| Journal Articles: 69 results |
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Similarity and Difference in the Behavior of Gases: An Interactive Demonstration Guy Ashkenazi A demonstration that concurrently exposes differences and similarities in the behavior of two different gases has been designed to bridge the gap between students' understanding at the algorithmicmacroscopic and conceptualmicroscopic levels. Ashkenazi, Guy. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 72.
Gases |
Kinetics |
Learning Theories
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Geographical Information Systems (GIS) Mapping of Environmental Samples across College Campuses Kathleen L. Purvis-Roberts, Harriet P. Moeur, and Andrew Zanella In this laboratory experiment, students take environmental samples (concentrations of nitrogen dioxide) and geospatial coordinates with a global position systems unit at various locations around campus, map their data on a geo-referenced map with geographical information systems software, and compare their results to those observed by governmental agencies. Purvis-Roberts, Kathleen L.; Moeur, Harriet P.; Zanella, Andrew. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1691.
Applications of Chemistry |
Atmospheric Chemistry |
Gases |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
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General Education and General Chemistry—Redux Leslie S. Forster This paper discusses the desirability of including non-technical general education topics in chemistry courses intended for science and engineering students. Forster, Leslie S. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 614.
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Gases |
Learning Theories
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Einstein Revisited Leonard Fine Examines Einstein's contributions to chemistry, particularly his work on the photoelectric effect, molecular dimensions, and Brownian motion. Fine, Leonard. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1601.
Quantum Chemistry |
Kinetic-Molecular Theory
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Gas Permeability of Polymers Jee-Yon Lee Undergraduate students can learn what causes the helium-inflated balloon to fall in a few days through the proposed experiment. Lee, Jee-Yon. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1472.
Gases |
Transport Properties
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Gas Permeability of Polymers Bruno Lunelli The recent article, Applying Chemical Potential and Partial Pressure Concepts To Understand the Spontaneous Mixing of Helium and Air in a Helium-Inflated Balloon, proposes a model of permeation untenable and in contradiction with correct statements present in the same text and consequently does not consider the material of which the investigated balloons are made. Lunelli, Bruno. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1471.
Gases |
Transport Properties
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Gas Permeability of Polymers Bruno Lunelli By studying a number of soft drinks with color but with or without phosphoric acid, the authors have determined that the required 20-fold dilution required in the Determination of Phosphorus in Cola Drinks is not to dilute the color but merely to place the sample within the calibration range of the analysis. Lunelli, Bruno. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1471.
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Instrumental Methods |
Gases |
Transport Properties
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The Fizz-Keeper: A Useful Science Tool John P. Williams, Sandy Van Natta, and Rebecca Knipp The Fizz-Keeper is well suited for a great variety of pressure-based activities. Williams, John P.; Van Natta, Sandy; Knipp, Rebecca. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1454.
Applications of Chemistry |
Colloids |
Gases
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Balloon—Toy of Many Colors Kathryn R. Williams Balloon-related articles previously published in JCE describe gas law experiments and demonstrations, large-scale molecular models, demonstrations of reaction rates and stoichiometry, hydrogen-filled balloon explosions, and miscellaneous laboratory uses. Williams, Kathryn R. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1448.
Gases |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
VSEPR Theory
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Applying Chemical Potential and Partial Pressure Concepts To Understand the Spontaneous Mixing of Helium and Air in a Helium-Inflated Balloon Jee-Yon Lee, Hee-Soo Yoo, Jong Sook Park, Kwang-Jin Hwang, and Jin Seog Kim In developing this laboratory, our initial motivation for the analysis of gases in a balloon was to answer simple and basic questions, such as, Why does a helium-charged balloon left in the air always drop in a few days? Is leakage of helium the only cause of the drop? What is the composition of the gas in the balloon when it falls after deflation? Students were intrigued by these questions, too, as they analyzed the variation over time in the composition in a balloon inflated with helium. Using the concepts of partial pressure and chemical potential, the laboratory experiment described effectively investigates the diffusion process and the behavior of gas molecules for teaching these concepts in general and physical chemistry. Lee, Jee-Yon; Yoo, Hee-Soo; Park, Jong Sook; Hwang, Kwang-Jin; Kim, Jin Seog. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 288.
Transport Properties |
Gases |
Mass Spectrometry |
Quantitative Analysis
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Testing Students' Use of the Particulate Theory Vickie Williamson, Jason Huffman, and Larry Peck The goal of this study was to investigate the nature of questions that elicit responses in particulate terms. Williamson, Vickie; Huffman, Jason; Peck, Larry. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 891.
Kinetic-Molecular Theory
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Chemistry and Song: A Novel Way To Educate and Entertain Cory C. Pye In this article, a novel way of teaching chemistry is presented that uses contemporary music and chemical lyrics to educate. Pye, Cory C. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 507.
Gases
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Analysis of Carbon Monoxide in Blood Benjamin P. Huddle and Joseph C. Stephens Qualitative and quantitative analysis of carbon monoxide in blood using the Conway diffusion method. Huddle, Benjamin P.; Stephens, Joseph C. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 441.
Gases |
Toxicology |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Qualitative Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis |
Applications of Chemistry |
Forensic Chemistry
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Incomplete Combustion with Candle Flames: A Guided-Inquiry Experiment in the First-Year Chemistry Lab Joseph MacNeil and Lisa Volaric Investigating a burning candle as an introduction to incomplete combustion, thermodynamics, kinetics, and gas chromatography. MacNeil, Joseph; Volaric, Lisa. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 302.
Chromatography |
Gases |
Reactions |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Thermodynamics |
Kinetics |
Gas Chromatography
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Entropy Is Simple, Qualitatively Frank L. Lambert Explanation of entropy in terms of energy dispersal; includes considerations of fusion and vaporization, expanding gasses and mixing fluids, colligative properties, and the Gibbs function. Lambert, Frank L. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 1241.
Thermodynamics |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Gases
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Laboratory Experiments on Electrochemical Remediation of the Environment. Part 5: Indirect H2S Remediation J. G. Ibanez Experiment to introduce students in general chemistry, environmental chemistry, or electrochemistry to the concept of indirect electrolysis, its application in environmental remediation schemes, the role of a mediator, and the application of redox chemistry concepts. Ibanez, J. G. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 778.
Electrochemistry |
Gases |
Microscale Lab |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Applications of Chemistry
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Potentiometric Determination of CO2 Concentration in the Gaseous Phase: Applications in Different Laboratory Activities Eduardo Cortón, Santiago Kocmur, Liliana Haim, and Lydia Galagovsky The first lab comprises the calibration of a CO2 potentiometric detector with gas mixtures. The CO2 and CO2-free air required for the gaseous samples are produced in the lab by an inexpensive and simple apparatus. In the second lab, the CO2 potentiometric device is used to measure CO2 uptake and release during different metabolic processes. Cortón, Eduardo; Kocmur, Santiago; Haim, Liliana; Galagovsky, Lydia. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1188.
Electrochemistry |
Gases |
Quantitative Analysis |
Metabolism
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A New Approach to Teaching Introductory Science: The Gas Module Pamela Mills, William V. Sweeney, Robert Marino, and Sandra Clarkson A lecture/laboratory module about the behavior of gases that is designed to expose students to the process of scientific discovery, not to teach the gas laws per se. The topic of gases is only the medium used to illustrate other important aspects of physical science: how to process experimental data and reduce it to symbolic mathematical relationships, how to evaluate the reliability of experimental data, and how to view the relationship between experimental data and scientific models. Mills, Pamela A.; Sweeney, William V.; Marino, Robert; Clarkson, Sandra. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1161.
Gases
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Paradoxes, Puzzles, and Pitfalls of Incomplete Combustion Demonstrations Ed Vitz Paper is burned in a closed container containing sufficient oxygen to consume all the paper. Paradoxically, the flame expires while half of the paper remains. This demonstrates that thermodynamics or stoichiometry is insufficient to explain everyday chemical processes, and that kinetics is often necessary. The gases in the container are analyzed by GC before and after combustion, and the results are examined in detail. Vitz, Ed. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1011.
Gases |
Kinetics |
Stoichiometry
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The Fizz Keeper, a Case Study in Chemical Education, Equilibrium, and Kinetics Reed Howald The chemistry of the loss of carbonation from carbonated beverages on storage is considered. Increasing the pressure of CO2(g) will restore carbonation, but an increase in pressure adding air should not affect the equilibria. It can and does, however, affect the kinetics-the rate at which a new equilibrium is established. Thus the Fizz Keeper is effective for storage of resealed pop containers for hours, but not for periods of weeks or months. Howald, Reed. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 208.
Transport Properties |
Equilibrium |
Gases |
Kinetics |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Consumer Chemistry |
Applications of Chemistry
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The Best of Chem 13 News Kathy Thorsen A variety of suggestions for instructional activities in introductory chemistry from Chem 13 News. Thorsen, Kathy. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 1368.
Microscale Lab |
Gases |
Stoichiometry
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On Laboratory Work Dave Olney Suggestions for maximizing learning in the laboratory. Olney, Dave. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1343.
Gases |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
Microscale Lab
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Graham's Law and Perpetuation of Error Stephen J. Hawkes Grahams Laws of effusion and diffusion are used in recent articles for traditional experiments to which they do not in fact apply and for which they give the wrong answer. Hawkes, Stephen J. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1069.
Gases |
Chemometrics |
Transport Properties
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The Environmental Chemistry of Trace Atmospheric Gases William C. Trogler Information regarding the composition of trace gases in the Earth's atmosphere, changes in these amounts, their sources, and potential future impact on the environment. Trogler, William C. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 973.
Gases |
Atmospheric Chemistry
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A liquid-phase diffusion experiment Nemetz, Thomas M.; Ball, David W. Substituting liquid-phase diffusion of various aqueous ions for classic gas-phase diffusion of HCL and NH4Cl to illustrate Graham's Law of Diffusion; sample data and analysis included. Nemetz, Thomas M.; Ball, David W. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 244.
Transport Properties |
Gases
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Computer-interfaced apparatus to study osmosis and diffusion Fox, John N.; Hershman, Kenneth; Peard, Terry Two experiments that lend themselves particularly well to computer interfacing dealing with osmosis and gas diffusion. Fox, John N.; Hershman, Kenneth; Peard, Terry J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, A258.
Gases |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing
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Proper glove box etiquette Roper, Gerald C. Author defends his activity to a critique raised in an earlier letter in this Journal. Roper, Gerald C. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 520.
Gases |
Atmospheric Chemistry
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Proper glove box etiquette Senn, Peter. Additional considerations for an activity that appeared in this Journal in June, 1991 page 508. Senn, Peter. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 519.
Gases
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Revealing the secret of the Arctic bomb Pearson, Earl F. Arctic bombs and hurricanes can appear to be contradictory to gas law concepts commonly taught to chemistry students. While these phenomena can be explained as applications of simple gas laws, the explanations can be more effective if an apparent contradiction is drawn between students' understanding and the observed pressure-temperature relationship in these two examples. Pearson, Earl F. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 315.
Gases |
Enrichment / Review Materials
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Does a one-molecule gas obey Boyle's law? Rhodes, Gail Because the kinetic molecular theory provides a plausible explanation for the lawful behavior of gases, it should be treated in enough depth to show students that the theory accounts for all of the important aspects of ideal gas behavior. Rhodes, Gail J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 16.
Gases |
Kinetic-Molecular Theory
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Overhead projection of Graham's law of gaseous diffusion Epp, Dianne N. Demonstration of gaseous diffusion through the combination of NH3 and HCl to produce NH4Cl. Epp, Dianne N. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 1061.
Gases |
Transport Properties
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Graham's law: Defining gas velocities Kenney, Tom Three alternatives for defining gas velocities. Kenney, Tom J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 871.
Gases |
Kinetic-Molecular Theory
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The BedBugs game: A molecular motion simulator Hogue, Lynn; Williams, John P. Using the electronic game BedBugs to simulate molecular motion and illustrate diffusion, effusion, and Graham's law. Hogue, Lynn; Williams, John P. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 585.
Kinetic-Molecular Theory |
Transport Properties
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A simple apparatus to demonstrate differing gas diffusion rates (Graham's law) Keller, Philip C. The apparatus described in this note dramatically demonstrates relative diffusion rate effects for common gases like methane and carbon dioxide. Keller, Philip C. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 160.
Gases |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Separation Science
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A microscale study of gaseous diffusion Epp, Dianne N.; Lyons, Edward J.; Brooks, David W. The following microscale experiment compares qualitatively the rates of diffusion in air of chlorine molecules and ammonia molecules. Epp, Dianne N.; Lyons, Edward J.; Brooks, David W. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 436.
Gases |
Microscale Lab
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Soap bubbles and precipitate membranes: Two historical semipermeability experiments adapted for teaching purposes Nicolini, Nicoletta; Pentella, Antonio These demonstrations are based on the historical experiments that established our understanding of semipermeability and osmosis. Nicolini, Nicoletta; Pentella, Antonio J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 614.
Gases |
Surface Science |
Transport Properties |
Electrochemistry
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Chem Lab Simulations 1: Titrations and Chem Lab Simulations 2: Ideal Gas Law (Gelder, John) Zemke, Warren T. Computer programs intended to serve as introductions for students before actual experimentation in the laboratory. Zemke, Warren T. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, A57.
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Gases |
Enrichment / Review Materials
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Musical molecular weights revisited Augustine, Frederick B. A simple way of comparing the propagation of sound in two different gases. Augustine, Frederick B. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 1053.
Gases |
Physical Properties
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Physical and chemical properties Boschmann, Erwin A series of overhead demonstrations regarding physical and chemical properties. Boschmann, Erwin J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 891.
Physical Properties |
Liquids |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Magnetic Properties |
Kinetic-Molecular Theory |
Crystals / Crystallography |
Gases
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A new road to reactions. Part 2 de Vos, Wobbe; Verdonk, Adri H. Helping introductory students understand the nature of chemical reactions. de Vos, Wobbe; Verdonk, Adri H. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 648.
Reactions |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Kinetic-Molecular Theory
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Why teach the gas laws? Davenport, Derek A. Justification for teaching the gas laws. Davenport, Derek A. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 505.
Gases |
Stoichiometry
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Why do we teach gas laws? Roe, Robert, Jr. Justification for teaching the gas laws. Roe, Robert, Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 505.
Gases |
Kinetic-Molecular Theory
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Further reflections on heat Hornack, Frederick M. Confusion regarding the nature of heat and thermodynamics. Hornack, Frederick M. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 869.
Kinetic-Molecular Theory |
Thermodynamics |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry
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Diffusion of gases - Kinetic molecular theory of gases Schlecht, K. D. Changing the pressure inside a container with a porous surface through the diffusion of hydrogen or helium. Schlecht, K. D. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 251.
Gases |
Transport Properties |
Kinetic-Molecular Theory
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Gas laws and gas behavior Schmuckler, Joseph S. A collection of activities from past issues of the Journal and The Science Teacher. Schmuckler, Joseph S. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 73.
Gases
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An effective demonstration of some properties of real vapors Metsger, D. Scott The apparatus described in this article has been found by the authors to be the most effective in vividly illustrating the behavior of a nearly ideal gas to first year chemistry students. Metsger, D. Scott J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 67.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Gases |
Physical Properties |
Solids
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Entropy and its role in introductory chemistry Bickford, Franklin R. The concept of entropy as it applies to phase changes. Bickford, Franklin R. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 317.
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Thermodynamics |
Solids |
Liquids |
Gases
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Gases and their behavior Schmuckler, Joseph S.
Schmuckler, Joseph S. J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 885.
Gases
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The gases of life J. Chem. Educ. Staff Considers the topics of diffusion, oxygen transport through the lungs, oxygen in arterial blood, and CO2 transfer. J. Chem. Educ. Staff J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 748.
Gases |
Transport Properties |
Equilibrium
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Participatory lecture demonstrations Battino, Rubin Examples of participatory lecture demonstrations in chromatography, chemical kinetics, balancing equations, the gas laws, the kinetic-molecular theory, Henry's law, electronic energy levels in atoms, translational, vibrational, and rotational energies of molecules, and organic chemistry. Battino, Rubin J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 39.
Chromatography |
Kinetic-Molecular Theory |
Kinetics |
Stoichiometry |
Gases |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure
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A discovery experiment. CO2 soap bubble dynamics Millikan, Roger C. Students often make a choice of major based upon the view of a subject that they derive from the beginning course. Rare are the chemistry courses that provide the excitement and chance for discovery, while providing a basic understanding of chemistry. This article describes an experiment that does provide such an opportunity. Millikan, Roger C. J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 807.
Gases |
Physical Properties |
Surface Science
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Acid-base reactions in the gaseous state (an illustrative experiment) Corso, C. R.; De Oliveira, J. E. Instructions for a simple method that demonstrates acid-base reactions in the gaseous state. Corso, C. R.; De Oliveira, J. E. J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 244.
Acids / Bases |
Gases
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Questions [and] Answers Campbell, J. A. 309-314. Six questions involving practical applications of chemistry. Campbell, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 437.
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Toxicology |
Alcohols |
Gases |
Natural Products
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Ideal gas laws. Experiments for general chemistry Deal, Walter J. Several gas-law experiments designed to verify the relationship PV = constant at constant temperature and to calculate the gas constant R. Deal, Walter J. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 405.
Gases
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Fundamental theory of gases liquids, and solids by computer simulation. Use in the introductory course Empedocles, Philip The computer simulation of atomic motions presented here allows students to form a better foundation of their chemistry understanding. Empedocles, Philip J. Chem. Educ. 1974, 51, 593.
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
Kinetic-Molecular Theory
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The definition of the rate of a chemical reaction Canagaratna, S. G. Most texts take it as obvious that the rate of a reaction may be defined in terms of changes in concentration; this definition is valid only if the reaction takes place without change of volume. Canagaratna, S. G. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 200.
Rate Law |
Kinetic-Molecular Theory
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Demonstration notes: Spontaneous combustion Johnson, Joseph E. Modifications or additions to previously published demonstration. Johnson, Joseph E. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, A439.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Reactions |
Gases |
Transport Properties |
Coordination Compounds
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Sealed tube experiments Campbell, J. A. Lists and briefly describes a large set of "sealed tube experiments," each of which requires less than five minutes to set-up and clean-up, requires less than five minutes to run, provides dramatic results observable by a large class, and illustrates important chemical concepts. Campbell, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 273.
Thermodynamics |
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solids |
Liquids |
Gases |
Rate Law |
Equilibrium
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Diffusion of potassium permanganate as a lecture demonstration Conard, C. R.; Bent, H. E. Dropping crystals of potassium permanganate into a tall column of water leads to the slow dissolution and diffusion of the potassium permanganate throughout the column over a semester's time. Conard, C. R.; Bent, H. E. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 758.
Transport Properties |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Kinetic-Molecular Theory |
Solutions / Solvents |
Liquids
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The noble gases and the periodic table: Telling it like it was Wolfenden, John H. It is instructive to discover that many great scientists have reported erroneous observations as well as mistaken interpretations of experimental data. Wolfenden, John H. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 569.
Gases |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
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A simple vacuum apparatus for lecture experiments Peterson, L. K.; Ruddy, F. H. Describes a simple vacuum apparatus and examples of its use in lecture situations. Peterson, L. K.; Ruddy, F. H. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 742.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Gases |
Liquids |
Physical Properties |
Transport Properties |
Stoichiometry |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry
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An apparatus for the investigation of Graham's law of effusion Rice, Laurence A.; Chang, James C. Modification of an earlier apparatus for the investigation of Graham's law of effusion and its applications. Rice, Laurence A.; Chang, James C. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 676.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Transport Properties |
Gases
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The range of validity of Graham's Laws Kirk, A. D. It is the purpose of this article to discuss effusion, diffusion, and some related processes and to outline the range of validity of Graham's law. Kirk, A. D. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 745.
Gases |
Transport Properties
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Graham's Laws of diffusion and effusion Mason, E. A.; Kronstadt, Barbara The purpose of this article is to review Graham's laws of diffusion and effusion, offer simple but essentially correct theoretical explanations for both laws, and to present experiments on the diffusion law. Mason, E. A.; Kronstadt, Barbara J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 740.
Transport Properties |
Gases
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VII - Combustion and flame Anderson, Robbin C. Presents and describes an extensive bibliography on the study of combustion and flames. Anderson, Robbin C. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 248.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Reactions |
Gases
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Hard sphere simulation of statistical mechanical behavior of molecules Plumb, Robert C. Describes the design and use of a demonstration device to illustrate the kinetic behavior of gases, liquids, and solids. Plumb, Robert C. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 648.
Statistical Mechanics |
Gases |
Liquids |
Solids |
Kinetic-Molecular Theory |
Equilibrium |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
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Vapor density apparatus for general chemistry laboratory Masterton, W. L.; Williams, T. R. Presents the design of an apparatus that eliminates errors due to absorption and evaporation in the determination of molecular weights of volatile liquids. Masterton, W. L.; Williams, T. R. J. Chem. Educ. 1959, 36, 528.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Gases |
Physical Properties |
Liquids
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Letters to the editor Saxena, Satish Chandra The author offers a restatement of Avogadro's law. Saxena, Satish Chandra J. Chem. Educ. 1956, 33, 188.
Gases |
Stoichiometry
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Letters de Milt, Clara The author calls for a mnemonic device to assist students in learning the gas laws and points out the omission of Graham's law from a recent textbook. de Milt, Clara J. Chem. Educ. 1951, 28, 115.
Gases
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