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Paramagnetism: Compounds Vials of a number of compounds (NaCl, MnSO4, FeSO4, CoCl2, NiSO4, ZnSO4, K4Fe(CN)6, [Co(NH3)6]Cl3, [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2, and H2O) are hung from a thread. When a magnet is brought near, some of the vials are attracted.
Magnetic Properties |
Atomic Properties / Structure
Paramagnetism: Oxidation States of Manganese Manganese(III) oxide, with 4 unpaired electrons per Mn atom, is more strongly attracted to a magnet than is manganese(IV) oxide, with only 3 unpaired electrons per Mn atom. Potassium permanganate, a compound of Mn(VII), has no unpaired electrons and is not attracted to a magnet.
The Mechanism of Covalent Bonding: Analysis within the Hückel Model of Electronic StructureSture Nordholm, Andreas Bäck, and George B. Bacskay Hckel molecular orbital theory is shown to be uniquely useful in understanding and interpreting the mechanism of covalent bonding. Using the Hckel model it can be demonstrated that the dynamical character of the molecular orbitals is related simultaneously to the covalent bonding mechanism and to the degree of delocalization of the electron dynamics. Nordholm, Sture; Bäck, Andreas; Bacskay, George B. J. Chem. Educ.2007, 84, 1201.
Covalent Bonding |
MO Theory |
Quantum Chemistry |
Theoretical Chemistry
If It's Resonance, What Is Resonating?Robert C. Kerber This article reviews the origin of the terminology associated with the use of more than one Lewis-type structure to describe delocalized bonding in molecules and how the original usage has evolved to reduce confusion Kerber, Robert C. . J. Chem. Educ.2006, 83, 223.
Aromatic Compounds |
Covalent Bonding |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |
Resonance Theory
Why Chemical Reactions Happen (James Keeler and Peter Wothers)John Krenos By concentrating on a limited number of model reactions, this book presents chemistry as a cohesive whole by tying together the fundamentals of thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, and quantum chemistry, mainly through the use of molecular orbital interpretations. Krenos, John. J. Chem. Educ.2004, 81, 201.
Delocalized ElectronsEd Vitz, John W. Moore A section of ChemPrime, the Chemical Educations Digital Library's free General Chemistry textbook.
Resonance Theory |
MO Theory
Inorganic Molecules; A Visual DatabaseCharles E. Ophardt, Evan M. Davis, Dustin Underwood Inorganic Molecules: A Visual Data Base contains text and graphics describing 66 molecules and ions commonly used as examples in general chemistry courses. For each molecule, fifteen molecular properties are presented visually by eight or nine different molecular models created by the CAChe Scientific Molecular Modeling program.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
MO Theory |
Molecular Properties / Structure
Interactive Molecular Orbital DiagramsWilliam F. Coleman Here is an application for constructing the molecular orbital electron configurations of heteronuclear diatomic molecules. Energy level diagrams are given for the two different cases encountered in heteronuclear diatomics of the first short period (Li2 - Ne2). This is a useful tool for having students explore questions of bond order, magnetic properties and numbers of unpaired electrons.