demonstration include the use of an electroscope and Geiger counter in measuring radioactivity and the formation of fog in an evacuated bottle.
Surina, Albert A.; Alyea, Hubert N. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, A545.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Nuclear / Radiochemistry
|
Group 1. The Alkali Metals C. The Copper Group Alyea, Hubert N.; Mancuso, Carl J.; Bernard, Robert
Demonstrations include electroplating copper, Fehling's test, the silver mirror (Ag+ + tartrate), insoluble silver salts, photo-film + hypo, hypo fixer + silver coin, and a solution of gold in aqua-regia.
Alyea, Hubert N.; Mancuso, Carl J.; Bernard, Robert J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, A1005.
Electrochemistry |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Solutions / Solvents |
Metals
|
Inorganic chemistry. Volume 1, principles and non-metals. Volume 2, metals (Phillips, C. S. G.; Williams, R. J. P.) Zuckerman, J. J.
Zuckerman, J. J. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, A73.
Nonmetals |
Metals
|
Crystal models Olsen, Robert C.
This short note illustrates a model designed to demonstrate the number of particles in a crystal that can be assigned to a unit cell.
Olsen, Robert C. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 728.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Molecular Modeling |
Solids |
Metals |
Metallic Bonding
|
Anticipating "valences" from electron configurations Eichinger, Jack W., Jr.
Describes a procedure for predicting "valences" from electron configurations that works well for most metals.
Eichinger, Jack W., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 689.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Metals |
Transition Elements
|
Detection of iron with salicylimine Poonia, N. S.; Bakre, V. P.; Bal, M. S.
Describes the detection of iron with salicylimine.
Poonia, N. S.; Bakre, V. P.; Bal, M. S. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 483.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Qualitative Analysis |
Metals
|
Reagents for analysis of iron(II)-iron(III) mixtures Lal, Sudarshan; Srivastava, S. N.
Presents some analytical reagents that may be used for the analysis of iron(II)-iron(III) mixtures.
Lal, Sudarshan; Srivastava, S. N. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 482.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Qualitative Analysis |
Metals
|
Detection of mercury(I) and mercury(II) in the presence of each other Lal, Sudarshan; Srivastava, S. N.
Presents some analytical reagents that may be used for the analysis of mercury(I) and mercury(II) in the presence of each other.
Lal, Sudarshan; Srivastava, S. N. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 482.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Qualitative Analysis |
Metals
|
Some analytical reagents for tin(II)-tin(IV) mixtures Lal, Sudarshan; Srivastava, S. N.
Presents some analytical reagents that may be used for the analysis of tin(II)-tin(IV) mixtures.
Lal, Sudarshan; Srivastava, S. N. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 481.
Qualitative Analysis |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Metals
|
Spot tests for silver(I) and manganese(II) Poonia, N. S.; Gupta, H. K. L.
This investigation introduces piperidine as a new reagent for this test and describes an improved technique with increased sensitivity.
Poonia, N. S.; Gupta, H. K. L. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 480.
Qualitative Analysis |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Metals
|
Dodecyl sodium sulfate as a reagent for the detection of potassium Neman, R. L.
The proposed test involves the addition of an aqueous solution of dodecyl sodium sulfate to precipitate dodecyl potassium sulfate.
Neman, R. L. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 479.
Qualitative Analysis |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Metals
|
The use of tables of data in teaching: The students discover laws about ionization potentials Haight, G. P., Jr.
Students are asked to see what they can discover in a table of ionization potentials of the elements like that presented in most general chemistry textbooks.
Haight, G. P., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 468.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
An analogy for elementary band theory concepts in solids Weller, Paul F.
The author presents analogies to help students understand insulators and metals, semiconductors, and the p-n junction.
Weller, Paul F. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 391.
Semiconductors |
Solid State Chemistry |
Metals
|
The electron repulsion theory of the chemical bond. I. New models of atomic structure Luder, W. F.
Describes the electron repulsion theory of electron configuration and applies it to representative elements.
Luder, W. F. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 206.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding |
Metals
|
Models illustrating d orbitals involved in multiple bonding Barrett, Edward J.
Describes the use of Framework Molecular Orbital Models to illustrate the d orbitals involved in multiple bonding
Barrett, Edward J. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 146.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Modeling |
Covalent Bonding
|
Energy B. Heat energy Hornbeck, Leroy G.; Noerdin, Isjrin; Alyea, Hubert N.
Demonstrations presented include the absorption of black vs white surfaces, the heat ignition of touching flash-bulbs, the low heat of combustion of guncotton, and the heats of displacement of metals.
Hornbeck, Leroy G.; Noerdin, Isjrin; Alyea, Hubert N. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, A978.
Metals |
Thermodynamics
|
Chemistry of the rare-earth elements (Topp, N. E.) Moeller, Therald
Moeller, Therald J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, A160.
Metals
|
Electronegativities and group IVA chemistry Payne, Dwight A., Jr.; Fink, Frank Hall
The teacher of inorganic chemistry should present the representative elements of group IVA and their properties as an intellectual and empirical form of investigation rather than as a mere collection of information.
Payne, Dwight A., Jr.; Fink, Frank Hall J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 654.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
The spectrum of atomic hydrogen: A mass scale freshman laboratory experiment Companion, A. L.; Schug, K.
Student-built spectroscopes are used to measure the Balmer series for hydrogen.
Companion, A. L.; Schug, K. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 591.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
An analogy for the band theory of metals van Reuth, E. C.
Presents a useful analogy for teaching students the band theory of metals.
van Reuth, E. C. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 484.
Metals |
Solid State Chemistry |
Semiconductors
|
Fusion reactions under the microscope Benedetti-Pichler, A. A.; Vikin, Joe
An electrically heated wire is used to identify a variety of cations and anions according to colors observed under a microscope.
Benedetti-Pichler, A. A.; Vikin, Joe J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 421.
Reactions |
Qualitative Analysis |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Cardboard orbital domain models Kapauan, A. F.
Describes the construction of orbital domain models from cardboard.
Kapauan, A. F. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 412.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The spectrum of atomic hydrogen: A freshman laboratory experiment Hollenberg, J. Leland
This experiment allows more precise measurements of the wavelengths of the emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen with a spectrophotometer than those previously published.
Hollenberg, J. Leland J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 216.
Atomic Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Atomic orbitals: Limitations and variations Cohen, Irwin; Bustard, Thomas
The three most widely used methods of arriving at a set of atomic orbitals afford respective hydrogen-like orbitals, self-consistent field orbitals, and various analytical approximations such as the Slater or Morse orbitals, all of which may differ greatly in shape and size from each other.
Cohen, Irwin; Bustard, Thomas J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 187.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry
|
IV - Isoelectronic systems Bent, Henry A.
A detailed consideration of the principles of isoelectric systems.
Bent, Henry A. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 170.
Gases |
Nonmetals |
Covalent Bonding
|
General chemistry exercise using atomic and molecular orbital models Walker, Ruth A.
Styrofoam balls and pipecleaners are used to construct models designed to convey an understanding of the three-dimensionality of the electron distribution in the ground state atom and the effect of bonding on this distribution.
Walker, Ruth A. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 672.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Modeling |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding
|
Units of measurement: An early application of Avogadro's number Brasted, Robert C.
A comparison is made between the measured volume of a regular metallic solid and its theoretical volume as calculated using Avogadro's number.
Brasted, Robert C. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 472.
Stoichiometry |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |
Metals |
Physical Properties
|
Experiments on metal amine salts Haight, G. P., Jr.
Tetrammine monaquo copper(II) sulfate is prepared and studied qualitatively and quantitatively.
Haight, G. P., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 468.
Metals |
Covalent Bonding |
Hydrogen Bonding |
Qualitative Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis
|
Letters Cohen, Irwin
The discussion of shapes of atoms by Johnson and Rettew illustrates a common and readily understandable misunderstanding.
Cohen, Irwin J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 397.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Tangent-sphere models of molecules. III. Chemical implications of inner-shell electrons Bent, Henry A.
While a study of atomic core sizes might seem to hold little promise of offering interesting insights into the main body of chemical theory, it is demonstrated here that from such a study emerges a picture of chemical bonding that encompasses as particular cases covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds.
Bent, Henry A. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 302.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Molecular Modeling |
Covalent Bonding |
Ionic Bonding |
Metallic Bonding
|
The structure of atoms (Lagowski, J. J.) Cohen, Irwin
Cohen, Irwin J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 178.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
On the shapes of f orbitals Ogryzlo, E. A.
Contour plots are a more appropriate representation of an f orbital than polar plots.
Ogryzlo, E. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 150.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Simplified d orbital models assist in teaching coordination concepts Nicholson, Douglas G.
Presents a three-dimensional model, containing representatives of all lobes of the five d orbitals, prepared for each of the tetrahedral, square planar, and octahedral coordination configurations.
Nicholson, Douglas G. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 148.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Coordination Compounds
|
Shapes of atoms Johnson, Ronald C.; Rettew, R. R.
Examines the shapes of various atoms as a function of occupied orbitals.
Johnson, Ronald C.; Rettew, R. R. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 145.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Domain representations of orbitals Adamson, Arthur W.
Presents orbital domains and physical models to represent them as a more accurate way of visualizing atoms.
Adamson, Arthur W. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 140.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Behavior of electrons in atoms: Structure, spectra, and photochemistry of atoms (Hochstrasser, Robin M.) Gregory, N. W.
Gregory, N. W. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 62.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Photochemistry |
Spectroscopy |
Quantum Chemistry
|
Metallic reduction of aqueous hydrogen chloride Walker, Noojin, Jr.
Calcium reacts with HCl to liberate hydrogen gas.
Walker, Noojin, Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, A477.
Reactions |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Metals |
Electrochemistry
|
Atomic orbital molecular models Martins, George
Atomic orbital molecular models are constructed using molded white expanded polystyrene in the form of spheres and teardrops.
Martins, George J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 658.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
MO Theory
|
Precise atomic and molecular models Adler, Alan D.; Steele, William J.
Presents designs for skeletal or lattice and space-filling models
Adler, Alan D.; Steele, William J. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 656.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Molecular Modeling
|
Letters Gates, Henry S.
Brings the reader's attention to work done by Petit and Dulong in revising a large number of atomic weights in order to bring all of their reported atomic heat capacities into agreement with the hypothesis that atomic heat capacity is the same for all elements.
Gates, Henry S. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 575.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Physical Properties
|
An atomic and molecular orbital models kit Stone, A. Harris; Siegelman, Irwin
The models presented here allows one to see the overlap that constitutes covalent bonds.
Stone, A. Harris; Siegelman, Irwin J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 395.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Modeling |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding
|
Geometry of the f orbitals Becker, Clifford
Presents physical models of the f orbitals.
Becker, Clifford J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 358.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The shapes of the f orbitals Friedman, H. G., Jr.; Choppin, G. R.; Feuerbacher, D. G.
Presents pictures of the f orbitals and discusses their ligand field splitting.
Friedman, H. G., Jr.; Choppin, G. R.; Feuerbacher, D. G. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 354.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Crystal Field / Ligand Field Theory
|
Atomic and molecular models made from vinyl covered wire Larson, G. Olof.
This paper presents a series of scalar models made from vinyl covered wire.
Larson, G. Olof. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 219.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Modeling |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
"Compounds" (?) of the noble gases prior to 1962 Chernick, Cedric L.
Reviews past efforts to generate compounds of the noble gases.
Chernick, Cedric L. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 185.
Nonmetals |
Gases
|
A simple model of the d orbitals Douglas, Bodie E.
Presents a simple model of the d orbitals constructed from plastic sponges.
Douglas, Bodie E. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 40.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The extraction of metals from ores Keubel, A.
Provides suggestions for research based on earlier published articles.
Keubel, A. J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, A186.
Undergraduate Research |
Metals |
Separation Science
|
Alkali metal-water reactions Markowitz, Meyer M.
The typical open-air demonstration of sodium reacting with water does not in reality represent the typical reaction of an alkali metal with liquid water; the article goes on to consider other factors that may influence these reactions.
Markowitz, Meyer M. J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, 633.
Reactions |
Metals |
Water / Water Chemistry
|
An experiment with galvanic cells: For the general chemistry laboratory Dillard, Clyde R.; Kammeyer, Patty Hall
Describes a simple, low-cost galvanic cell and its use to compare various metallic electrodes.
Dillard, Clyde R.; Kammeyer, Patty Hall J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, 363.
Electrochemistry |
Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials |
Metals
|
Would Mendeleev have predicted the existence of XeF4? Ward, Roland
The author suggests that a contemporary Mendeleev might have used the concept of molecular orbitals to predict the existence of XeF4.
Ward, Roland J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, 277.
Nonmetals |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
Contour surfaces for atomic and molecular orbitals Ogryzlo, E. A.; Porter, Gerald B.
Describes the determination of and illustrates contour surfaces for atomic and molecular orbitals.
Ogryzlo, E. A.; Porter, Gerald B. J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, 256.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Molecular Modeling
|
Chemical cliches Davis, John B.
The supposed high stability of the rare gas configuration is incorrect.
Davis, John B. J. Chem. Educ. 1962, 39, 565.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Energy level diagrams and extranuclear building of the elements Keller, R. N.
Simplified diagrams showing the approximate order of electronic energy levels in atoms and mnemonic devices to aid in predicting electronic configurations for atoms are often misleading with respect to the actual energy of binding of the electrons in atoms and ions of the transition elements.
Keller, R. N. J. Chem. Educ. 1962, 39, 289.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Electronegativity chart Barrett, Richard L.
This brief note describes an electronegativity wall chart suitable for classroom use.
Barrett, Richard L. J. Chem. Educ. 1962, 39, 251.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
Representation of electrons in orbitals Joseph, Lionel
A picture of a physical model representing electrons in orbitals.
Joseph, Lionel J. Chem. Educ. 1962, 39, 216.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Close packing of atoms: A lecture demonstration Mellor, D. P.; Shuk, V.
This lecture demonstration illustrates the close packing of atoms and the effect of melting; it relies on steel balls and a permanent magnet.
Mellor, D. P.; Shuk, V. J. Chem. Educ. 1962, 39, 130.
Metals |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
|
Three-dimensional models of atomic orbitals Hoogenboom, Bernard E.
Using balloons to illustrate three-dimensional models of atomic orbitals.
Hoogenboom, Bernard E. J. Chem. Educ. 1962, 39, 40.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Cloud chamber, molecular film, and atomic weight of silver Kokes, R. J.; Dorfman, M. K.; Mathia, T.
Observing the traces of elementary particles in a cloud chamber, estimating the size of a molecule using a soap film, and quantitatively determining the atomic weight of silver.
Kokes, R. J.; Dorfman, M. K.; Mathia, T. J. Chem. Educ. 1962, 39, 18.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The science study series. Volumes 12 and 18 Kieffer, William F.
Kieffer, William F. J. Chem. Educ. 1961, 38, 588.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Water / Water Chemistry
|
Analysis of an aluminum-zinc alloy: A general chemistry laboratory Masterton, W. L.
In this experiment, students determine the percentage composition of an aluminum-zinc alloy by measuring the volume of hydrogen generated when reacted with excess acid.
Masterton, W. L. J. Chem. Educ. 1961, 38, 558.
Metals
|
Molecular models featuring molecular orbitals Brumlik, George C.
Molecular models have been constructed that attempt to represent atomic and molecular orbitals as accurately as the current theories of valence and pertinent experimental evidence permit.
Brumlik, George C. J. Chem. Educ. 1961, 38, 502.
Molecular Modeling |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
MO Theory
|
Paddle-wheel Crookes tube Campbell, J. A.
The effect in the Crookes paddle-wheel tube is the same as in the light radiometer and should be interpreted in the same way.
Campbell, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1961, 38, 480.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
A paper chromatographic scheme for the identification of metallic ions Ritchie, A. S.
Presents a scheme for the identification of metallic ions through paper chromatography.
Ritchie, A. S. J. Chem. Educ. 1961, 38, 400.
Chromatography |
Metals |
Qualitative Analysis
|
Principles of chemical bonding Sanderson, R. T.
Develops, through 25 statements, the basic principles of chemical bonding.
Sanderson, R. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1961, 38, 382.
Covalent Bonding |
Metallic Bonding |
Ionic Bonding |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
Editorially Speaking Kieffer, William K.
The editor addresses questions regarding the sizes of subatomic particles.
Kieffer, William K. J. Chem. Educ. 1961, 38, 105.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
There are electrons in atoms! Sementsov, A.
The author suggests a demonstration of the Zeeman effect to give students real and convincing proof that atoms contain electrons.
Sementsov, A. J. Chem. Educ. 1961, 38, 22.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The shape of the 2p and related orbitals Cohen, Irwin
Some texts mistake graphs of the angular variation of the 2p and related wave functions for actual geometric descriptions of these orbitals.
Cohen, Irwin J. Chem. Educ. 1961, 38, 20.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The separation of rare earths: A project for high school chemistry students Powell, J. E.; Spedding, F. H.; James, D. B.
The separation of rare earths on an ion-exchange column is a very interesting and dramatic experiment to perform, since it represents the solution of one of the most formidable chemical separation problems confronting the inorganic chemist.
Powell, J. E.; Spedding, F. H.; James, D. B. J. Chem. Educ. 1960, 37, 629.
Metals |
Transition Elements |
Separation Science |
Ion Exchange
|
The structure of the nucleus Flowers, B. H.
Describes the liquid drop, shell, and optical models of the atomic nucleus.
Flowers, B. H. J. Chem. Educ. 1960, 37, 610.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Letters (the author replies) Thompson, H. Bradford
The author acknowledges minor errors in an earlier published article.
Thompson, H. Bradford J. Chem. Educ. 1960, 37, 438.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding
|
Letters Cohen, Irwin
Points out minor errors in an earlier published article.
Cohen, Irwin J. Chem. Educ. 1960, 37, 438.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding
|
Solubility of gold in mercury Brown, John B.
Contrary to the statements found in many chemistry textbooks, gold is not appreciably soluble in mercury.
Brown, John B. J. Chem. Educ. 1960, 37, 415.
Metals |
Precipitation / Solubility
|
Atomic models in teaching chemistry Sanderson, R. T.
Contains directions for constructing and using atomic models for instructional purposes.
Sanderson, R. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1960, 37, 307.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
An aid to teaching electronic configurations of atoms Sanderson, R. T.
This simple shelving device uses styrofoam balls to represent electrons and effectively illustrates electron configurations.
Sanderson, R. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1960, 37, 262.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Valence: A laboratory exercise for general chemistry Sanderson, R. T.
In this exercise, each student carefully examines each of a set of thirteen different atomic models with different valence configurations, writing down certain pertinent observations and independently-reasoned conclusions about them.
Sanderson, R. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1960, 37, 261.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
A complete table of electronegativities Little, Elbert J., Jr.; Jones, Mark M.
Provides a complete periodic table of electronegativity values.
Little, Elbert J., Jr.; Jones, Mark M. J. Chem. Educ. 1960, 37, 231.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Dynamic projector display for atomic orbitals and the covalent bond Thompson, H. Bradford
An overhead projector is used to display the combination of simple atomic orbitals to form hybrid and molecular orbitals.
Thompson, H. Bradford J. Chem. Educ. 1960, 37, 118.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding
|
Philosophical antecedents of the modern atom Gorman, Mel
The purpose of this paper is to present a brief survey of Greek atomism, its rise, recession, and revival.
Gorman, Mel J. Chem. Educ. 1960, 37, 100.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Models for demonstrating electronegativity and "partial charge" Sanderson, R. T.
Describes a three-dimensional set of atomic models arranged periodically to illustrate trend in electronegativity and the use of molecular models to illustrate important concepts in general chemistry.
Sanderson, R. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1959, 36, 507.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Molecular Modeling |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Crystals / Crystallography |
Nonmetals
|
Graphical representation of electron configurations Eichinger, Jack W., Jr.
Describes a simple symbolism for electron configurations using circles for orbitals and arrows for electrons.
Eichinger, Jack W., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1959, 36, 299.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
A demonstration model illustrating the aufbau principle Everett, D. H.
Describes the construction of a physical device capable of illustrating the relationship between the relative energies of electron orbitals in many-electron atoms, the electronic structure of atoms, and the periodic table.
Everett, D. H. J. Chem. Educ. 1959, 36, 298.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
Faint (heart, mind) ne'er won fair chemistry student Olsen, Ralph
A humorous application of molar calculations and other basic concepts in the form of a short chemistry quiz.
Olsen, Ralph J. Chem. Educ. 1959, 36, 285.
Stoichiometry |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Letters to the editor Kenney, Malcolm E.
Provides a photograph of a periodic table that displays periodic trends in electronegativity.
Kenney, Malcolm E. J. Chem. Educ. 1959, 36, 204.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The case of the eligible emers Buhsmer, Charles P., Jr.
A fanciful short story regarding the absorption of photons by an ion (emers signifies electromagnetic radiation).
Buhsmer, Charles P., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1958, 35, 574.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
An electron locator Weis, Norman D.; Meek, John S.
Presents a circular device whose rotation indicates the configuration of electrons within the elements of the periodic table.
Weis, Norman D.; Meek, John S. J. Chem. Educ. 1958, 35, 570.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
The principle of minimum bending of orbitals Stewart, George H.; Eyring, Henry
The authors present a theory of valency that accounts for a variety of organic and inorganic structures in a clear and easily understood manner.
Stewart, George H.; Eyring, Henry J. Chem. Educ. 1958, 35, 550.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Elimination Reactions
|
A schematic representation of valence Sanderson, R. T.
This paper describes a new chart representing the valence structure of atoms; by studying this chart, with the help of a few simple rules, students of elementary chemistry can acquire a useful understanding of chemical combination.
Sanderson, R. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1958, 35, 541.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Transition Elements |
Metals |
Nonmetals
|
Textbook errors: Guest column. The solubility product constants of the metallic sulfides Waggoner, William H.
This report reviews direct and indirect methods for investigating the solubility of substances, including conductance, potentiometric, optical, equilibrium, and thermodynamic procedures.
Waggoner, William H. J. Chem. Educ. 1958, 35, 339.
Precipitation / Solubility |
Equilibrium |
Metals |
Conductivity
|
Models of metal coordination compounds Myers, R. Thomas
Suggestions for modifying traditional molecular model kits to illustrate common types of coordination compounds.
Myers, R. Thomas J. Chem. Educ. 1958, 35, 152.
Metals |
Coordination Compounds |
Molecular Modeling
|
The Role of Chemistry in Modern Metallurgical Engineering Burr, Arthur A.
A review and summary of chemistry in curricula for metallurgical engineering.
Burr, Arthur A. J. Chem. Educ. 1958, 35, 100.
Metals |
Metallurgy |
Industrial Chemistry
|
Teaching electron configurations Eichinger, Jack W., Jr.
Time can be saved and confusion avoided by developing a systematic chart of the elements based on the energy levels of atomic orbitals very early in the general college chemistry course.
Eichinger, Jack W., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 504.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
The analysis of a silver-copper alloy Baine, Ogden; Banewicz, John
The copper in silver-brazing alloy is analyzed colorimetrically using a simple photometer constructed for this experiment.
Baine, Ogden; Banewicz, John J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 297.
Metals |
Instrumental Methods |
Quantitative Analysis
|
Some aspects of organic molecules and their behavior. I. Electronegativity Reinmuth, Otto
Reviews the concept of electronegativity as a means of helping introductory students understand aspects of organic molecules and their behavior.
Reinmuth, Otto J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 272.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding
|
An electronic distinction between metals and nonmetals Sanderson, R. T.
Presents a simple empirical rule for the fundamental properties that determine whether an element is metallic, metalloid, or nonmetallic.
Sanderson, R. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 229.
Metals |
Nonmetals |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Metalloids / Semimetals
|
Lone pair electrons Fowles, Gerald W. A.
The lone pair electrons, whether in simple or hybrid orbitals, have profound effects on the properties of the molecule; these effects may be discussed as bond angles, dipole moments, bond energies and lengths, and coordination and hydrogen bonding.
Fowles, Gerald W. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 187.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding |
Coordination Compounds |
Noncovalent Interactions |
Hydrogen Bonding |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
Determination of the equivalent weight of metals: A freshman research project Wolthuis, Enno; DeVries, Dale; Poutsma, Marvin
This procedure involves a gravimetric method in which zinc, cadmium, or manganese is reacted in acid and the resulting solution is heated to dryness.
Wolthuis, Enno; DeVries, Dale; Poutsma, Marvin J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 133.
Stoichiometry |
Metals |
Gravimetric Analysis
|
The electron chart Eichinger, Jack W., Jr.
Presents a periodic wall chart organized according to the increasing energy of valence electrons.
Eichinger, Jack W., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 70.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The fable of the atomic theater Kerker, Milton
Organizes the elements in a periodic sequence resembling seats in a theater.
Kerker, Milton J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 32.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
A periodic table: The "Aufbauprinzip" as a basis for classification of the elements Longuet-Higgins, H. C.
This note recommends a presentation of the periodic table designed to show as directly as possible how the place of an element in the table is related to the electronic structure of the atom.
Longuet-Higgins, H. C. J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 30.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
An adjustable periodic chart for lecture purposes Estok, George K.
This periodic table can be converted from the short to the long and extra-long forms.
Estok, George K. J. Chem. Educ. 1956, 33, 618.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Atomic models for a beginning course in college chemistry Dodson, Vance H.
Describes a simple, three-dimensional models illustrating the fundamental parts of the atom.
Dodson, Vance H. J. Chem. Educ. 1956, 33, 529.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
A helical periodic table Rice, William E.
A three-dimensional representation of the periodic table can provide an additional coordinate to represent the difference between subgroups without disrupting the vertical sequence of elements in a whole group.
Rice, William E. J. Chem. Educ. 1956, 33, 492.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Letters to the editor Foster, Laurence S.
Thanks a reader for pointing out a misstatement in an earlier article involving atomic mass units and avograms.
Foster, Laurence S. J. Chem. Educ. 1956, 33, 477.
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Letters to the editor Mayper, Stuart A.
Points out a misstatement in an earlier article involving atomic mass units and avograms.
Mayper, Stuart A. J. Chem. Educ. 1956, 33, 477.
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
A new periodic chart with electronegativities Sanderson, R. T.
This paper describes a new chart that has been designed to portray clearly and vividly patterns in relative atomic radius, electronic configuration, and electronegativity.
Sanderson, R. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1956, 33, 443.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
A new periodic table based on the energy sequence of atomic orbitals Walker, W. R.; Curthoys, G. C.
Since the theory of atomic and molecular orbitals has proven to be of such value in interpreting the data of inorganic chemistry, it is hoped that a new periodic table based on the energy sequence of atomic orbitals will be an aid to the further systematizing of chemical knowledge.
Walker, W. R.; Curthoys, G. C. J. Chem. Educ. 1956, 33, 69.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Why is hydrofluoric acid a weak acid? An answer based on a correlation of free energies, with electronegativities Pauling, Linus
The puzzling behavior of hydrofluoric acid is explained by considering the factors that determine the free energy of hydrogen halogenide molecules and hydrohalogenide ions.
Pauling, Linus J. Chem. Educ. 1956, 33, 16.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Thermodynamics |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Atomic-weight variations in nature Boggs, James E.
Atoms of the same element may have different masses (due to isotopic differences) depending on their source.
Boggs, James E. J. Chem. Educ. 1955, 32, 400.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Isotopes
|
Orbital models Fowles, Gerald W. A.
Constructing models of atomic and molecular orbitals from papier-mache.
Fowles, Gerald W. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1955, 32, 260.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Modeling |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
MO Theory
|
A jig for making atomic models Decker, Beulah F.; Asp, E. T.
Presents a simple hand-operated instrument for boring holes in cork balls at positions of interatomic bonds and examples of models constructed using this device.
Decker, Beulah F.; Asp, E. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1955, 32, 75.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Modeling
|
The lecture demonstration of atomic spectra Wendlandt, Wesley W.
Suggests the use of railway or highway flares of different colors to demonstrate the atomic spectra of strontium, barium, or sodium.
Wendlandt, Wesley W. J. Chem. Educ. 1955, 32, 9.
Spectroscopy |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Regularities among the representative elements: The "paired electron rule" Condon, F. E.
If the oxidation states characteristic of various groups are correlated in terms of electron subshells, they become reasonable and logical rather than mere facts to be memorized.
Condon, F. E. J. Chem. Educ. 1954, 31, 651.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Oxidation State
|
Raw materials for American industry Keirstead, Ralph E.
The author argues for broadening the treatment of raw materials in the introductory chemistry course.
Keirstead, Ralph E. J. Chem. Educ. 1954, 31, 606.
Industrial Chemistry |
Metals
|
A cut-out chart of the periodic system Clauson, Jennie E.
Colored discs in a cylinder of transparent plastic represent the arrangement of elements in the periodic table. Also provides a chart that can be cut out and turned into a similar cylinder.
Clauson, Jennie E. J. Chem. Educ. 1954, 31, 550.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
One more periodic table Sanderson, R. T.
This periodic table is constructed to highlight electronic differences.
Sanderson, R. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1954, 31, 481.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Electronegativities in inorganic chemistry. III Sanderson, R. T.
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate some of the practical applications of electronegativities and charge distribution.
Sanderson, R. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1954, 31, 238.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding |
Acids / Bases
|
BerzeliusPioneer atomic weight chemist MacNevin, William Marshall
Examines the many methods employed by Berzelius in determining atomic weights.
MacNevin, William Marshall J. Chem. Educ. 1954, 31, 207.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Atomic structure and the photoelectric effect Brockett, Clyde P.
The ubiquitous and inexpensive 110-volt, 2-watt neon glow lamp appears to have been overlooked as a device well suited to a brief but telling demonstration of a few key principles of atomic structure that underlie the study of electrovalence and comparative chemistry.
Brockett, Clyde P. J. Chem. Educ. 1953, 30, 498.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
An introduction to the electron theory of metals Lefever, Robert A.
This discussion is intended to provide a general background for the understanding of metal physics as well as a basis for more advanced study.
Lefever, Robert A. J. Chem. Educ. 1953, 30, 486.
Metals |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Letters Bowden, S. T.
The author calls for the standardization of the periodic table.
Bowden, S. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1953, 30, 426.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Demonstration of the intermediate position of cobalt between iron and nickel Goldstein, Ernst M.
The different oxidizability of ferrous, cobaltous, and nickelous hydroxides, together with increasing color deepness of the oxidation products, can be used to demonstrate that cobalt is intermediate in its properties between iron and nickel.
Goldstein, Ernst M. J. Chem. Educ. 1953, 30, 387.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Metals |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Qualitative Analysis
|
Letters Nair, C. N.
A mathematical derivation demonstrating that masses of different elements equal to their atomic weights must contain the same number of atoms.
Nair, C. N. J. Chem. Educ. 1953, 30, 155.
Stoichiometry |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Letters Azcuenaga-Chacon, J. V.
The author suggests that valence electrons be called "valentrons."
Azcuenaga-Chacon, J. V. J. Chem. Educ. 1953, 30, 155.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols
|
Letters Hakala, Reino W.
The author points out a reference to a relationship between atomic weight and atomic number.
Hakala, Reino W. J. Chem. Educ. 1953, 30, 44.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
Letters Ferreira, Ricardo Carvalho
The author points out earlier work associated with a recent Journal article dealing with the periodic table and the transition elements.
Ferreira, Ricardo Carvalho J. Chem. Educ. 1952, 29, 372.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Transition Elements
|
The long form of the periodic table Glockler, George; Popov, A. I.
The authors comment on the independent publication of a periodic table similar to one they produced earlier.
Glockler, George; Popov, A. I. J. Chem. Educ. 1952, 29, 358.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
A space model of the periodic system of elements Clauson, Jennie E.
Illustrates a three-dimensional model of the periodic system of elements.
Clauson, Jennie E. J. Chem. Educ. 1952, 29, 250.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
A periodic table showing the relative sizes of elements and their ions Klingenberg, Joseph; Springman, Leroy
Describes a periodic chart representing the relative sizes of atoms and ions that was constructed by a senior undergraduate.
Klingenberg, Joseph; Springman, Leroy J. Chem. Educ. 1952, 29, 81.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
The periodic table: The 6d-5f mixed transition group Coryell, Charles D.
With relatively few modifications, the Bohr-type periodic table presented by Glocker and Popov can be made to reflect more instructively the rather complex relationships obtained in the neighborhood of the 4f or gadolinium transition group and, more importantly, in the 6d-5f sequence extending from actinium through the region of uranium and the synthetic earths to element 103.
Coryell, Charles D. J. Chem. Educ. 1952, 29, 62.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Transition Elements |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
The overhead projector and chemical demonstrations Slabaugh, W. H.
Chemical demonstrations described for use with an overhead projector include the relative activity of metals, the electrolysis of water, the random motion of gas molecules, the action of metal couples, the relative strength of acids, the qualitative aspects of optical activity, and electrochemistry.
Slabaugh, W. H. J. Chem. Educ. 1951, 28, 579.
Metals |
Kinetic-Molecular Theory |
Acids / Bases |
Electrochemistry |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
An atomic structure model Herron, Fred Y.
Presents the design of a physical model intended to illustrate the manner in which the electronic configurations of the various elements may be produced by adding electrons to a hydrogen atom.
Herron, Fred Y. J. Chem. Educ. 1951, 28, 473.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Atomic structure models for clay minerals Perkins, Alfred T.
Describes the use of ceramic clay to produce atomic structure models for clay minerals.
Perkins, Alfred T. J. Chem. Educ. 1951, 28, 388.
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Valency and the periodic table Glockler, George; Popov, Alexander I.
Presents a modification of the Bohr-Thomsen-Akhumov periodic table stressing patterns to found among the rare earth elements.
Glockler, George; Popov, Alexander I. J. Chem. Educ. 1951, 28, 212.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Oxidation State |
Transition Elements |
Atomic Properties / Structure
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