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A Web-Based Interactive Module to Teach Acid–Base Principles of Drug Action Maria A. Hernandez and Jolanta Czerwinska
Describes interactive compressed video teleconferencing as the distance learning format for an entry-level doctor of pharmacy program.
Hernandez, Maria A.; Czerwinska, Jolanta. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1704.
Acids / Bases |
Drugs / Pharmaceuticals
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The Discovery-Oriented Approach to Organic Chemistry. 7. Rearrangement of trans-Stilbene Oxide with Bismuth Trifluoromethanesulfonate and Other Metal Triflates James E. Christensen, Matthew G. Huddle, Jamie L. Rogers, Herbie Yung, and Ram S. Mohan
Presents a microscale, green organic chemistry laboratory experiment that illustrates the utility of metal triflates, especially bismuth triflate, as a Lewis acid catalyst. Bismuth compounds are especially attractive for use as catalysts in organic synthesis because of their low toxicity, low cost, and ease of handling.
Christensen, James E.; Huddle, Matthew G.; Rogers, Jamie L.; Yung, Herbie; Mohan, Ram S. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1274.
Catalysis |
Epoxides |
Green Chemistry |
Lewis Acids / Bases |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Microscale Lab |
NMR Spectroscopy
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Construction of a Polyaniline Nanofiber Gas Sensor Shabnam Virji, Bruce H. Weiller, Jiaxing Huang, Richard Blair, Heather Shepherd, Tanya Faltens, Philip C. Haussmann, Richard B. Kaner, and Sarah H. Tolbert
The objectives of this lab are to synthesize different diameter polyaniline nanofibers and compare them as sensor materials. Its advantages include simplicity and low cost, making it suitable for both high school and college students, particularly in departments with modest means.
Virji, Shabnam; Weiller, Bruce H.; Huang, Jiaxing; Blair, Richard; Shepherd, Heather; Faltens, Tanya; Haussmann, Philip C.; Kaner, Richard B.; Tolbert, Sarah H. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1102.
Acids / Bases |
Aromatic Compounds |
Conductivity |
Hydrogen Bonding |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Oxidation State |
pH |
Polymerization |
Synthesis
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Converting Municipal Waste into Automobile Fuel: Ethanol from Newspaper Mark Mascal and Richard Scown
In this experiment, waste newspaper is pulped with acid and its cellulose hydrolyzed to produce glucose syrup that is fermented and distilled to yield ethanol. In doing so, students are introduced to carbohydrate chemistry and the use of fermentation in organic synthesis.
Mascal, Mark; Scown, Richard. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 546.
Acids / Bases |
Alcohols |
Applications of Chemistry |
Biotechnology |
Carbohydrates |
Qualitative Analysis |
Synthesis |
Thin Layer Chromatography
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Perchloric Acid (60–72% Aqueous Solution) Jay A. Young
Safe handling and laboratory use of perchloric acid (6072% aqueous solution) is discussed.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 493.
Acids / Bases |
Laboratory Management
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Picric Acid Jay A. Young
Safe handling and laboratory use of picric acid is discussed.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 492.
Acids / Bases |
Laboratory Management
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Dynamic Reaction Figures: An Integrative Vehicle for Understanding Chemical Reactions Emeric Schultz
Describes the dynamic reaction figure, a flexible learning tool that can be used to balance chemical equations, predict the results of potential reactions, present the underlying mechanism of reactions, and solve quantitative problems in a number of areas.
Schultz, Emeric. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 386.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Nonmajor Courses
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Chemical Speciation and Calculation of pH of a Sport Drink José L. Guiñón Segura
A recently published laboratory procedure allows students to see that the pointer function has a minimum value at the solution pH. However, the resolution of the pointer function requires the plotting the logarithmic concentration diagram, which is time-consuming and tedious.
Segura, José L Guiñón. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 371.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Consumer Chemistry |
Food Science |
Mathematics / Symbolic Mathematics |
pH |
Quantitative Analysis
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Acylation of Ferrocene: A Greener Approach Kurt R. Birdwhistell, Andy Nguyen, Eric J. Ramos, and Robert Kobelja
This article describes an acylation of ferrocene that is more eco-friendly than the conventional experiment, which has been modified by replacing mineral acid with a polymeric acid catalyst and using microwave instead of conventional heating.
Birdwhistell, Kurt R.; Nguyen, Andy; Ramos, Eric J.; Kobelja, Robert. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 261.
Catalysis |
Chromatography |
Green Chemistry |
Organometallics |
Synthesis |
Transition Elements |
Brønsted-Lowry Acids / Bases
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The Role of Water Chemistry in Marine Aquarium Design: A Model System for a General Chemistry Class Jeffrey J. Keaffaber, Ramiro Palma, and Kathryn R. Williams
Water chemistry is central to aquarium design, and it provides many potential applications for discussion in undergraduate chemistry and engineering courses. This article uses a hypothetical tank to house ocean sunfish as a model to show students the calculations and other considerations that are needed when designing a marine aquarium.
Keaffaber, Jeffrey J.; Palma, Ramiro; Williams, Kathryn R. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 225.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Consumer Chemistry |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Stoichiometry |
Water / Water Chemistry
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The Chemistry of Paper Preservation Henry A. Carter
This article examines the applications of chemistry to paper preservation. The acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose accounts for the deterioration of paper in library books and other written records. To combat this threat to our written heritage, new permanent papers have been developed that are relatively chemically stable and undergo a very slow rate of deterioration.
Carter, Henry A. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1937.
Acids / Bases |
Applications of Chemistry |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Free Radicals |
Gas Chromatography |
HPLC |
pH |
Kinetics |
Rate Law
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Synthesis of Triarylmethane and Xanthene Dyes Using Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions James V. McCullagh and Kelly A. Daggett
In this experiment, electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are used to synthesize several triarylmethane and xanthene dyes (fluorescein, erythrosin B, thymolphthalein, and rhodamine B) using common equipment while avoiding often troublesome, hydroscopic Lewis acids. Subsequent UVvis analysis produce spectra that match commercially available dye samples.
McCullagh, James V.; Daggett, Kelly A. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1799.
Acids / Bases |
Aromatic Compounds |
Dyes / Pigments |
Electrophilic Substitution |
Equilibrium |
Synthesis |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
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Hydration of Acetylene: A 125th Anniversary Dmitry A. Ponomarev and Sergey M. Shevchenko
The discovery the hydration of alkynes catalyzed by mercury ions by Mikhail Kucherov made possible industrial production of acetaldehyde from acetylene and had a profound effect on the development of industrial chemistry in the 1920th centuries.
Ponomarev, Dmitry A.; Shevchenko, Sergey M. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1725.
Addition Reactions |
Aldehydes / Ketones |
Alkynes |
Catalysis |
Industrial Chemistry |
Reactions
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Lactic Acid Jay A. Young
The hazards of lactic acid are discussed.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1420.
Acids / Bases |
Laboratory Management |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
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Concerning Lewis Acid–Base Theory for Proton Transfer Lawrence J. Sacks
Counterpoint commentary in response to a suggestion that the Lewis acidbase approach be applied to reactions such as ammoniawater and HClwater.
Sacks, Lawrence J. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1415.
Acids / Bases |
Lewis Acids / Bases |
Theoretical Chemistry |
Brønsted-Lowry Acids / Bases
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J. Chem Ed. 2007, 84, 1056–1061
The article Getting the Weights of Lewis Structures out of Hckel Theory: HckelLewis Configuration Interaction (HL-CI) has an incorrectly printed table on p. 1059.
J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1277.
Lewis Acids / Bases
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Analysis and Identification of Acid–Base Indicator Dyes by Thin-Layer Chromatography Daniel D. Clark
Presents an experiment that serves to illustrate the fundamentals and utility of thin-layer chromatography through the resolution and identification of brightly colored, acidbase indicator dyes on the basis of Rf values and color.
Clark, Daniel D. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1186.
Acids / Bases |
Dyes / Pigments |
Thin Layer Chromatography
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Peer-Developed and Peer-Led Labs in General Chemistry Lorena Tribe and Kim Kostka
Describes a student-developed and led laboratory curriculum as a model for producing a more student-centered and rich laboratory experience in general chemistry laboratories.
Tribe, Lorena; Kostka, Kim. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1031.
Acids / Bases |
Electrochemistry |
Equilibrium |
Kinetics |
Laboratory Management |
Thermodynamics |
Student-Centered Learning
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More Thoughts on the Narra Tree Fluorescence A. Ulises Acuña
The source of L. nephriticum and the substance responsible for the intense blue fluorescence in an earlier published demonstration may require further consideration.
Acuña, A. Ulises. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 231.
Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
Natural Products |
Plant Chemistry |
Solutions / Solvents |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Acids / Bases
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Chemical Speciation Analysis of Sports Drinks by Acid–Base Titrimetry and Ion Chromatography: A Challenging Beverage Formulation Project Howard Drossman
Describes a three-part laboratory project that integrates a full chemical speciation analysis of Gatorade and Powerade, including base standardization, potentiometric or colorimetric titration, and ion chromatography.
Drossman, Howard. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 124.
Acids / Bases |
Food Science |
Instrumental Methods |
Quantitative Analysis |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Chromatography
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Titration of a Solid Acid Monitored By X-Ray Diffraction Keenan E. Dungey and Paul Epstein
Presents a solid-state laboratory in which students react fixed amounts of zirconium phosphate with increasing equivalents of NaOH(aq). From X-ray diffraction patterns, students calculate the interplanar spacings before and after the reaction. The spacings increase until the molar equivalence point is reached, indicating incorporation of the sodium ion into the crystal.
Dungey, Keenan E.; Epstein, Paul. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 122.
Acids / Bases |
Crystals / Crystallography |
Materials Science |
Solid State Chemistry |
X-ray Crystallography |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
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Chemical Aspects of General Anesthesia: Part I. From Ether to Halothane Robert Brunsvold and Daryl L. Ostercamp
Summarizes general anesthesia from 1846 to 1956. Events leading up to the adoption of a "balanced" approach, where a sequence of individual compounds is used rather than a single agent, are described.
Brunsvold, Robert; Ostercamp, Daryl L. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1821.
Acids / Bases |
Bioorganic Chemistry |
Chirality / Optical Activity |
Drugs / Pharmaceuticals |
Medicinal Chemistry |
Synthesis
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Chemical Aspects of Local and Regional Anesthesia Robert Brunsvold and Daryl L. Ostercamp
The chemistry that underlies the development of local and regional anesthesia is explored. Emphasis is placed upon the importance of acidity constants and lipophilic versus hydrophilic character in interpreting what affect a particular compound has upon biological processes.
Brunsvold, Robert; Ostercamp, Daryl L. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1816.
Acids / Bases |
Bioorganic Chemistry |
Chirality / Optical Activity |
Drugs / Pharmaceuticals |
Medicinal Chemistry |
Synthesis |
Applications of Chemistry
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Astrochemistry Examples in the Classroom Reggie L. Hudson
In this article some recent developments in astrochemistry are suggested as examples for the teaching of acid-base chemistry, molecular structure, and chemical reactivity. Suggestions for additional reading are provided, with an emphasis on readily-accessible materials.
Hudson, Reggie L. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1611.
Acids / Bases |
Astrochemistry |
IR Spectroscopy |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Brønsted-Lowry Acids / Bases
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Boric Acid Jay A. Young
The hazards of boric acid are discussed.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1459.
Laboratory Management |
Acids / Bases
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p-Sulfanilic Acid Jay A. Young
The hazards of p-sulfanilic acid are discussed.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 990.
Acids / Bases |
Laboratory Management
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The Fluorescence of Lignum nephriticum: A Flash Back to the Past and a Simple Demonstration of Natural Substance Fluorescence Mark Muyskens
This article describes a simple but visually striking demonstration of fluorescence from the aqueous extract of the tropical hardwood Pterocarpus indicus.
Muyskens, Mark. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 765.
Acids / Bases |
Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
Natural Products |
pH |
Solutions / Solvents |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
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pH Paradoxes: Demonstrating That It Is Not True That pH ≡ -log[H+] Christopher G. McCarty and Ed Vitz
Six demonstrations highlighting paradoxes that arise if pH is incorrectly defined as -log[H+] are presented as justification for the recommendation that pH should be correctly defined as pH = -log aH+ in textbooks.
McCarty, Christopher G.; Vitz, Ed. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 752.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Ion Selective Electrodes |
pH |
Quantitative Analysis
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Ozonolysis Problems That Promote Student Reasoning Ray A. Gross Jr.
The structural features inherent in acyclic monoterpenes that follow the isoprene rule often lead to unique sets of ozonolysis products from which their structures, excluding stereochemistry, can be determined from molecular formulas only. This article shows how students may elucidate the structures of these compounds by analysis of the oxidative and reductive workup products.
Gross, Ray A., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 604.
Aldehydes / Ketones |
Alkenes |
Alkynes |
Carboxylic Acids |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Student-Centered Learning
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Chemical Characterization of Activated Carbon Fibers and Activated Carbons J. M. Valente Nabais and P. J. M. Carrott
The main objective of this laboratory is the chemical characterization of carbon materials, mainly activated carbons and activated carbon fibers, using several methods to obtain the information without using expensive instruments.
Valente Nabais, J. M.; Carrott, P. J. M. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 436.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Materials Science |
Surface Science |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
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Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Alkynes via the Alkylation of Sodium Acetylides. An Introduction to Synthetic Design for Organic Chemistry Students Jennifer N. Shepherd and Jason R. Stenzel
Teams of students design a microscale synthesis of an unsymmetrical alkyne using commercially available terminal alkynes and alkyl halides and characterize the resulting products using TLC, IR, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Depending on the chosen reactants, students observe both substitution and elimination products, or in some cases, no reaction at all.
Shepherd, Jennifer N.; Stenzel, Jason R. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 425.
Alkylation |
Alkynes |
Elimination Reactions |
IR Spectroscopy |
Microscale Lab |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Nucleophilic Substitution |
Synthesis
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4-Dimethylaminopyridine or Acid-Catalyzed Syntheses of Esters: A Comparison Annemieke W. C. van den Berg and Ulf Hanefeld
Students compare acid-catalyzed ester synthesis and the 4-dimethylaminopyridine-catalyzed reaction. Based on the outcome of the experiments, students discuss the different reaction mechanisms and reason why different products are formed.
van den Berg, Annemieke W. C.; Hanefeld, Ulf. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 292.
Acids / Bases |
Catalysis |
Chromatography |
Esters |
IR Spectroscopy |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Mass Spectrometry |
Synthesis |
Mechanisms of Reactions
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Synthesis of Methyl Diantilis, a Commercially Important Fragrance William H. Miles and Katelyn B. Connell
Describes the synthesis of a family of fragrances, including the commercially important Methyl Diantilis, and provides an excellent introduction to intellectual property laws.
Miles, William H.; Connell, Katelyn B. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 285.
Alcohols |
Food Science |
Catalysis |
Ethers |
Industrial Chemistry |
IR Spectroscopy |
Lewis Acids / Bases |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Synthesis
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Derivatization of Fullerenes: An Organic Chemistry Laboratory Charles T. Cox Jr. and Melanie M. Cooper
Presents two undergraduate organic chemistry laboratories detailing the synthesis of fullerene derivatives, using the Bingel (carbene insertion) and Prato (1,3-dipolar addition) protocols.
Cox, Charles T., Jr.; Cooper, Melanie M. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 99.
Acids / Bases |
Addition Reactions |
Chromatography |
Heterocycles |
IR Spectroscopy |
Microscale Lab |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Synthesis |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
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Just Click It: Undergraduate Procedures for the Copper(I)-Catalyzed Formation of 1,2,3-Triazoles from Azides and Terminal Acetylenes William D. Sharpless, Peng Wu, Trond Vidar Hansen, and James G. Lindberg
In keeping with the defining aspects of click chemistry, this reaction is high-yielding, requires no chromatography, is easily monitored by TLC, and displays distinct peaks in both IR and 1H-NMR. Virtually all products precipitate, and with just a few different starting blocks, every student, or pair of lab partners, can produce a unique "clicked" compound.
Sharpless, William D.; Wu, Peng; Hansen, Trond Vidar; Lindberg, James G. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1833.
Catalysis |
Heterocycles |
Alkynes |
IR Spectroscopy |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Reactions |
Thin Layer Chromatography |
Synthesis
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Presumptive and Confirmatory Drug Tests Craig Anderson
Tests for illegal drugs were performed on unknowns obtained from over-the-counter cold medicines. Substances that tested positive for the qualitative Marquis color test were found to be false positives for illegal substances, while scopolamine hydrochloride shows a false positive for cocaine hydrochloride with the cobalt thiocyanate reagent.
Anderson, Craig. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1809.
Drugs / Pharmaceuticals |
Qualitative Analysis |
Acids / Bases |
Gas Chromatography |
IR Spectroscopy |
Mass Spectrometry
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Using "Basic Principles" To Understand Complex Science: Nicotine Smoke Chemistry and Literature Analogies Jeffrey I. Seeman
The HendersonHasselbalch equation calculates the equilibrium distribution of 50:50 for nicotine in its nonprotonated (free base form), relative to its monoprotonated form, at pH of 8 in dilute aqueous solution. This ratio has then been used in the literature to predict the effect of ammonia compounds in tobacco and in smoke on nicotine pyrolysis and smoke chemistry. Experiments demonstrate that neither the thermal chemistry of tobacco alkaloids nor the transfer of nicotine from tobacco to smoke can be explained by the position of the nonprotonated versus monoprotonated form equilibrium in aqueous extracts of tobacco. The high thermal stability of nicotine in air allows nicotine salts to be converted to nonprotonated nicotine and volatilize during heating prior to any substantial decomposition of the nicotine moiety. In contrast, cocaine hydrochloride is thermally unstable and will rapidly decompose upon heating; cocaine hydrochloride must first be converted to its nonprotonated form prior to heating and volatilization.
Seeman, Jeffrey I. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1577.
Acids / Bases |
Applications of Chemistry |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |
Heterocycles |
pH |
Natural Products |
Gases
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Application of ChemDraw NMR Tool: Correlation of Program-Generated 13C Chemical Shifts and pKa Values of para-Substituted Benzoic Acids Hongyi Wang
An application of ChemDraw NMR Tool was demonstrated by correlation of program-generated 13C NMR chemical shifts and pKa values of para-substituted benzoic acids. Experimental 13C NMR chemical shifts were analyzed in the same way for comparison. The project can be used as an assignment at the end of the first-year organic chemistry course to review topics or explore new techniques: Hammett equation, acidbase equilibrium theory, electronic nature of functional groups, inductive and resonance effects, structurereactivity relationship, NMR spectroscopy, literature search, database search, and ChemDraw software.
Wang, Hongyi. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1340.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Carboxylic Acids
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Enantiomeric Resolution of (±)-Mandelic Acid by (1R,2S)-(–)-Ephedrine. An Organic Chemistry Laboratory Experiment Illustrating Stereoisomerism Marsha R. Baar and Andrea L. Cerrone-Szakal
There has been an increasing need, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry, to prepare chiral substances in single-isomer form. A chiral technique that makes an excellent introductory organic chemistry experiment is enantiomeric resolution. The classical resolution of ()-mandelic acid using the chiral amine, (1R,2S)-()-ephedrine, was adapted for use in introductory organic chemistry lab curricula.
Baar, Marsha R.; Cerrone-Szakal, Andrea L. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1040.
Acids / Bases |
Chirality / Optical Activity |
Separation Science |
Stereochemistry |
Diastereomers |
Enantiomers
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Demonstrating Encapsulation and Release: A New Take on Alginate Complexation and the Nylon Rope Trick Andrienne C. Friedli and Inge R. Schlager
Three variations on a classroom demonstration of the encapsulation of droplets and evidence for release of the interior solution are described. The first two demonstrations mimic biocompatible applications of encapsulation. A third encapsulation exercise exploits the irreversible interfacial polymerization of diamine and diacid chloride to form membranes and illustrates the detection of diamine release from the capsule using an indicator.
Friedli, Andrienne C.; Schlager, Inge R. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1017.
Biotechnology |
Acids / Bases |
Applications of Chemistry |
Carbohydrates |
Consumer Chemistry |
Membranes
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Equilibrium Constants and Water Activity David Keeports
General chemistry instructors are faced with a dilemma when introducing the topic of equilibrium constants: These constants are correctly written in terms of activities, yet activity is a complex topic better treated rigorously in a physical chemistry course than superficially in a general chemistry course. Thus, to introduce equilibrium calculations, it is necessary to use approximate forms for equilibrium constants. However, I find that some commonly used textbooks provide incorrect arguments leading to approximate equilibrium constants for aqueous reactions.
Keeports, David. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 999.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Water / Water Chemistry
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Reaction to "Chemistry Is Not a Laboratory Science" Lawrence J. Sacks
Stephen Hawkes has stirred us to reconsider whether, in fact, chemistry is a laboratory science by positing that lab work does not enhance students understanding of chemistrys centrality, but makes chemistry an irrelevance. This sweeping generalization of what some (maybe even most) labs do is further confounded by a fallacious premise; hence, the major thrust of the proposition likely will beand well should beviewed with utmost skepticism.
Sacks, Lawrence J. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 997.
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
Learning Theories |
Lewis Acids / Bases |
Nonmajor Courses |
Theoretical Chemistry |
Student-Centered Learning
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Reaction to "Chemistry Is Not a Laboratory Science" Lawrence J. Sacks
In response to Stephen Hawkes Commentary, I think the crucial point is whether the students learn to appreciate the intellectual beauty of science and understand the relatively small number of simple yet profound scientific principles which govern so much of our everyday experiences. Many non-science majors are obviously disinterested in the laboratory work in introductory courses.
Sacks, Lawrence J. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 997.
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
Student-Centered Learning |
Learning Theories |
Lewis Acids / Bases |
Nonmajor Courses |
Theoretical Chemistry
|
On Teaching Ionic Activity Effects: What, When, and Where? Robert de Levie
Ionic activity effects modify many quantitative chemical relationships involving ions, including those describing equilibria, pH measurements, titrations, diffusional mass transport, and reaction rates. Some of the resulting activity corrections are reviewed, and it is argued that their subtlety requires that they be introduced late rather than early in the chemistry curriculum and then are treated in more detail than is now customary. It is illustrated that interionic effects often cannot be taken into account by merely replacing all ionic concentrations by the corresponding ionic activities.
de Levie, Robert. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 878.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Electrochemistry |
pH |
Thermodynamics |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Teaching pH Measurements with a Student-Assembled Combination Quinhydrone Electrode Fritz Scholz, Tim Steinhardt, Heike Kahlert, Jens R. Pörksen, and Jürgen Behnert
A combination pH electrode that can be assembled by the student is described. It consists of a glass holder and two sensors in the form of rubber stoppers that contain quinhydrone and graphite. The combination electrode is suitable to teach potentiometric measurements, pH measurements, and the interplay of acidbase and redox equilibria. The electrode meets highest safety standards and overcomes the troubles associated with the use of the conventional quinhydrone electrode.
Scholz, Fritz; Steinhardt, Tim; Kahlert, Heike; Pörksen, Jens R.; Behnert, Jürgen. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 782.
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Electrochemistry
|
A Closer Look at AcidBase Olfactory Titrations Kerry Neppel, Maria T. Oliver-Hoyo, Connie Queen, and Nicole Reed
This laboratory experiment uses the sense of smell to determine end points of acidbase titrations. Olfactory indicators include garlic, onions, and vanillin. Results show that garlic and vanillin gave the most accurate results when calculated NaOH molarities were compared to the standardized values. These olfactory indicators in acidbase titrations gave consistent results when tested by a diverse student population. The preparation times, cost, and safety issues are comparable to traditional titration experiments.
Neppel, Kerry; Oliver-Hoyo, Maria T.; Queen, Connie; Reed, Nicole. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 607.
Acids / Bases |
Quantitative Analysis |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
A Quantitative Examination of Multiple Methods for Standardizing a Dilute Hydrochloric Acid Solution in an Undergraduate Chemistry Laboratory Nancy E. Meagher, Dana B. Bowens, and B. Shawn Clark
The objective of the project was to compare the different published methods for standardizing dilute hydrochloric acid solutions. There are three different suitable bases available for the process and multiple indicator choices. This article attempts to identify the most accurate method(s) for use in the undergraduate laboratory. Students were given an "unknown" solution of dilute HCl and assigned to standardize it by eight methods (32 titrations), reporting both their experimental results and preference for the different indicatorbase combinations.
Meagher, Nancy E.; Bowens, Dana B.; Clark, B. Shawn. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 428.
Acids / Bases |
Quantitative Analysis
|
Analysis of Natural Buffer Systems and the Impact of Acid Rain. An Environmental Project for First-Year Chemistry Students David C. Powers, Andrew T. Higgs, Matt L. Obley, Phyllis A. Leber, Kenneth R. Hess, and Claude H. Yoder
The purpose of this project is to investigate the basic principles involved in acidbase buffer systems within the context of an environmental issue. It is designed for use in an introductory chemistry course. The students will learn about acidbase interactions and examine how a buffer system composed of a weak acid and its conjugate base can neutralize large quantities of strong acid while resisting drastic change in the pH of the system. Students will also analyze experimentally the various components of the most commonly occurring natural buffer system.
Powers, David C.; Higgs, Andrew T.; Obley, Matt L.; Leber, Phyllis A.; Hess, Kenneth R.; Yoder, Claude H. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 274.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium
|
Analysis of Gold Ores by Fire Assay Kristy M. Blyth, David N. Phillips, and Wilhelm van Bronswijk
This article describes a laboratory exercise for the analysis of gold using the fire-assay technique. This method of analysis not only provides students with an introduction to the technique of fire assay, but also covers some very interesting acidbase and redox chemistry. The gold is collected in a lead button while the remainder of the constituents find their way into a slag. The gold is recovered from the lead by absorption in a boneash cupel.
Blyth, Kristy M.; Phillips, David N.; van Bronswijk, Wilhelm. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 1780.
Acids / Bases |
Industrial Chemistry |
Metals |
Quantitative Analysis |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
Use of a Tea Infuser To Submerge Low-Density Dry Ice Carl P. Fictorie
A tea infuser is used as a container to hold low-density dry ice. When used with the classic demonstration where dry ice is used to acidify a solution in a graduated cylinder, the dry ice is suspended in the middle of the cylinder, allowing the solution in the upper half of the cylinder to change color while the lower half remains unchanged. Phase changes, acidbase chemistry, and diffusion phenomena are all illustrated.
Fictorie, Carl P. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 1473.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
|
Unified Approximations: A New Approach for Monoprotic Weak Acid–Base Equilibria Harry L. Pardue, Ihab N. Odeh, and Teweldemedhin M. Tesfai
This article describes a new approach to approximate calculations for monoprotic acidbase equilibria in otherwise pure water. The new approach, identified herein as unified approximations, uses a simple decision criterion to select between situations that should be treated as deprotonation and protonation reactions. The remaining treatment takes account of changes in concentrations of conjugate acidbase pairs for all situations and ignores autoprotolysis only for situations for which the analytical concentration of either the conjugate acid or conjugate base will always be larger than zero.
Pardue, Harry L.; Odeh, Ihab N.; Tesfai, Teweldemedhin M. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 1367.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Chemometrics
|
Sulfuric Acid and Water: Paradoxes of Dilution I. A. Leenson
The principal goal of this article is to elucidate some uncommon phenomena that can be observed in the process of diluting sulfuric acid with water.
Leenson, I. A. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 991.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry
|
Class Projects in Physical Organic Chemistry: The Hydrolysis of Aspirin Peter S. Marrs
The students prepare a pHrate profile for the hydrolysis of aspirin and analyze this profile to determine the mechanism and type of catalysis of the hydrolysis at different pH values.
Marrs, Peter S. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 870.
pH |
Catalysis |
Acids / Bases |
Kinetics
|
Lewis Acid–Base, Molecular Modeling, and Isotopic Labeling in a Sophomore Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Chip Nataro, Michelle A. Ferguson, Katherine M. Bocage, Brian J. Hess, Vincent J. Ross, and Daniel T. Swarr
Computational methods can be introduced to simulate IR spectra and to view the HOMO of the Lewis base and the LUMO of the Lewis acid. In addition to the computational exercise, NaBD4 can be used in the synthesis of the adduct in place of NaBH4. This allows the students to observe the effect of isotopic labeling on IR spectra.
Nataro, Chip; Ferguson, Michelle A.; Bocage, Katherine M.; Hess, Brian J.; Ross, Vincent J.; Swarr, Daniel T. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 722.
Lewis Acids / Bases |
Molecular Modeling |
Isotopes |
IR Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing
|
Keynotes in Organic Chemistry (Andrew F. Parsons) Joel M. Karty
As a result of the trend towards modularization of chemistry courses, the text attempts to meet the need for smaller, highly focused and accessible organic chemistry textbooks, which complement the very detailed standard texts, to guide students through the key principles of the subject.
Karty, Joel M. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 651.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Thermodynamics
|
Chloroacetic acid Jay A. Young
The hazards of chloroacetic acid are described.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 631.
Physical Properties |
Laboratory Management |
Acids / Bases |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Acid–Base and Precipitation Equilibria in Wine Miguel Palma and Carmelo G. Barroso
A simple but effective experiment demonstrates the interactions between simultaneous equilibria involving hydrogen tartrate and helps students realize the importance of multiple equilibria in real-world systems.
Palma, Miguel; Barroso, Carmelo G. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 94.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Consumer Chemistry |
Food Science |
Alcohols |
Carboxylic Acids
|
An Acid Hydrocarbon: A Chemical Paradox Jeffrey T. Burke
This article explores the use of paradox as a teaching and learning strategy. Specifically, students observe the acid-like paradoxical behavior of the hydrocarbon cyclopentadiene. This observation then serves as a springboard to an understanding of the non-benzenoid aromatics.
Burke, Jeffrey T. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 65.
Acids / Bases |
Aromatic Compounds
|
Stearic Acid Jay A. Young
Properties, hazards, and storage requirements for stearic acid.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 25.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Laboratory Management |
Carboxylic Acids |
Acids / Bases |
Physical Properties
|
Simple Experiments To Demonstrate Proton Flux in Pseudomonas after Alkaline or Acidic Stress Gabriela Previtali, Walter Giordano, and Carlos E. Domenech
A laboratory experiment to ascertain the bacterial response to the stress produced by suspension in different pH solutions has been developed. This laboratory experiment has the pedagogical advantage of giving chemistry students experience with the application of various pH levels to a biological system and enables the students to expand their understanding of pH to mean more than a strictly chemical concept.
Previtali, Gabriela; Giordano, Walter; Domenech, Carlos E. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 1468.
Acids / Bases
|
The pH at the First Equivalence Point in the Titration of a Diprotic Acid Addison Ault
I read with interest the paper entitled Easy Derivation of pH (pKa1 + pKa2)/2 Using Autoprotolysis of HA: Doubtful Value of the Supposedly More Rigorous Equation. I believe the validity of this simple result can be seen even more easily than this paper indicates.
Ault, Addison. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 1382.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
pH |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
An Aquatic Chemistry Spreadsheet for General Chemistry Classes Chulsung Kim
The Aquatic Chemistry Spreadsheet was produced to help students work through the activities of producing a graph of a titration curve, a distribution diagram, and buffer intensity as a function of pH. These activities help students better understand acidbase equilibrium by exploring the relationship between pKa/pKb, pH, ionization fractions, and buffer intensity.
Kim, Chulsung. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 1351.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Water / Water Chemistry
|
Using Hydrocarbon Acidities To Demonstrate Principles of Organic Structure and Bonding Andrew P. Dicks
This article demonstrates the utility of hydrocarbon acidity as a teaching tool within the undergraduate classroom. Acidities of compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon vary by at least 50 orders of magnitude. Differences in acidities are rationalized by invoking principles of hybridization, resonance, induction, and aromaticity.
Dicks, Andrew P. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 1322.
Acids / Bases |
Aromatic Compounds |
Alkanes / Cycloalkanes
|
Comparing the Titrations of Mixed-Acid Solutions Using Dropwise and Constant-Flow Techniques Paul Charlesworth, Matthew J. Seguin, and David J. Chesney
Real-time titration techniques are found to result in significantly decreased analysis times while maintaining a low experimental error.
Charlesworth, Paul; Seguin, Matthew J.; Chesney, David J. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 1311.
Acids / Bases |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
Quantitative Analysis |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Laboratory Management
|
Palm-Based Data Acquisition Solutions for the Undergraduate Chemistry Laboratory Susan Hudgins, Yu Qin, Eric Bakker, and Curtis Shannon
Handheld computers provide a compact and cost-effective means to log data in the undergraduate chemistry laboratory. Handheld computers have the ability to record multiple forms of data, be programmed for specific projects, and later have data transferred to a personal computer for manipulation and analysis.
Hudgins, Susan; Qin, Yu; Bakker, Eric; Shannon, Curtis. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 1303.
Acids / Bases |
Electrochemistry |
Instrumental Methods |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Acid–Base Titrations in Nonaqueous Solvents and Solvent Mixtures Lajos Barcza and Ágnes Buvári-Barcza
Discussion of acid-base theory, the role of hydrogen bonding in acid-base reactions, and promoting, leveling, and differentiating effects.
Barcza, Lajos; Buvári-Barcza, Ágnes. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 822.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Solutions / Solvents |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Hydrogen Bonding |
Lewis Acids / Bases |
Brønsted-Lowry Acids / Bases
|
Teaching Introductory Organic Chemistry: 'Blooming' beyond a Simple Taxonomy Michael D. Pungente and Rodney A. Badger
Applying Bloom's taxonomy to introductory organic chemistry classes in order to help students construct their own understanding of the material rather than simply memorize it; includes examples of questions at the various cognitive levels.
Pungente, Michael D.; Badger, Rodney A. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 779.
Acids / Bases |
Learning Theories
|
Organic Functional Group Playing Card Deck Michael J. Welsh
Organic functional group playing card deck used for review of the name and structure of organic functional groups that can be used to play any game that a normal deck of cards is used for.
Welsh, Michael J. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 426.
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |
Nonmajor Courses |
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Alcohols |
Aldehydes / Ketones |
Alkanes / Cycloalkanes |
Alkenes |
Alkynes |
Amides |
Amines / Ammonium Compounds |
Aromatic Compounds |
Carboxylic Acids |
Esters |
Ethers |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Synthesis
|
C–H and C–D Bonds: An Experimental Approach to the Identity of C–H Bonds by Their Conversion to C–D Bonds Alex T. Rowland
Three experiments that allow students to determine the relative reactivity of C-H bonds that are aliphatic, alpha, benzylic, or aromatic by the ease of substitution of deuterium for oxygen.
Rowland, Alex T. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 311.
Acids / Bases |
IR Spectroscopy |
Isotopes |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Undergraduate Research |
Alkanes / Cycloalkanes |
Aromatic Compounds |
Carboxylic Acids
|
A Demonstration of Structure–Reactivity Relationships in Organic Chemistry Thomas A. Newton
Demonstration of the correlation between the conductivity of aqueous solutions and the pKa values of various organic compounds.
Newton, Thomas A. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 294.
Acids / Bases |
Conductivity |
Reactions |
Equilibrium |
Acids / Bases |
Electrochemistry |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Conductivity
|
The Henderson—Hasselbalch Equation: Its History and Limitations Robert de Levie
Points out that the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is an approximation and not equivalent to the mass action law.
de Levie, Robert. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 146.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium
|
Separation of Acids, Bases, and Neutral Compounds Megumi Fujita, Helen M. Mah, Paulo W. M. Sgarbi, Manjinder S. Lall, Tai Wei Ly, and Lois M. Browne
Software to help students understand the theoretical basis and actual procedures for separating organic compounds from a mixture using liquid-liquid extraction; found on the Advanced Chemistry Collection CD-ROM, 3rd Edition.
Fujita, Megumi; Mah, Helen M.; Sgarbi, Paulo W. M.; Lall, Manjinder S.; Ly, Tai Wei; Browne, Lois M. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 107.
Acids / Bases |
Separation Science
|
An Easy Determination of the Surface Chemical Properties of Simple and Natural Solids Mélanie Davranche, Stella Lacour, François Bordas, and Jean-Claude Bollinger
Method for determining the surface acidity constants and pH of zero point charge for solid samples.
Davranche, Mélanie; Lacour, Stella; Bordas, François; Bollinger, Jean-Claude. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 76.
Acids / Bases |
Geochemistry |
Solids |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Surface Science |
pH
|
Nitric Acid (approx. 70%) Jay A. Young
Properties, hazards, and storage requirements for nitric acid.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 1413.
Physical Properties |
Laboratory Management |
Acids / Bases |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Correction to Chemical Laboratory Information Profile: Anthracene (re J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 553)
Response to the question "Can an indicator solution change color upon dilution?"
J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 1071.
Acids / Bases
|
Color Changes in Indicator Solutions Addison Ault
Addresses the question "Can an indicator solution change color upon dilution?"
Ault, Addison. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 1070.
Acids / Bases |
pH
|
Experimental Design and Multiplexed Modeling Using Titrimetry and Spreadsheets Peter de B. Harrington, Erin Kolbrich, and Jennifer Cline
Determining the acidity of three vinegar samples using multiplexed titrations and an MS Excel spreadsheet.
Harrington, Peter de B.; Kolbrich, Erin; Cline, Jennifer. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 863.
Acids / Bases |
Chemometrics |
Stoichiometry |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Microscale pH Titrations Using an Automatic Pipet Edward B. Flint, Carrie L. Kortz, and Max A. Taylor
A technique for microscale pH titrations using 1-5 mL of analyte and titrant.
Flint, Edward B.; Kortz, Carrie L.; Taylor, Max A. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 705.
Acids / Bases |
Instrumental Methods |
Microscale Lab |
pH |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Chemical Laboratory Information Profile: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Jay A. Young
Properties, hazards, and storage requirements for ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 426.
Physical Properties |
Laboratory Management |
Acids / Bases
|
The Mechanism of Aqueous Hydrolysis of Nitro Derivatives of Phenyl Phenylmethanesulfonate. An Organic Laboratory Experiment S. D. Mulder, B. E. Hoogenboom, and A. G. Splittgerber
Synthesis, purification, and characterization of three esters.
Mulder, S. D.; Hoogenboom, B. E.; Splittgerber, A. G. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 218.
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Resonance Theory |
Reactive Intermediates |
Equilibrium |
Esters |
Aromatic Compounds |
Brønsted-Lowry Acids / Bases
|
Easy Derivation... (re J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1183) Stephen J. Hawkes
Analysis of pH derivation by averaging pK values.
Hawkes, Stephen J. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 162.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
pH
|
Easy Derivation... (re J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1183) Julian L. Roberts Jr.
Analysis of pH derivation by averaging pK values.
Roberts, Julian L., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 161.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
pH
|
Formic Acid Jay A. Young
Properties, hazards, and storage requirements for formic acid.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 157.
Acids / Bases |
Physical Properties |
Laboratory Management |
Carboxylic Acids
|
pH of Sodium Acetate Solutions Guy Schmitz
Example of buffering power in deviations of the pH of sodium acetate from calculated values.
Schmitz, Guy. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 29.
Acids / Bases |
Carboxylic Acids |
pH
|
Response to Potential-Energy-Only Models (re J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 155-156) Frank Rioux and Roger L. DeKock
Example of buffering power in deviations of the pH of sodium acetate from calculated values.
Rioux, Frank; DeKock, Roger L. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 29.
Acids / Bases |
Carboxylic Acids |
pH |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Quantum Chemistry |
Theoretical Chemistry
|
Chemical Laboratory Information Profile: Oleic Acid Jay A. Young
Properties, hazards, and storage requirements for oleic acid.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 24.
Laboratory Management |
Physical Properties |
Acids / Bases
|
Determination of Free Lime in Clinker and Cement by Iodometry. An Undergraduate Experiment in Redox Titrimetry Oi-Wah Lau, Shiu-Fai Luk, Nina L. N. Cheng, and Hoi-Yin Woo
Experiment to determine the free lime in cement and clinker through iodometry.
Lau, Oi-Wah; Luk, Shiu-Fai; Cheng, Nina L. N.; Woo, Hoi-Yin. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1671.
Acids / Bases |
Industrial Chemistry |
Quantitative Analysis |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Separation Science
|
The Relative Acidities of Water and Methanol Henry I. Abrash
Analysis of the disparity between the way the acidity constant of water is presented in general chemistry and organic chemistry textbooks.
Abrash, Henry I. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1496.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium
|
Teaching Brønsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory in a Direct Comprehensive Way Jamie L. Adcock
Unifying all the Bronsted-Lowry acid-base concepts in a quantitative way.
Adcock, Jamie L. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1495.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Learning Theories |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Brønsted-Lowry Acids / Bases
|
Blood-Chemistry Tutorials: Teaching Biological Applications of General Chemistry Material Rachel E. Casiday, Dewey Holten, Richard Krathen, and Regina F. Frey
Four, Web-based tutorials that deal with chemical processes in the blood and provide an integrated biological context for a variety of chemical concepts.
Casiday, Rachel E.; Holten, Dewey; Krathen, Richard; Frey, Regina F. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1210.
Applications of Chemistry |
Medicinal Chemistry |
Proteins / Peptides |
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
Effect of Dissolved CO2 on Gran Plots Motomichi Inoue and Quintus Fernando
Effect of dissolved CO2 on Gran plots.
Inoue, Motomichi; Fernando, Quintus. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1132.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
pH
|
Color Changes in Indicator Solutions. An Intriguing and Elucidative General Chemistry Experiment César R. Silva, Renato B. Pereira, and Edvaldo Sabadini
Investigation of a solution in which there is a color change resulting simply from dilution with water.
Silva, Cesar R.; Pereira, Renato B.; Sabadini, Edvaldo. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 939.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Dyes / Pigments |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Chemical Laboratory Information Profile: Hydrochloric Acid (approx 36%) Jay A. Young
Properties, hazards, and storage requirements for hydrochloric acid.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 873.
Laboratory Management |
Physical Properties |
Acids / Bases
|
Chemical Laboratory Information Profile: Sulfuric Acid (approx. 98%) Jay A. Young
Properties, hazards, and storage requirements for concentrated sulfuric acid.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 722.
Laboratory Management |
Physical Properties |
Acids / Bases
|
Chemical Laboratory Information Profile: Acetic Acid (glacial) Jay A. Young
Properties, hazards, and storage requirements for acetic acid (glacial).
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 721.
Acids / Bases |
Laboratory Management |
Physical Properties |
Carboxylic Acids
|
Evaluating Solubility of Sparingly Soluble Diprotic Acid Salts Jean M. Nigretto
The use of logarithmic concentration diagrams as a convenient tool for finding approximate solutions to the pH of solutions containing sparingly soluble diprotic acid salts in pure water; an application of this method based on a series of carbonate salts is presented.
Nigretto, Jean M. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 631.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Solutions / Solvents |
Precipitation / Solubility |
pH
|
Simulating How a Virus Spreads through a Population: An Introduction to Acid-Base Chemistry in the Organic Chemistry Laboratory Ronald M. Jarret
The traditional lab exercise that achieves separation of a mixture of 4-aminoacetophenone and benzoic acid by chemically active extraction has been expanded to include an exercise that uses materials from the extraction experiment to simulate how a virus spreads through a population.
Jarret, Ronald M. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 525.
Acids / Bases |
Separation Science |
Solutions / Solvents |
Aromatic Compounds |
Carboxylic Acids
|
Chemical Laboratory Information Profile: Phenolphthalein Solution Jay A. Young
Properties, hazards, and storage requirements for phenolphthalein solution.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 448.
Acids / Bases |
Dyes / Pigments |
Laboratory Management |
Physical Properties
|
Chemical Laboratory Information Profile: Sodium Hydroxide Jay A. Young
Properties, hazards, and storage requirements for sodium hydroxide.
Young, Jay A. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 447.
Acids / Bases |
Laboratory Management |
Physical Properties
|
Drug Distribution: A Guided-Inquiry Laboratory Experiment in Coupled Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Equilibria John Hein and Michael Jeannot
This experiment gives students an opportunity to study the distribution of a drug (a common antihistamine drug, diphenhydramine) in a two-phase system by measuring the concentrations of two chemical species and predicting the others by considering charge balance, mass balance, and equilibrium constant expressions.
Hein, John; Jeannot, Michael. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 224.
Acids / Bases |
Chromatography |
Drugs / Pharmaceuticals |
Equilibrium |
Quantitative Analysis |
Separation Science
|
The Strength of the Hydrohalic Acids Roland Schmid and Arzu M. Miah
This article brings to mind that the textbook acidity constants of the hydrohalic acids (except for HF) are erroneous because of outmoded conjectures about the HX solubilities. Here we invoke theoretical calculations of HX solubilities based on current solvation models.
Schmid, Roland; Miah, Arzu M. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 116.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Comparisons and Demonstrations of Scientific Calculators Myung-Hoon Kim, Suw-Young Ly, and Tae-Kee Hong
Scientific calculators are compared in terms of their capacities, featuring many advantages of the graphic calculator over simple nongraphic calculators. Applications in this paper include a simulation of acid-base titration curves, and graphic display of a time course of concentrations of reactants and products for a chemical reaction with first-order kinetics.
Kim, Myung-Hoon; Ly, Suw-Young; Hong, Tae-Kee. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1367.
Acids / Bases |
Kinetics |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Easy Derivation of pH  (pKa1 + pKa2) / 2 Using Autoprotolysis of HA-: Doubtful Value of the Supposedly More Rigorous Equation Stephen J. Hawkes
[H+]2 Ka1Ka2 can be derived in only two lines by recognizing that the principal reaction in a solution of HA- is its autoprotolysis. The supposedly rigorous equation derived in many texts gives pH values that are no more reliable.
Hawkes, Stephen J. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1183.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium
|
When A + B  B + A Erling Antony, Lindsay Mitchell, and Lauren Nettenstrom
Many acid-base chemistry demonstrations and laboratory manuals include the "baking soda volcano". Others use the formation of calcium carbonate from calcium hydroxide and carbon dioxide in human breath. This demonstration uses principles from both as well as stoichiometry to answer the question "Does the order of mixing of reagents make a difference?"
Antony, Erling; Mitchell, Lindsay; Nettenstrom, Lauren. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1180.
Acids / Bases |
Stoichiometry |
Reactions
|
Every Year Begins a Millennium Jerry A. Bell
This article outlines a series of demonstrations and their contexts, leading to recommendations about what we teach and how we teach.
Bell, Jerry A. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1098.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Kinetics |
Learning Theories
|
Two Faces of Alkaloids Jirí Dostál
The article discusses and compares the salts and free bases of six well-known alkaloids: nicotine, morphine, cocaine, sanguinarine, allocryptopine, and magnoflorine. Relevance for the biological and medical uses of these compounds is emphasized.
Dostál, Jirí. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 993.
Acids / Bases |
Bioorganic Chemistry |
Drugs / Pharmaceuticals |
Natural Products |
Aromatic Compounds |
Medicinal Chemistry
|
Organic Acids without a Carboxylic Acid Functional Group G. V. Perez and Alice L. Perez
This paper presents several organic molecules that have been labeled as acids but do not contain a carboxylic acid functional group. Various chemical principles such as pKa, tautomerization, aromaticity, conformation, resonance, and induction are explored.
Perez, G. V.; Perez, Alice L. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 910.
Acids / Bases |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |
Phenols |
Carboxylic Acids |
Aromatic Compounds
|
A Comparative Study of Microscale and Standard Burets Mono M. Singh, Cynthia B. McGowan, Zvi Szafran, and R. M. Pike
This paper describes a comparative study of the performance of microscale titrations using 2-mL microscale burets with those using Beral pipets and normal 50- and 10-mL burets. The usefulness of a microburet in general and analytical chemistry is demonstrated by presenting results from acid-base, oxidation-reduction, precipitation, complexometric, and pH titrations.
Singh, Mono M.; McGowan, Cynthia B.; Szafran, Zvi; Pike, Ronald M. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 625.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Microscale Lab |
Quantitative Analysis |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
pH |
Precipitation / Solubility
|
A Simple Laboratory-Constructed Automatic Titrator Kurt L. Headrick, Terry K. Davies, and Aaron N. Haegele
The construction of a simple automatic titrator is described. The buret is replaced with a metering pump to provide a constant flow of titrant. The output from the pH meter is sent to a recorder via a laboratory- constructed differentiator, allowing the results to be plotted as potential versus time, first or second derivative
Headrick, Kurt L.; Davies, Terry K.; Haegele, Aaron N. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 389.
Instrumental Methods |
Acids / Bases |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Quantitative Analysis |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Linking the Lab Experience with Everyday Life: An Analytical Chemistry Experiment for Agronomy Students Sônia Maria N. Gimenez, Maria Josefa S. Yabe, Neide K. Kondo, Rodrigo O. Mouriño, and Graziela Cristina R. Moura
Samples of soils and plants prepared by students were introduced. Soil was treated with molasses residue, organic matter (chicken manure and humus obtained from goat excrement), and lime. The response of plants to the different soil treatments increased student interest in chemical analyses.
Gimenez, Sônia Maria N.; Yabe, Maria Josefa S.; Kondo, Neide K.; Mouriño, Rodrigo O.; Moura, Graziela Cristina R. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 181.
Acids / Bases |
Agricultural Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Learning Theories
|
Synthesis of Derivatives of (1R)-(-)- and (1S)-(+)-10-Camphorsulfonic Acid Steven C. Cermak and David F. Wiemer
The preparation of optically active (camphorsulfonyl)oxaziridines from commercially available (1R)-(-) and/or (1S)-(+)10-camphorsulfonic acid provides a clear demonstration of the lack of relationship between absolute configuration and optical rotation. The parent sulfonic acid can be converted to the corresponding acid chloride and then to the sulfonamide, sulfonylimine, and finally to an oxaziridine in a series of practical organic laboratory experiments.
Cermak, Steven C.; Wiemer, David F. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1715.
Stereochemistry |
Synthesis |
Aromatic Compounds |
Ethers |
Alcohols |
Aldehydes / Ketones |
Acids / Bases
|
Environmental Chemistry Using Ultrasound Belinda K. Wilmer, Edward Poziomek, and Grazyna E. Orzechowska
In this demonstration, we describe a simple method for presenting the usefulness of sonication in environmental chemistry. When an aqueous solution of carbon tetrachloride is sonicated, it degrades to produce HCl and HOCl. These products cause a reduction of pH, which can be observed visually with a pH indicator.
Wilmer, Belinda K.; Poziomek, Edward; Orzechowska, Grazyna E. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1657.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
pH
|
Antacids Revisited with Modern Chemical Instruments: GCMS, AAS, and CCT Stanley L. Burden and Christopher J. Petzold
This paper describes a novel experiment that requires students to obtain and interpret data from several analytical techniques to identify the brand name of a commercial antacid. They are required to design a set of experiments utilizing computer controlled titrations (CCT), atomic absorption (AA), gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS), and careful quantitative manual titrations using a visual indicator of their choice to determine the brand name of their sample from a list of six to eight choices.
Burden, Stanley L.; Petzold, Christopher J. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1544.
Chromatography |
Mass Spectrometry |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Instrumental Methods |
Acids / Bases |
Qualitative Analysis
|
Ascorbic Acid as a Standard for Iodometric Titrations: An Analytical Experiment for General Chemistry Cesar R. Silva, Jose A. Simoni, Carol H. Collins, and Pedro L. O. Volpe
Ascorbic acid is suggested as the weighable compound for the standardization of iodine solutions in an analytical experiment in general chemistry. The experiment involves an iodometric titration in which iodine reacts with ascorbic acid, oxidizing it to dehydroascorbic acid.
Silva, Cesar R.; Simoni, Jose A.; Collins, Carol H.; Volpe, Pedro L. O. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1421.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Quantitative Analysis |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Acids / Bases
|
The Softening of Hard Water and Complexometric Titrations: An Undergraduate Experiment Helena Ceretti, Enrique A. Hughes, and Anita Zalts
An experiment in which (i) water hardness is explained and demonstrated; (ii) ion-exchange resin properties are visually demonstrated and then used for softening water; (iii) complexometric titrations are used for evaluating water hardness before and after softening; and (iv) acid-base titration can be used to show that the Ca/Mg ions removed by the ion exchanger are replaced by H ions.
Ceretti, Helena; Hughes, Enrique A.; Zalts, Anita. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1420.
Ion Exchange |
Quantitative Analysis |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Acids / Bases
|
Thermochromism in Commercial Products Mary Anne White and Monique LeBlanc
Many commercial products change color with a change of temperature. How do they do it? The processes responsible for the two major categories of commercial thermochromic coloring agents are presented, along with a description of applications of thermochromic materials.
White, Mary Anne; LeBlanc, Monique. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1201.
Acids / Bases |
Consumer Chemistry |
Materials Science |
Applications of Chemistry
|
Spreadsheet Techniques for Evaluating the Solubility of Sparingly Soluble Salts of Weak Acids José L. Guinón, José García-Antón, and Valentín Pérez-Herranz
A spreadsheet of Microsoft Excel for determining the solubility of sparingly soluble salts is described. The chart and worksheet are shown simultaneously on the screen. The worksheet can be used for any salt by merely changing the data for the solubility product constant and ionization constants.
Guinn, Jos L.; Garca-Antn, Jos; Prez-Herranz, Valentn. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1157.
Computational Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
Quantitative Analysis |
Acids / Bases |
Precipitation / Solubility
|
Comments on the Treatment of Aromaticity and Acid-Base Character of Pyridine and Pyrrole in Contemporary Organic Chemistry Textbooks Hugh J. Anderson and Ludwig Bauer
Presentations of aromaticity and acid-base character of pyridine and pyrrole in 18 contemporary organic chemistry textbooks were surveyed.
Anderson, Hugh J.; Bauer, Ludwig. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1151.
Acids / Bases |
Aromatic Compounds
|
A New Concept for pH-Potential Calculations K. L. Cheng
This paper discusses the concept of pH-potential calculations and indicates that the pH electrode is a capacitor, not a half-cell as currently believed.
Cheng, K. L. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1029.
Instrumental Methods |
Acids / Bases |
Electrochemistry |
Quantitative Analysis |
Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials |
pH
|
A General Simulator for Acid-Base Titrations Robert de Levie
General formal expressions are provided to facilitate the automatic computer calculation of acid-base titration curves of arbitrary mixtures of acids, bases, and salts, without and with activity corrections based on the Davies equation.
de Levie, Robert. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 987.
Acids / Bases |
Quantitative Analysis |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Predicting Acid-Base Titration Curves without Calculations Dennis W. Barnum
In this paper a qualitative and systematic method for sketching titration curves is presented. Even the more complex cases such as salts or polyprotic acids and bases are treated just as easily as simple monoprotic acids. Having students predict the shape of titration curves from known equilibrium constants helps to focus attention on the general principles without distraction by the mathematics.
Barnum, Dennis W. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 938.
Acids / Bases |
Quantitative Analysis |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Learning Theories |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Chemometrics
|
Do pH in Your Head Addison Ault
Every aqueous solution has a pH. Two factors determine this pH: the acidic or basic strength of the solute, and its concentration. When you use pKa values to express acidic and basic strength you can easily estimate the approximate pH of many aqueous solutions of acids, bases, and their salts and their buffers.
Ault, Addison. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 936.
Equilibrium |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Learning Theories |
Chemometrics |
Brønsted-Lowry Acids / Bases
|
Why Not Replace pH and pOH by Just One Real Acidity Grade, AG? Henk van Lubeck
The disadvantages of pH and pOH disappear after replacing them with AG, the acidity grade: AG = log [H+]/[OH-]. AG of neutral solutions equals 0 at all temperatures, whereas AG of acidic solutions is positive and of alkaline solutions, negative. AG offers some other minor advantages as well.
van Lubeck, Henk. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 892.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium
|
A Simple and Convenient Method for Generation and NMR Observation of Stable Carbanions Hamid S. Kasmai
A simple and convenient method for the generation and NMR study of stable carbanions is described. The data and sample spectra illustrate that reliable and good quality NMR spectra of stable carbanions may be obtained. The experiments described provide a good opportunity for students to apply the basic principles of 1H and 13C NMR spectrometry and the interesting topic of the exchange phenomenon in NMR.
Kasmai, Hamid S. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 830.
Acids / Bases |
Reactive Intermediates |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Aromatic Compounds
|
Redox Buffer Strength Robert de Levie
The proper functioning of enzymes in bodily fluids requires that the pH be maintained within rather narrow limits. The first line of defense against large pH fluctuations in such fluids is the passive control provided by the presence of pH buffers. It is equally important for many enzymes that the redox potential is kept within a narrow range. In that case, stability of the potential is most readily achieved with a redox buffer. In this communication the redox buffer strength is defined by analogy with acid-base buffer strength.
de Levie, Robert. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 574.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Electrochemistry |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Acids / Bases |
Enzymes
|
A Simplified Method for Finding the pKa of an Acid-Base Indicator by Spectrophotometry George S. Patterson
Experiments on determining the pKa of an acid-base indicator by visible spectroscopy are often found in analytical and physical chemistry lab texts. The procedure described here is a modification suitable for general chemistry lab students.
Patterson, George S. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 395.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Re-Blue-ing Blue Litmus Paper Myers, David R.; Crane, Joseph
Re-blue-ing blue litmus paper using ammonium carbonate.
Myers, David R.; Crane, Joseph J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 319.
Laboratory Management |
Acids / Bases |
pH
|
The Ammonia Smoke Fountain: An Interesting Thermodynamic Adventure M. Dale Alexander
The ammonia smoke fountain demonstration utilizes a modification of the apparatus used in the standard ammonia fountain. The modification allows for the introduction of hydrogen chloride gas into a flask of ammonia rather than water. The flow rate of hydrogen chloride gas into the flask in the smoke fountain is not constant, but periodic; that is, the smoke puffs from the end of the tube. This unexpected behavior elicits an interesting thermodynamic explanation.
Alexander, M. Dale. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 210.
Acids / Bases |
Gases |
Thermodynamics |
Reactions |
Stoichiometry |
Precipitation / Solubility
|
Is It Real Gold? Harold H. Harris
The oxidation-reduction couples involved in the corrosion of gold alloys and the dissolution of "noble" metals are related to an inquiry to the newspaper columnist, Ann Landers. the origin of several contemporary phrases (touch stone, acid test, Hallmark) are found in the chemistry of gold.
Harris, Harold H. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 198.
Acids / Bases |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Qualitative Analysis |
Applications of Chemistry
|
A Unified Titration Formula P. Glaister
In a number of standard titrations, a volume of a monoprotic base MOH at a specific concentration is added to a volume of a monoprotic acid HA at a specific concentrations. Four different types of titration are possible, depending on whether the acid and base are strong or weak. A single unifying formula covering all four cases has been determined.
Glaister, P. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 132.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis
|
Buffers Plus Richard W. Ramette
In 1989 JCE Software published The Acid-Base Package: A Collection of Useful Programs for Proton Transfer Systems. This DOS program has been fully upgraded by the same author to the world of Windows 95.
Ramette, Richard W. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 1504.
Acids / Bases
|
Using Bad Science To Teach Good Chemistry Michael S. Epstein
This paper presents examples of bad science ranging from "unintentional mistakes" to "fraud" that can be used as part of traditional courses in general and analytical chemistry to encourage scientific reasoning and ethical behavior, and to provide a classroom atmosphere that encourages students to think and learn.
Epstein, Michael S. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 1399.
Acids / Bases
|
Kinetic Demonstration of Intermolecular General Acid (GA) Catalysis in Thiolysis of 9-Anilinoacridine Mohammad Niyaz Khan
After nearly five decades of active research and numerous publications on GA-GB catalysis, introduction of an experiment on GA for students majoring in enzymology/physical organic chemistry at advanced undergraduate/postgraduate level is appropriate. A kinetic experiment involving the reaction of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) with 9-anilinoacridine (9-ANA) is designed to demonstrate intermolecular GA catalysis.
Khan, Mohammad Niyaz. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 632.
Bioinorganic Chemistry |
Bioorganic Chemistry |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Catalysis |
Acids / Bases |
Kinetics
|
Determination of the Equilibrium Constants of a Weak Acid: An Experiment for Analytical or Physical Chemistry Russell A. Bonham
Allows students to explore the concepts of chemical equilibria, nonideal behavior of aqueous solutions, least squares with adjustment of nonlinear model parameters, and errors. The relationship between the pH of a solution of known initial concentration and volume of a weak acid as it is titrated by known volumes of a monohydroxy strong base is developed rigorously assuming ideal behavior.
Bonham, Russell A. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 631.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Letters to the Editor
The author points out that in a previous article, "Why Is Bismuth Subchloride Soluble in Acid," a key reaction which aids in the dissolving of bismuth subchloride is omitted.
J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 523.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Precipitation / Solubility
|
Mechanism Templates: Lecture Aids for Effective Presentation of Mechanism in Introductory Organic Chemistry Brian J. McNelis
To promote active student learning of mechanism in introductory organic chemistry, hand-outs have been developed with incomplete structures for reaction processes depicted, which are called mechanism templates. The key to these lecture aids is to provide only enough detail in the diagram to facilitate notetaking, ensuring that these templates are dynamic learning tools that must be utilized by an engaged and alert student.
Brian J. McNelis. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 479.
Learning Theories |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Reactions |
Addition Reactions |
Acids / Bases |
Electrophilic Substitution |
Nucleophilic Substitution
|
A Modified Microburet for Microscale Titration Mono M. Singh, Cynthia McGowan, Zvi Szafran, and Ronald M. Pike
A modified microburet can be constructed inexpensively from readily available laboratory materials. These materials include a 2 mL graduated pipet, a 5 or 10 mL plastic syringe body, a small piece of latex tubing, and a small size automatic delivery pipet tip. The modified microburet is easy to use, and gives accurate results.
Singh, Mono M.; McGowan, Cynthia; Szafran, Zvi; Pike, Ronald M. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 371.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Microscale Lab |
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Organic Chemistry (by Maitland Jones, Jr. ) Michael S. Holden
The general framework that Jones uses is that of Lewis acids reacting with Lewis bases, with an emphasis on the interaction of filled and empty orbitals. Again and again, as you work your way through the text, there are examples of reactions being explained by the overlap of orbitals.
Holden, Michael S. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 291.
Lewis Acids / Bases
|
Buffer Solutions: The Basics (by R. J. Beynon and J. S. Easterby) Wheeler Conover
The concept of buffers, pH measurements, pH electrodes, and preparation of buffers are explained primarily for biologists and biochemists.
Conover, Wheeler. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 153.
Acids / Bases |
pH
|
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Controlled Enolates: A Project for a Problem-Oriented Laboratory Course Augustine Silveira Jr., Michael A. Knopp, and Jhong Kim
A microscale preparation of thermodynamic and kinetic enolates is given as an undergraduate research laboratory. This experiment provides student involvement and discussion.
Silveira, Augustine, Jr.; Knopp, Michael A.; Kim, Jhong. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 78.
Equilibrium |
Microscale Lab |
Stereochemistry |
Acids / Bases |
Kinetics |
Thermodynamics
|
Acid-Base Chemistry of the Aluminum Ion in Aqueous Solution Edward Koubek
A demonstration of the amphoteric behavior of aluminum is given based on an older report that was given many years ago.
Koubek, Edward. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 60.
Coordination Compounds |
Equilibrium |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Potentiometric Acid-Base Titrations with Activated Graphite Electrodes P. Riyazuddin and D. Devika
Dry cell graphite (DCG) electrodes activated with potassium permanganate are employed as potentiometric indicator electrodes for acid-base titrations. Special attention is given to an indicator probe comprising activated DCG-non-activiated DCG electrode couple.
Riyazuddin, P.; Devika, D. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1198.
Instrumental Methods |
Electrochemistry |
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis
|
The reply: Ionization Constants S. Roo, L. Vermeire, and C. Gorller-Walrand
Error regarding the first ionization constant of carbonic acid.
Roo, S.; Vermeire, L.; Gorller-Walrand, C. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1160.
Equilibrium |
Solutions / Solvents |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Acids / Bases |
Mathematics / Symbolic Mathematics
|
Ionization Constants Morris Bader
Error regarding the first ionization constant of carbonic acid.
Bader, Morris. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1160.
Equilibrium |
Solutions / Solvents |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Acids / Bases
|
A Study of the pH of Sweat for Horses: A Student-Devised Study by Science and Health Science Majors John Tierney, Lori Peacock, Erica Sorkin, and Susan Ware
This article describes the results obtained when the pH for horse sweat was measured. Comparisons with the studies on humans are also noted. The pH of perspiration produced by mares and gelding was measured under controlled conditions and found to be between 6.7 to 10.
Tierney, John; Peacock, Lori; Sorkin, Erica; Ware, Susan. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1135.
Learning Theories |
Acids / Bases |
Drugs / Pharmaceuticals |
Undergraduate Research
|
Buffer Index and Buffer Capacity for a Simple Buffer Solution Veronica Chiriac, Gabriel Balea
Many papers that present the buffering effect of the simple buffer solution consider the notion of buffer index and buffer capacity as being equivalent. Moreover, IUPAC defies them as the same thing. According to the definition of the authors who have introduced these two units, the paper shows that there is a large difference between them.
Chiriac, Veronica ; Balea, Gabriel. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 937.
Theoretical Chemistry |
Acids / Bases
|
Dissociation Constant for a Monoprotic Acid (response re J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 74, 792)
The authors reply: R. Garcia-Domenech, J. V. de Julian-Ortiz, G. M. Anton-Fos, Jorge Galvez-Alvarez
Answers questions raised by related letter.
Garcia-Domenech, R.; Julian-Ortiz, J. V. de; Anton-Fos, G. M.; Galvez-Alvarez, Jorge . J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 899.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Dissociation Constant for a Monoprotic Acid (re J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 74, 792) Richard W. Ramette
Questions for classroom consideration raised by the original article.
Ramette, Richard W. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 880.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Potentiometric Measurement of Transition Ranges and Titration Errors for Acid/Base Indicators Paul A. Flowers
The pH and visually-assessed color of a millimolar strong acid/base system are monitored as a function of added titrant volume, and the resultant data plotted to permit determination of the indicator's transition range and associated titration error.
Flowers, Paul A. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 846.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Potentiometry |
Chemometrics
|
Free Radical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions: Examples from Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater from the Chemistry in Airborne Water Droplets N. Colin Baird
A common free radical reaction in aqueous solution is electron transfer, especially to the hydroxyl radical and to ozone. Hydrogen peroxide and free radicals related to it act as weak acids, so both their neutral and deprotonated forms must be considered in reactions. Free radical reactions also play an important role in the chemistry of water droplets suspended in air in clouds and fogs.
Baird, N. Colin. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 817.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Free Radicals |
Reactive Intermediates |
Atmospheric Chemistry |
Acids / Bases |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
Old MacDonald Named a Compound: Branched Enynenynols Dennis Ryan
An imaginary teacher of organic chemistry thinks up some whimsical compounds for his students to name using IUPAC nomenclature rules.
Ryan, Dennis. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 782.
Learning Theories |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |
Alcohols |
Alkenes |
Alkynes |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
The Synthesis, Characterization, and Lewis Acidity of SnI2 and SnI4 Richard W. Schaeffer, Benny Chan, Michael Molinaro, Susan Morissey, Claude H. Yoder, Carolyn S. Yoder, and Stephanie Shenk
In this project the student has the opportunity to learn about: a) the direct synthesis of compounds from the elements, b) stoichiometry and limiting reagent, c) isolation by recrystallization, d) use of inert atmosphere, e) identification by melting point, gravimetric analysis, powder x-ray diffraction, and NMR spectroscopy, and f) at least one method for determination of relative Lewis acidity.
Schaeffer, Richard W. ; Chan, Benny ; Molinaro, Michael; Morissey, Susan ; Yoder, Claude H.; Yoder, Carolyn S.; Shenk, Stephanie. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 575.
Acids / Bases |
Synthesis |
Stoichiometry |
Lewis Acids / Bases |
NMR Spectroscopy
|
Sheldon Shore, Small Boranes, and Ammonia Robert W. Parry
The paper discusses the early studies on "the diammoniate of diborane" and emphasizes how continuing work done by Sheldon Shore at Ohio State University extended the work on the boranes and answered here-to-fore vexing structural problems on intermediates in the borane and borane-ammonia system.
Parry, Robert W. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 512.
Acids / Bases |
Coordination Compounds |
Crystals / Crystallography |
Synthesis
|
The Chemistry of Paper Preservation: Part 4. Alkaline Paper Henry A. Carter
The use of alkaline paper can minimize the problem of acidity for new papers. This study focuses on the chemistry involved in the sizing of both acid and alkaline papers and the types of fillers used. The advantages and potential problems in alkaline paper making are also discussed.
Carter, Henry A. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 508.
Acids / Bases |
Industrial Chemistry |
Applications of Chemistry
|
Why is Bismuth Subchloride Soluble in Acid? Damon Diemente
It is shown that the solubility of BiOCl can be explained as a consequence of the shifting of hydrolysis equilibriums upon the addition of acid. Two demonstrations suitable for classroom use are presented, with detailed discussion of each.
Diemente, Damon. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 398.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Virtual Titrator: A Student-Oriented Instrument David Ritter and Michael Johnson
A virtual autotitrator based on an Orion pH meter, a 386 CPU computer, and a homemade stepper-motor driven syringe, and a stopped-flow spectrometer interfaced to a 386 CPU computer which uses a virtual oscilloscope program written in Visual Basic to collect and display the data.
Ritter, David; Johnson, Michael. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 120.
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
pH |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing
|
Optical Basicity: A Practical Acid-Base Theory for Oxides and Oxyanions J. A. Duffy
The optical basicity concept relies on the Lewis approach to acids and bases and was developed for dealing with chemical problems in non-aqueous, non-protonic media such as silicates, phosphates and borates which are important in glass making and (as slags) for refining steel.
Duffy, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 1138.
Acids / Bases |
Lewis Acids / Bases
|
Further Comments upon the Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: A Response to Criticism from Professor Thomas T.Tidwell Hilton M. Weiss
This paper responds to the preceding article by Professor T. Tidwell in which he provides arguments for vinyl cations being an intermediate in most electrophilic additions to alkynes.
Weiss, Hilton M. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 1082.
Addition Reactions |
Alkynes |
Mechanisms of Reactions
|
The Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes Revisited Thomas T. Tidwell
A recent claim that vinyl cations are not the predominant intermediates in the electrophilic addition to alkynes is disputed.
Tidwell, Thomas T. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 1081.
Addition Reactions |
Alkynes |
Mechanisms of Reactions
|
Determination of the Dissociation Constant for Monoprotic Acid by Simple pH Measurements R. García-Doménech, J. V. de Julián-Ortiz, G. M. Antón-Fos, and J. Galvez Alvarez
The dissociation constant for a weak monoprotic acid may be calculated in aqueous alkaline solution by straightforward pH measurements, before and after the addition of the acid, and with the advantage of not having to standardize the solutions.
García-Doménech, R.; de Julián-Ortiz, J. V.; Antón-Fos, G. M.; Alvarez, J. Galvez. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 792.
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Hard and Soft Acid-Base Behavior in Aqueous Solution: Steric Effects Make Some Metal Ions Hard: A Quantitative Scale of Hardness-Softness for Acids and Bases Robert D. Hancock and Arthur E. Martell
The idea of hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB), developed by R. G. Pearson some 30 years ago, has been used as a unifying principle in several texts. In this article, the behaviour of HSAB in aqueous solution is addressed. A quantitative scale of hardness-softness for acids and bases is presented also.
Robert D. Hancock and Arthur E. Martell. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 654.
Quantitative Analysis |
Lewis Acids / Bases |
Solutions / Solvents |
Metals |
Coordination Compounds
|
A Simpler Approach to "Apparent" pKa's Kildahl, Nicholas
Addition to a recent article on pH, indicating an approach which emphasizes the chemistry behind the titration of a weak acid.
Kildahl, Nicholas J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 598.
pH |
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Epoxidation of Alpha-Methylstyrene and its Lewis Acid Rearrangement to 2-Phenylpropanal David L. Garin, Melissa Gamber, and Bradley J. Rowe
This undergraduate organic lab experiment includes procedures for the peracid epoxidation of an olefin and the Lewis acid rearrangement of an epoxide to a carbonyl compound.
Garin, David L.; Gamber, Melissa; Rowe, Bradley J. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 555.
Lewis Acids / Bases |
Spectroscopy |
NMR Spectroscopy |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Gas Chromatography |
IR Spectroscopy |
Aldehydes / Ketones
|
All Positive Ions Give Acid Solutions in Water Stephen J. Hawkes
The acidity of aqueous solutions of positive ions is never zero although many texts say incorrectly that most metals of Groups I and II and some others are not acidic.
Hawkes, Stephen J. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 516.
Acids / Bases |
Metals |
Solutions / Solvents |
pH
|
The Teaching of Precipitation Equilibrium: A New Approach Ana M. V. S. V. Cavaleiro
In this paper we present a simplified integrated approach to the calculation of the solubility in water of a salt, and the pH of the saturated solution, taking into account the acid-base reactions of the anion.
Cavaleiro, Ana M. V. S. V. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 423.
Precipitation / Solubility |
pH |
Solutions / Solvents |
Acids / Bases
|
Procedure Modification for the Use of Corn Starch Packing Puffs for Titration Endpoints Judith M. Bonicamp
This short article describes the use of Eco-Foam cornstarch packing puffs to make starch indicator solution.
Bonicamp, Judith M. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 258.
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Acids / Bases |
Carbohydrates
|
Organic Qualitative Analysis at the Microscale Level Craig, Rhoda E. R.; Kaufman, Kurt K.
Project requiring students to identify pure unknowns and the components of mixtures using a variety of chromatography and spectrometry techniques.
Craig, Rhoda E. R.; Kaufman, Kurt K. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, A102.
NMR Spectroscopy |
IR Spectroscopy |
Chromatography |
Separation Science |
Qualitative Analysis |
Acids / Bases
|
From Christmas Ornament to Glass Electrode Rogério T. da Rocha, Ivano G. R. Gutz, and Claudimir L. do Lago
Instructions and use of a homemade glass electrode for pH measurements/titrations.
Da Rocha, Rogerio T.; Gutz, Ivano G. R.; do Lago, Claudimir L. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 1135.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Electrochemistry |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Ion Selective Electrodes |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Acids / Bases |
Laboratory Management |
pH
|
Environmental Laboratory Exercise: Analysis of Hydrogen Peroxide by Fluorescence Spectroscopy Judith Weinstein--Lloyd and Jai H. Lee
Procedure in which students analyze precipitation samples for trace concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (a deleterious air pollutant) using fluorescence spectroscopy.
Weinstein-Lloyd, Judith; Lee, Jai H. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 1053.
Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
Free Radicals |
Photochemistry |
Acids / Bases |
Atmospheric Chemistry
|
Crystallization of Supersaturated Sodium Acetate and the Temperature Dependence of the Autoionization Constant of Water Joseph A. Pergler, Ronald O. Ragsdale, and Thomas G. Richmond
A procedure to qualitatively demonstrate the variation of the autoionization constant of water with temperature.
Pergler, Joseph A.; Ragsdale, Ronald O.; Richmond, Thomas G. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 1027.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Solutions / Solvents |
Acids / Bases |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Water / Water Chemistry
|
A Dating Analogy for Acid-Base Titration Problems Ronald DeLorenzo
Analogy to help students understand the consequences of concentrating or diluting unknowns before titrating them.
DeLorenzo, Ronald. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 1011.
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Acids / Bases
|
Ion-Pair Complexation in Moderately Strong Aqueous Acids Lowell M. Schwartz
Discussion/analysis of ion association in aqueous solution, particularly ion pairing involving the hydronium ion.
Schwartz, Lowell M. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 823.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
From Titration Data to Buffer Capacities: A Computer Experiment for the Chemistry Lab or Lecture Roy W. Clark, Gary D. White, Judith M. Bonicamp, and Exum D. Watts
Provides titration curve data that students can plot and analyze using spreadsheets to develop student understanding of pH, derivatives, buffer capacity, and the behavior of dilute buffers; includes sample graphs and analysis.
Clark, Roy W.; White, Gary D.; Bonicamp, Judith M.; Watts, Exum D. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 746.
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Chemometrics
|
A Dibasic Acid Titration for the Physical Chemistry Laboratory G. D. Brabson, J. T. Clay, and E. A. Walters
Experiment in which the pKa values of a weak dibasic acid, with closely spaced values for pK1 and pK2 are determined in an acid-base titration; analysis is done using a computer connected to a pH meter; sample data and analysis included.
Brabson, G. D.; Clay, J. T.; Walters, E. A. . J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 665.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing
|
Two Paired "Le Chatelier" Reactions John J. Cawley
Procedure involving acid-catalyzed esterfication and base-catalyzed hydrolysis to illustrate the ideas of equilibrium, percent yield, and Le Chtelier's principle; both reactions result in percentage yields greater than the equilibrium constant would suggest.
Cawley, John J. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 657.
Catalysis |
Equilibrium |
Acids / Bases
|
Turmeric as an Acid-Base Indicator Breedlove, C. H.
Example of turmeric as a natural acid-base indicator.
Breedlove, C. H. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 540.
Acids / Bases |
Dyes / Pigments
|
Ascorbic Acid Determination in Natural Orange Juice: As a Teaching Tool of Coulometry and Polarography Bertotti, Mauro; Vaz, Jorge Moreira; Telles, Rogerio
Procedure for determining the concentration of ascorbic acid in orange juice using electroanalytical techniques (coulometry and polarography).
Bertotti, Mauro; Vaz, Jorge Moreira; Telles, Rogerio J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 445.
Electrochemistry |
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis
|
A Simple Demonstration of the Ion-Pairing Effect on the Solubility of Charged Molecules Hervas, Manuel A.; Fabara, Carlos E.
Demonstration to illustrate the effect of ion-pair formation on the solubility of charged molecules.
Hervas, Manuel A.; Fabara, Carlos E. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 437.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Acids / Bases |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Visual demonstration of buffer action Chang, James C.
A fast and easy demonstration of buffer action without the elaborate preparation of solutions.
Chang, James C. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 345.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
"Crack" - A High-Interest Compound Illustrating Important Concepts in General Chemistry Hoyt, William
Using crack and cocaine as examples of amine acid-base chemistry.
Hoyt, William J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 322.
Acids / Bases |
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Amines / Ammonium Compounds |
Esters
|
Acid Volatile Sulfides (AVS) in Sediment: An Environmental Chemistry Experiment Brouwer, Henry
Experimental procedure for measuring acid volatile sulfides in environmental samples.
Brouwer, Henry J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 182.
Acids / Bases
|
The Determination of "Apparent" pKa's: Part II. An Experiment Using Very Weak Acids (pKa's > 11.4) Cawley, John J.
Experimental procedure for illustrating when the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation fails for very weak acids; data and analysis included.
Cawley, John J. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 88.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations by Iteration: Recycle Your Approximations Weltin, E.
Using graphing calculators, spreadsheets, and iteration analysis to approximate equilibrium concentrations and judge their accuracy; includes data and analysis.
Weltin, E. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 36.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
Chemometrics
|
The Modern Student Laboratory: Determination of the Thermodynamic Dissociation Constant of a Weak Acid by Potentiometric Acid-Base Titration: A Three-Hour Laboratory Experiment Partanen, Jaako I.; Karki, Merja H.
Improvements upon an earlier potentiometric titration.
Partanen, Jaako I.; Karki, Merja H. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, A120.
Acids / Bases |
Potentiometry |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Small Scale Determination of the pKa Values for Organic Acids Flash, Patrick
Determination and interpretation of the pKa values for a series of organic acids as a concrete example of the effect of structure on acid strength.
Flash, Patrick J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, A6.
Acids / Bases |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Carboxylic Acids
|
A Simple and Safe Catalytic Hydrogenation of 4-Vinylbenzoic Acid De, Shantanu; Gambhir, Geetu; Krishnamurty, H. G.
An alternative procedure to catalytic hydrogenation is catalytic transfer hydrogenation. In this technique, the reduction of an organic compound is achieved with the aid of a donor substance in the presence of a catalyst.
De, Shantanu; Gambhir, Geetu; Krishnamurty, H. G. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 992.
Catalysis |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Alkanes / Cycloalkanes |
Alkenes |
Alkynes
|
Not So Late Night Chemistry with USD Koppang, Miles D.; Webb, Karl M.; Srinivasan, Rekha R.
Through the program, college students enhance their knowledge and expertise on a chemical topic and gain experience in scientific presentations. They also serve as role models to the high school students who can relate to college students more easily than the chemistry faculty members and their high school students.
Koppang, Miles D.; Webb, Karl M.; Srinivasan, Rekha R. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 929.
Forensic Chemistry |
Polymerization |
Electrochemistry |
Isotopes |
Acids / Bases
|
Teaching the Truth about pH Hawkes, Stephen J.
-log[H+] is only an approximation to pH; how to teach pH to avoid misleading students.
Hawkes, Stephen J. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 747.
pH |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium
|
Fruit Anthocyanins: Colorful Sensors of Molecular Milieu Curtright, Robert D.; Rynearson, James A .; Markwell, John
Provides background and references as a starting point for the further exploration of anthocyanins.
Curtright, Robert D.; Rynearson, James A .; Markwell, John J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 682.
Dyes / Pigments |
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
pH
|
Acid-Base Titration Curves in Disproportionating Redox Systems Michalowski, Tadeusz; Lesiak, Andrzej
Titrations for disproportioning systems with two bromine compounds (Br2 and HBrO) and iodine (I2) as examples.
Michalowski, Tadeusz; Lesiak, Andrzej J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 632.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Quantitative Analysis
|
The Hydration of 1-Hexene and 1-Hexyne Touchette, Kim M.; Weiss, Hilton M.; Rozenberg, Daniel
The sulfuric acid-catalyzed hydration of 1-hexene and 1-hexyne.
Touchette, Kim M.; Weiss, Hilton M.; Rozenberg, Daniel J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 534.
Alkynes |
Alkenes |
Alcohols |
Catalysis |
Synthesis
|
A Safe and Easy Classroom Demonstration of the Generation of Acetylene Gas Cox, Marilyn Blagg
Reacting calcium carbide with water to generate ethyne.
Cox, Marilyn Blagg J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 253.
Alkynes |
Reactions
|
TITRATE: A Learning Tool for Acid-Base Titrations Ramette, Richard W.
Software that calculates and simulates the plot of a titration curve for any base or acid (up to hexaprotic) or any mixture (up to five substances).
Ramette, Richard W. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 238.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Determining Hammett sigma and rho values: Improvements on a published student experiment Hathaway, Bruce A.; Olesen, Bjorn
Modifications and improvements to laboratory experiments written for an organic chemistry lab text.
Hathaway, Bruce A.; Olesen, Bjorn J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 953.
Esters |
Acids / Bases |
Kinetics |
Synthesis
|
The electrophilic addition to alkynes Weiss, Hilton M.
Electrophilic additions to alkynes traditionally do not receive as much attention in organic textbooks as electrophilic addition to alkenes.
Weiss, Hilton M. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 873.
Addition Reactions |
Alkynes
|
A fast, easy-to-run and safe ene reaction between benzyne and [beta]-pinene Drouin, Jacques; Jacq, Philippe
A fast, easy-to-run and safe ene reaction between benzyne and [beta]-pinene.
Drouin, Jacques; Jacq, Philippe J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 863.
Alkenes |
Aromatic Compounds |
Alkynes |
Reactions
|
A recipe for the preparation of a pH 7.00 calibration buffer Jackman, Donald C.
Simple recipe for preparation of a pH 7.00 calibration buffer based on the NIST standard.
Jackman, Donald C. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 853.
Acids / Bases |
Laboratory Management |
pH
|
A simple, colorful demonstration of solubility and acid/base extraction using a separatory funnel Kelly, T. Ross
A simple, colorful demonstration of solubility and acid/base extraction using a separatory funnel.
Kelly, T. Ross J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 848.
Separation Science |
Acids / Bases
|
Theoretical analysis of one-one complexometric titration curves Tianlin, Wang; Fengling, Liu; Liming, Feng
Using one-one complexometric titration curves to help students locate maximum breakpoint relative to the equivalence point.
Tianlin, Wang; Fengling, Liu; Liming, Feng J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 796.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Hydrochlorination of 1-propynylbenzene on alumina: A demonstration of kinetic and thermodynamic control using HCl produced in situ and molecular modeling Pienta, Norbert J.; Crawford, Scott D.; Kropp, Paul J.
A hydrochlorination experiment that provides sufficient latitude in choice of conditions.
Pienta, Norbert J.; Crawford, Scott D.; Kropp, Paul J. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 682.
Molecular Modeling |
Alkynes |
Alkenes |
Gas Chromatography |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Microscale Lab
|
The electrician's multimeter in the chemistry teaching laboratory: Part 2: Potentiometry and conductimetry Sevilla, Fortunato, III; Alfonso, Rafael L.; Andres, Roberto T.
Further applications of the multimeter in chemistry laboratories are discussed in this paper: potentiometry, reduction potentials and cell EMF, the Nerst equations, pH measurements, titration, conductimetry, and conduction of solutions.
Sevilla, Fortunato, III; Alfonso, Rafael L.; Andres, Roberto T. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 580.
Acids / Bases |
Solutions / Solvents |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Electrochemistry |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Potentiometry
|
Liquid chromatographic determination of malic and lactic acids in wine following malolactic fermentation Brogley, John; Mullick, Joydip; Quigley, Michael N.
This lab takes advantage of wine's unique position in society to invite students to participate in an engaging actvity.
Brogley, John; Mullick, Joydip; Quigley, Michael N. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 507.
Consumer Chemistry |
Food Science |
Acids / Bases |
Chromatography |
Quantitative Analysis |
Alcohols |
Applications of Chemistry
|
Potentiometric measurements in a freshwater aquarium Harris, Thomas M.
The author describes a laboratory activity for an instrumental methods course that is both interesting and instructive to the students while providing a lesson in environmental chemistry and tropical fish care.
Harris, Thomas M. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 340.
Acids / Bases |
Applications of Chemistry |
Green Chemistry |
Quantitative Analysis |
Instrumental Methods
|
The Erosion of Carbonate Stone by Acid Rain: Laboratory and Field Investigations Baedecker, Philip A.; Reddy, Michael M.
Describes a laboratory experiment on the effects of acidic deposition on carbonate stone erosion. The purpose is to answer questions concerning the effects of hydrogen ion deposition on stone erosion processes that are difficult to resolve in field experiments alone.
Baedecker, Philip A.; Reddy, Michael M. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 104.
Acids / Bases |
Green Chemistry
|
Studying Acid-Base Equilibria in Two-Phase Solvent Media: Analyzing Results Using Aqueous Surfactant Solutions with Organic Solvents in the Titration of Analytes with Low Solubilities and Low Dissociation Constants Tucker, Sheryl A.; Amszi, Vicki L.; Acree, William E., Jr.
Authors offer suggestions for the types of problems encountered in an analytical laboratory activity involving the quantitative analysis of weak acids and weak bases.
Tucker, Sheryl A.; Amszi, Vicki L.; Acree, William E., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 80.
Acids / Bases |
Quantitative Analysis |
Solutions / Solvents |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
The acid-base package Ramette, Richard W.; Holmes, Jon L.
Software that will calculate theoretical titration curve data and the pH for any mixture of acids and/or bases.
Ramette, Richard W.; Holmes, Jon L. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 1010.
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Cautionary note regarding the phenol color test by ferric chloride in acidic solution Hasegawa, Tadashi; Usui, Toyokazu
Effect of acids on the phenol color test by ferric chloride.
Hasegawa, Tadashi; Usui, Toyokazu J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 840.
Phenols |
Qualitative Analysis |
Acids / Bases
|
A low-cost pH meter for the classroom. Harris, David L.; Harris, Daniel C.
Design of an inexpensive yet precise pH meter for classroom use.
Harris, David L.; Harris, Daniel C. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 563.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
pH |
Acids / Bases
|
Precipitation of a murder: A creative use of strychnine chemistry in Agatha Christie's The Mysterious Affair at Styles. Southward, Robin E.; Hollis, W. Gary, Jr.; Thompson, David W.
Discussion of the chemistry involved in this mystery and its analysis by students.
Southward, Robin E.; Hollis, W. Gary, Jr.; Thompson, David W. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 536.
Applications of Chemistry |
Toxicology |
Acids / Bases
|
The extent of acid-base reactions (the author replies). Thompson, Ralph J.
A poor example for calculating the extent of reaction between hydronium ion and aniline was chosen.
Thompson, Ralph J. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 516.
Acids / Bases |
Reactions
|
The extent of acid-base reactions. Tapparo, Andrea.
Several misleading statements can be found in the original article.
Tapparo, Andrea. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 515.
Acids / Bases |
Reactions
|
The acid equilibrium constant is unity! (the author replies) Thompson, Ralph J.
The interpretation of thermodynamic equilibrium constants by Baldwin and Burchill is quite proper and technically correct.
Thompson, Ralph J. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 515.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
The acid equilibrium constant is unity! Baldwin, W. G.; Burchill, C. E.
The attempt to assign a non-unity value to this equilibrium constant is a consequence of misunderstanding the way in which the (nearly) constant concentration or activity of the solvent in a dilute solution (or of a pure solid or liquid in a heterogeneous system) is treated when formulating the conventional equilibrium constant expression.
Baldwin, W. G.; Burchill, C. E. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 514.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
A source of isomer-drawing assignments Kjonaas, Richard A.
A comprehensive source from which instructors can choose a wide variety of good isomer drawing examples to use as homework assignments and exam questions.
Kjonaas, Richard A. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 452.
Stereochemistry |
Alcohols |
Alkanes / Cycloalkanes |
Alkenes |
Aldehydes / Ketones |
Ethers |
Esters |
Alkynes
|
The chemical logic of life and the earth's biosphere: A simple, one-diagram outline Ochiai, Ei-Ichiro
This diagram is intended to give a compact overall picture of the chemical logic of life and of the earth's biosphere.
Ochiai, Ei-Ichiro J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 356.
Acids / Bases |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
Solving equilibrium problems Ruekberg, Ben
An equation with more than three terms is not cause for despair.
Ruekberg, Ben J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 344.
Equilibrium |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Graphical presentation of acid-base reactions: Using a computer-interfaced autotitrator Lake, Michele E.; Grunow, David A.; Su, Meng-Chih
136. The goal of this project is to help students see what occurs in the solution at every single step during the course of a titration.
Lake, Michele E.; Grunow, David A.; Su, Meng-Chih J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 299.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing
|
Acidities of oxoacids: Correlation with charge distribution Meek, Terry L.
In an attempt to ascertain whether acidity can be correlated with some molecular parameter, the charge distribution within 24 oxoacid molecules and their conjugate base anions were examined by calculating the partial positive or negative charge on each atom.
Meek, Terry L. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 270.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Standard states for water equilibrium (author response). Campbell, Mark L.; Waite, Boyd A.
For the purposes of comparison only the unconventionally derived Ka values should be used to compare equilibrium constants for other acids to determine relative acid strengths.
Campbell, Mark L.; Waite, Boyd A. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 256.
Water / Water Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Brønsted-Lowry Acids / Bases
|
Standard states for water equilibrium. Baldwin, W. George; Burchill, C. Eugene.
The authors consider that Ka and Kb values for Bronsted acids and bases in aqueous solution represent one data set describing the properties of solutes in dilute aqueous solution.
Baldwin, W. George; Burchill, C. Eugene. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 255.
Water / Water Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Brønsted-Lowry Acids / Bases
|
Cyclic indicator color change by titrant electrogeneration. Stock, John T.
A simple but striking demonstration of coulometric titration.
Stock, John T. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 253.
Electrochemistry |
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Estimation of pKa in the first excited singlet state: A physical chemistry experiment that explores acid-base properties in the excited state. Marciniak, B.; Kozubek, H.; Paszyc, S.
The acid-base reactions in excited states are some of the most elementary processes both in photochemistry and biochemistry and are, therefore, well-suited to form the basis for an undergraduate physical chemistry experiment.
Marciniak, B.; Kozubek, H.; Paszyc, S. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 247.
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Photochemistry
|
Beta-keto esters from tin(II) chloride catalyzed reactions of aldehydes with ethyl diazoacetate: An undergraduate laboratory experiment drawn from the current literature Brockwell, Joyce C.; Holmquist, Christopher R.
This is an experimental procedure for producing longer-chain keto esters from unconjugated aldehydes on reaction with ethyl diazoacetate catalyzed by Lewis acids for use in an undergraduate laboratory.
Brockwell, Joyce C.; Holmquist, Christopher R. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 68.
Catalysis |
Synthesis |
Lewis Acids / Bases |
Aldehydes / Ketones |
Esters
|
Spreadsheet titration of diprotic acids and bases Breneman, G. L.; Parker, O. J.
133. Bits and pieces, 47. A spreadsheet and chart, set up using Excel, for showing titration curves of any diprotic acid or base is described.
Breneman, G. L.; Parker, O. J. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 46.
Acids / Bases |
Chemometrics |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Multifunctional base unknowns in the introductory analytical chemistry lab Werner, Jonathan A.; Werner, T. C.
The authors look at mathematical descriptions of acid-base equilibria and emphasize the nature of the assumptions that are being made to simplify the mathematics.
Werner, Jonathan A.; Werner, T. C. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 600.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Chemometrics
|
An NMR study of the stereochemistry of the fumarase-catalyzed hydration of fumaric acid Olsen, Julie A.; Olsen, Robert J.
An NMR study of the stereochemistry of the fumarase-catalyzed hydration of fumaric acid.
Olsen, Julie A.; Olsen, Robert J. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 436.
Acids / Bases |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Enzymes |
Molecular Modeling |
Diastereomers
|
A problem for buffer buffs Leis, J. Ramon; Pena, M. Elena; Herrero-Latorre, C.
An exam problem particularly for undergraduates studying chemistry as part of some other discipline such as biochemistry, biology, or medicine.
Leis, J. Ramon; Pena, M. Elena; Herrero-Latorre, C. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 141.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
pH
|
Design of corrosion inhibitors: Use of the hard and soft acid-base (HSAB) theory Walters, Frederick H.
Using hard and soft acid-base theory to understand corrosion.
Walters, Frederick H. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 29.
Acids / Bases |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Metals |
Electrochemistry |
Periodicity / Periodic Table
|
A One-Step Synthesis of Cinnamic Acids Using Malonic Acid: The Verley-Doebner Modification of the Knoevenagel Condensation Kolb, Kenneth E.; Field, Kurt W.; Schatz, Paul F.
With this procedure malonic acid itself, rather than its diester, can be effectively condensed with benzaldehyde to produce trans-cinnamic acid.
Kolb, Kenneth E.; Field, Kurt W.; Schatz, Paul F. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, A304.
Microscale Lab |
Synthesis |
Acids / Bases |
Aromatic Compounds |
Aldehydes / Ketones |
Carboxylic Acids
|
A comparison of three software programs to solve acid/base problems Nagel, Edgar H.
Compares the use of a spreadsheet (Quattro), Eureka, and MathCad to calculate the pH of monosodium salt solutions of diprotic acids.
Nagel, Edgar H. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, A302.
Acids / Bases |
Chemometrics |
pH
|
Organic Nomenclature (Lampman, Gary) Damey, Richard F.
An interactive tutorial / drill for naming organic compounds.
Damey, Richard F. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, A220.
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Alkanes / Cycloalkanes |
Alkenes |
Alkynes |
Ethers |
Alcohols |
Amines / Ammonium Compounds |
Phenols
|
Modified Gran plots of very weak acids on a spreadsheet Chau, F. T.; Tse, H. K.; Cheng, F. L.
The Gran plot methodology has been utilized very often for analysis of acid-base titration curves.
Chau, F. T.; Tse, H. K.; Cheng, F. L. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, A8.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Numerical solutions for diprotic acid equilibria using spreadsheet iterations Parker, O. Jerry; Breneman, Gary L.
This software affords the opportunities of solving the problem in an open format that displays any desired intermediate steps as well as final results.
Parker, O. Jerry; Breneman, Gary L. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, A5.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium
|
Titrations of monoprotic acids with sodium hydroxide contaminated by sodium carbonate (the author replies) Michalowski, Tadeusz
A basic assumption made in the original article does not reflect the most common practical situation; therefore, some of the conclusions can be misleading if taken as general rules.
Michalowski, Tadeusz J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 1072.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Titrations of monoprotic acids with sodium hydroxide contaminated by sodium carbonate Bombi, G. Giorgio; Macca, Carlo; Michalowski, Tadeusz
A basic assumption made in the original article does not reflect the most common practical situation; therefore, some of the conclusions can be misleading if taken as general rules.
Bombi, G. Giorgio; Macca, Carlo; Michalowski, Tadeusz J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 1072.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
A short program for the automatic calculation of pH in solutions having many acids or bases Campanario, Juan Miguel; Ballesteros, Reyes
121. Bits and pieces, 45. A computer program for calculating the pH of mixtures having many acids or bases.
Campanario, Juan Miguel; Ballesteros, Reyes J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 1036.
Acids / Bases |
pH
|
Endocharm and its production in organic chemistry by mastery learning Afzal, Dawood; Delaware, Dana L.; Fountain, Kenneth R.
Using concept maps in organic chemistry and the difference between rote and meaningful learning.
Afzal, Dawood; Delaware, Dana L.; Fountain, Kenneth R. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 1011.
Learning Theories |
Acids / Bases
|
Bromothymol surprise Maier, Linda L.
Dropping a tablet of Alka Seltzer into a bromothymol blue solution.
Maier, Linda L. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 963.
Acids / Bases |
Dyes / Pigments |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Water / Water Chemistry
|
Calculation of solubilities of carbonates and phosphates in water as influenced by competitive acid-base reactions Lagier, Claudia; Olivieri, Alejandro
Examples of the calculation of the solubilities of carbonates and phosphates in water as influenced by competitive acid-base reactions and their practical applications.
Lagier, Claudia; Olivieri, Alejandro J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 934.
Precipitation / Solubility |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Acids / Bases |
Chemometrics |
Equilibrium |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Applications of Chemistry
|
A general approach for calculating polyprotic acid speciation and buffer capacity King, D. Whitney; Kester, Dana R.
A set of general equations for calculating the speciation of polyprotic acids.
King, D. Whitney; Kester, Dana R. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 932.
Acids / Bases |
Chemometrics
|
An olfactory indicator for acid-base titrations: A laboratory technique for the visually impaired Flair, Mark N.; Setzer, William N.
Analysis of eugenol, thymol, vanillin, and thiophenol as aromatic indicators for acid-base titrations.
Flair, Mark N.; Setzer, William N. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 795.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Minorities in Chemistry |
Aromatic Compounds
|
A modified graphical method for acid-base equilibria Nakagawa, Kuniaki
A method based on logarithmic diagrams for finding the pH values for various systems in acid-base equilibria.
Nakagawa, Kuniaki J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 673.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
pH
|
Keeping track of directions of atomic orbitals: A useful device in organic chemistry Talaty, Erach R.
The usefulness of keeping track of the directions of atomic orbitals.
Talaty, Erach R. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 655.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Alkenes |
Alkynes
|
Avoid misleading the students Rich, Ronald L.
Chemists have a long-standing habit, misleading at least to students, of saying that strong bases produce acids in various reactions.
Rich, Ronald L. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 629.
Acids / Bases |
Reactions
|
State-of-the-art pH electrode quality control for measurements of acidic, low ionic strength waters Stapanian, Martin A.; Metcalf, Richard C.
The relationship between the pH measurement error and the resulting percentage error in [H+] determination is derived, including the use of variable activity coefficients.
Stapanian, Martin A.; Metcalf, Richard C. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 623.
Acids / Bases |
pH
|
The pH of any mixture of monoprotic acids and bases Herman, D. P.; Booth, K. K.; Parker, O. J.; Breneman, G. L.
115. Bits and pieces, 44. The pH of any mixture of monoprotic weak and strong acids and bases can be calculated. A curve can also be plotted for the titration of the mixture by any monoportic weak or strong acid or base.
Herman, D. P.; Booth, K. K.; Parker, O. J.; Breneman, G. L. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 501.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
pH
|
The Ka values of water and the hydronium ion for comparison with other acids Campbell, Mark L.; Waite, Boyd A.
A primary interest in establishing the correct Ka values for water and the hydronium ion is to be able to compare the strengths of these species acting as acids with the strengths of other compounds acting as acids.
Campbell, Mark L.; Waite, Boyd A. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 386.
Acids / Bases |
Water / Water Chemistry |
pH
|
The palladium-catalyzed oxidation of 2-vinylnaphthalene: A microscale organic synthesis experiment Byers, Jeffrey H.; Ashfaq, Aalla; Morse, Wendy R.
The Wacker oxidation experiment as described is cost-efficient due to the small scale employed, and is a valuable addition to the undergraduate organic curriculum.
Byers, Jeffrey H.; Ashfaq, Aalla; Morse, Wendy R. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 340.
Microscale Lab |
Synthesis |
Alkynes |
Aldehydes / Ketones |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
Solution of acid-base equilibria by successive approximations Olivieri, Alejandro C.
The use of the method of successive approximations for solving acid-base equilibria, in conjunction with an intuitive, chemically based analysis is presented.
Olivieri, Alejandro C. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 229.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium
|
An efficient method for the treatment of weak acid/base equilibria Burness, James H.
The use of the ionization ratio concept enables students to perform many of the calculations for aqueous acid/base equilibria more quickly and efficiently.
Burness, James H. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 224.
Equilibrium |
Acids / Bases
|
The hydrolysis of salts derived from a weak monoprotic acid and a weak monoprotic base Cardinali, Mario Emilio; Giomini, Claudio; Marrosu, Giancarlo
The limitations as well as the conditions under which this simplified approach to the hydrolysis of salts from a weak acid and a weak base can yield almost exact results are discussed.
Cardinali, Mario Emilio; Giomini, Claudio; Marrosu, Giancarlo J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 221.
Acids / Bases |
Reactions
|
The extent of acid-base reactions Thompson, Ralph J.
How to calculate the equilibrium constant of an acid-base reaction.
Thompson, Ralph J. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 220.
Acids / Bases |
Reactions |
Equilibrium
|
BUFCALC: A program for the calculation of buffers of specified pH, ionic strength, and buffer capacity Lambert, William J.
111. A Turbo Pascal program named BUFCALC has been written for the IBM PC for the calculation of buffer "recipes" given the appropriate thermodynamic dissociation constant(s).
Lambert, William J. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 150.
Acids / Bases |
pH
|
In praise of thiosulfate Tykodi, R. J.
The reactions of thiosulfate make impressive lecture demonstrations and worthwhile laboratory experiments.
Tykodi, R. J. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 146.
Acids / Bases |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Stoichiometry
|
Acid content of beverages: A general chemistry experiment involving the resolution of apparent anomalies Fuchsman, William H.; Garg, Sandhya
The authors connect the chemistry of strong and weak acids not only to the world outside the laboratory but also to the kinds of problem solving that engages real scientists.
Fuchsman, William H.; Garg, Sandhya J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 67.
Acids / Bases |
Food Science |
pH
|
Modelling and analyzing chemical equilibria on a spreadsheet: Acid-base systems Leharne, Stephen
Using a spreadsheet to compute how the concentration of an aqeous species varies with some master variables (such as pH or ligand concentrations) and show this variation graphically.
Leharne, Stephen J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, A239.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Illustrating the inductive effect on acid strength of carboxylic acids Kolb, Kenneth E.; Kolb, Doris
The effect of various substituents on acid strength can be easily demonstrated using aqueous solutions of various carboxylic acids containing a suitable indicator.
Kolb, Kenneth E.; Kolb, Doris J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 1034.
Acids / Bases |
Carboxylic Acids
|
Sherlock Holmes and the yellow prisms Waddell, Thomas G.; Rybolt, Thomas R.
A chemical mystery featuring Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson.
Waddell, Thomas G.; Rybolt, Thomas R. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 981.
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Toxicology |
Acids / Bases
|
Separation of a five-component mixture in the microscale laboratory O'Hara-Mays, Ellen P.; Yuen, George U.
The separation and purification of a five-component mixture consisting of a strong organic acid (bezoic acid), a weak organic acid (2-naphthol), an organic base (pyridine), and two neutral compounds (1-chlorobutane and toluene).
O'Hara-Mays, Ellen P.; Yuen, George U. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 961.
Separation Science |
Microscale Lab |
Acids / Bases
|
Construction of a photoelectric colorimeter and application to students' experiments (Part 2) Matsuo, Tsutomu; Muromatsu, Akihiko; Katayama, Kazuko; Mori, Minako
Applications include the quantitative analysis of copper in brass, the analysis of iron in spinach and tea leaves, and the determination of the acid dissociation constant of bromothymol blue.
Matsuo, Tsutomu; Muromatsu, Akihiko; Katayama, Kazuko; Mori, Minako J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 848.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Quantitative Analysis |
Acids / Bases |
Dyes / Pigments
|
The acid-base package: A collection of useful programs for proton-transfer systems Hawkes, Stephen J.
Four programs that deal with the types of acid-base calculations normally encountered in introductory and analytical chemistry courses.
Hawkes, Stephen J. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 830.
Acids / Bases |
Chemometrics
|
Kinetics of the fading of phenolphthalein in alkaline solution Nicholson, Lois
The fading of phenolphthalein in alkaline solution can serve as the basis for an experiment illustrating first-order kinetics.
Nicholson, Lois J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 725.
Acids / Bases |
Kinetics
|
Enhancement of visual titration endpoints Williams, Howard P.; Howell, J. Emory; Russell, Joseph L.
Using white styrofoam cups as a titration vessel.
Williams, Howard P.; Howell, J. Emory; Russell, Joseph L. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 680.
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Acids / Bases
|
An alternative procedure for titration curves of a mixture of acids of different strengths Castillo S., Carlos A.; Jaramillo A., Alonso
An alternative procedure is presented that allows us to get the same kind of information using a single equation plus a graph, that would normally be determined by two plots.
Castillo S., Carlos A.; Jaramillo A., Alonso J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 341.
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Acids / Bases |
Potentiometry
|
Chemical generation and visualization of hydrodynamic instability: An extremely simple demonstration of self-organization Bowers, Peter G.; Soltzberg, Leonard J.
The chemical convection system described here is the pattern formation seen when an acidic vapor comes into contact with the surface of an aqueous solution containing indicator.
Bowers, Peter G.; Soltzberg, Leonard J. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 210.
Thermodynamics |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Acids / Bases
|
The perils of carbonic acid and equilibrium constants Jencks, William P.; Altura, Rachel A.
It is important to remember that the small amounts of carbon dioxide that are usually present in water can have large effects on acid-base equilibria of dilute solutions and that dilute solutions of most weak acids and bases undergo significant protonation or hydrolysis when they are dissolved in water.
Jencks, William P.; Altura, Rachel A. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 770.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Teaching relative acidity in the undergraduate organic chemistry course Traynham, James G.
The concept of acidity become difficult for students to understand when an instructor goes beyond a few familiar compounds.
Traynham, James G. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 348.
Acids / Bases
|
Incorporation of consumer products in the teaching of analytical chemistry Lieu, Van T.; Kalbus, Gene E.
A development and selection of a number of experiments involving the use of common consumer products for incorporation into quantitative and instrumental analysis laboratories.
Lieu, Van T.; Kalbus, Gene E. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 207.
Applications of Chemistry |
Alcohols |
Acids / Bases |
Food Science |
Consumer Chemistry |
Quantitative Analysis |
Instrumental Methods
|
Identification of weak acids and bases by titration with primary standards: A modern version of an old analytical chemistry experiment Thompson, Robert Q.
A four hour experiment is described in this article in which students are given a weak acid or base and asked to determine its identity by titration.
Thompson, Robert Q. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 179.
Acids / Bases |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis
|
Organic lecture demonstrations Silversmith, Ernest F.
Organic chemistry may not be known for its spectacular, attention getting chemical reactions. Nevertheless, this author describes a few organic chemistry reactions that put points across and generate interest. This article provides a convenient sources of demonstrations and urges others to add to the collection. Demonstrations concerning: carbohydrates, spectroscopy, proteins, amines, carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, and much more.
Silversmith, Ernest F. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 70.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Nucleophilic Substitution |
Acids / Bases |
Physical Properties |
Alkenes |
Stereochemistry |
Enantiomers |
Chirality / Optical Activity |
Aldehydes / Ketones |
Alcohols
|
Correct equilibrium constants for water (the authors reply) Starkey, Ronald; Norman, Jack; Hinitze, Mark
Water and hydronium ion Ka values are special cases.
Starkey, Ronald; Norman, Jack; Hinitze, Mark J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 1068.
Equilibrium |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Acids / Bases |
Thermodynamics
|
Correct equilibrium constants for water Baldwin, W. George; Burchill, C. Eugene
Disagreement with the numerical values assigned to equilibrium constants.
Baldwin, W. George; Burchill, C. Eugene J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 1067.
Equilibrium |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
A general approach for teaching hydrolysis of salts Aquirre-Ode, Fernando
Proposes a general, rigorous, and relatively simple approach for the hydrolysis of 1-1 electrolytes.
Aquirre-Ode, Fernando J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 957.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Advances in acid-base Gran plot methodology Schwartz, Lowell M.
By suitable modifications in the data analysis, Gran plot methodology can be extended to acidic or basic analyte solutions that would be difficult to treat by the conventional equations.
Schwartz, Lowell M. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 947.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
A very brief, rapid, simple, and unified method for estimating carbon-13 NMR chemical shifts: The BS method Shoulders, Hen; Welch, Steven C.
The "BS" method is so brief and simple that students can memorize and use it to interpret 13C NMR spectra with ease.
Shoulders, Hen; Welch, Steven C. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 915.
NMR Spectroscopy |
Alkanes / Cycloalkanes |
Alkenes |
Alkynes |
Instrumental Methods
|
Buffer capacity: An undergraduate laboratory experiment Russo, Steven O.; Hanania, George I. H.
A quantitative experiment that can demonstrate buffer action and the measurement of buffer capacity, for a given buffer system, over a range of pH.
Russo, Steven O.; Hanania, George I. H. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 817.
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Recent advances in the concept of hard and soft acids and bases Pearson, Ralph G.
The hard / soft acids / bases principle has been justifiably criticized because of the lack of a precise definition of hardness and the inability to quantify this property; recent developments have overcome these objections, however.
Pearson, Ralph G. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 561.
Acids / Bases |
Coordination Compounds |
MO Theory |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
An acidity scale for binary oxides Smith, Derek W.
A numerical scale of acidity / basicity for oxoacid salts.
Smith, Derek W. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 480.
Acids / Bases
|
How soft is mercury? Rustad, Douglas S.
The conclusion that the softness of the Hg(II) ion varies going from the gas phase to different solvents is incorrect.
Rustad, Douglas S. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 470.
Acids / Bases
|
Passivation of copper in acid medium Alonso, C.; Ocon, P.
Determining and explaining the polarization curve of copper in a 70% solution of phosphoric acid.
Alonso, C.; Ocon, P. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 459.
Acids / Bases |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Electrochemistry
|
A convenient, low-cost method for determining sulfate in acid rain Johns, Nicholas; Longstaff, Stephen J.
Adapting the thoron colorimetric method for determining low sulfate concentrations quickly, simply, and accurately.
Johns, Nicholas; Longstaff, Stephen J. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 449.
Acids / Bases |
Atmospheric Chemistry |
Quantitative Analysis
|
On a common graphical flaw in the carboxylic acid/alcohol relative acidity argument McClard, Ronald W.
Why are carboxylic acids so much more acidic than aliphatic alcohols?
McClard, Ronald W. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 416.
Carboxylic Acids |
Alcohols |
Acids / Bases
|
Introduction to overhead projector demonstrations Kolb, Doris
General suggestions for using the overhead projector and 21 demonstrations. [Debut]
Kolb, Doris J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 348.
Rate Law |
Reactions |
Catalysis |
Equilibrium |
Transition Elements |
Metals |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Acids / Bases
|
Hands-on versus computer simulation methods in chemistry Bourque, Donald R.; Carlson, Gaylen R.
Procedure, results, conclusions, and implications of a study that compares the effectiveness of a hands-on approach versus computer simulations in the same chemistry topics.
Bourque, Donald R.; Carlson, Gaylen R. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 232.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Stoichiometry
|
Kinetics of oxidation of bromcresol green Pickering, Miles; Heiler, David
Study of the bleaching of bromcresol green by hypochlorite.
Pickering, Miles; Heiler, David J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 81.
Kinetics |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Dyes / Pigments |
Acids / Bases |
Mechanisms of Reactions
|
Ion-selective electrode in organic analysis: A salicylate electrode Chan, W. H.; Wong, M. S.; Yip, C. W.
The project presented in this paper demonstrates to students the principles and techniques of using the ion-selective electrode in organic analysis.
Chan, W. H.; Wong, M. S.; Yip, C. W. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 915.
Ion Selective Electrodes |
Electrochemistry |
Consumer Chemistry |
Acids / Bases
|
Hydrogen bonding and retention on silica: A concept illustrated by TLC chromatography of nitrophenols Feigenbaum, A.
The TLC experiments presented in this paper illustrate several important features regarding retention, elution, and selectivity on silica through the study of the chromatographic behavior of nitrophenols.
Feigenbaum, A. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 815.
Heterocycles |
Thin Layer Chromatography |
Acids / Bases |
Phenols |
Hydrogen Bonding
|
Reduction of cyclohexanone with sodium borohydride in aqueous alkaline solution: a beginning organic chemistry experiment Hudak, Norman J.; Sholes, Anne H.
A beginning organic chemistry experiment that involves the reduction of cyclohexanone with sodium borohydride in aqueous alkaline solution.
Hudak, Norman J.; Sholes, Anne H. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 161.
Alkanes / Cycloalkanes |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Acids / Bases |
Alcohols
|
Zinc enzymes Bertini, I.; Luchinat, C.; Monnanni, R.
The role played by catalytic and noncatalytic zinc in biochemical systems. From the "State of the Art Symposium: Bioinorganic Chemistry", held at the ACS meeting, Miami, 1985.
Bertini, I.; Luchinat, C.; Monnanni, R. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 924.
Enzymes |
Bioinorganic Chemistry |
Lewis Acids / Bases |
Proteins / Peptides
|
The titrimetric determination of acetylsalicylic acid in analgesic tablets Braun, Robert D.
Example of a titrimetric method in a nonaqueous amphiprotic solvent (methanol).
Braun, Robert D. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 811.
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Drugs / Pharmaceuticals |
Acids / Bases
|
Buffer demonstration Ophardt, Charles E.
Emphasizes the difference in properties between strong and weak acids and that only a weak acid or base and its salt are a buffer.
Ophardt, Charles E. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 608.
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Dyes / Pigments
|
Metal complexes as color indicators for solvent parameters Soukup, Rudolf W.; Schmid, Roland
Review of the use of metal ions as color indicators for both the sigma-donor and sigma-acceptor abilities of solvents; briefly describes several experiments involving such metal complexes.
Soukup, Rudolf W.; Schmid, Roland J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 459.
Metals |
Coordination Compounds |
Lewis Acids / Bases
|
A different view of using titrimetric data Castillo S., Carlos
Using titration data to obtain the dissociation constant of the acid under consideration.
Castillo S., Carlos J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 443.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Visualization of buffer action and the acidifying effect of CO2 Schonbeck, Niels D.
Includes a discussion of the physiological buffering of CO2 in the human body.
Schonbeck, Niels D. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 436.
Acids / Bases |
pH
|
A simple demonstration of buffer action Duerst, Marilyn D.
A simple yet impressive visual demonstration of buffer action.
Duerst, Marilyn D. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 435.
Acids / Bases |
pH
|
Hydrogen bonded ionic species of salts of easily accessible acids and bases: An undergraduate laboratory experiment Chawla, B.; Chaudhry, Sarita
A physical-organic chemistry experiment on conductance behavior of H-bonded species of six salts of easily accessible, nitrogen-containing bases and halogenoacetic acids.
Chawla, B.; Chaudhry, Sarita J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 347.
Hydrogen Bonding |
Acids / Bases
|
Buffer capacity of various acetic acid-sodium acetate systems: A lecture experiment Donahue, Craig J.; Panek, Mary G.
Uses indicators to illustrate the response of two buffers with the same initial pH value but differing buffer capacities.
Donahue, Craig J.; Panek, Mary G. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 337.
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Dyes / Pigments |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Carboxylic Acids
|
Consumer applications of chemical principles: Drugs Hill, John W.; Jones, Susan M.
Acid-base chemistry of drugs (nicotine, cocaine, and aspirin), general anesthesia (nitrous oxide, enflurane, isoflurane, halothane), local anesthetics (procaine, lidocaine, cocaine), and intravenous anesthetics (thiopental, ketamine hydrochloride, phencyclidine).
Hill, John W.; Jones, Susan M. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 328.
Consumer Chemistry |
Drugs / Pharmaceuticals |
Medicinal Chemistry |
Acids / Bases |
Applications of Chemistry
|
Acid rain analysis by standard addition titration Ophardt, Charles E.
A simple standard addition titration method for determining the acidity of a rain or snow sample.
Ophardt, Charles E. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 257.
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Atmospheric Chemistry |
Acids / Bases |
Qualitative Analysis
|
A short set of 13C-NMR correlation tables Brown, D. W.
The object of these tables is to enable a student to calculate rapidly approximate d values for 13C nuclei in as wide a variety of compounds as possible.
Brown, D. W. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 209.
NMR Spectroscopy |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Alkanes / Cycloalkanes |
Alkenes |
Alkynes |
Aromatic Compounds |
Amides |
Carboxylic Acids |
Esters
|
Why isn't my rain as acidic as yours? Zajicek, O. T.
Calculating of pH values of acid rain and comparisons to uncontaminated samples.
Zajicek, O. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 158.
Acids / Bases |
Atmospheric Chemistry |
pH |
Chemometrics
|
Periodicity in the acid-base behavior of oxides and hydroxides Rich, Ronald L.
The aqueous solubilities of many important hydrous oxides and hydroxides are displayed, for various elements, as functions of pH.
Rich, Ronald L. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 44.
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
A new meaning of the terms acid and base hydrolysis Milic, Nikola B.
Suggestions for distinguishing between solvation, hydration, and solvolysis, and hydrolysis reactions that produce hydroxo and protonated complexes.
Milic, Nikola B. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 1066.
Acids / Bases |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Why teach solution equilibrium? Butler, James N.
What are the most important aspects of solution equilibrium to teach at the elementary level?
Butler, James N. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 784.
Equilibrium |
Solutions / Solvents |
Acids / Bases |
pH
|
To space or not to space- that is the question Hurd, Charles D.
The use of spaces in the words "chloro acids" and "keto esters".
Hurd, Charles D. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 667.
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |
Acids / Bases |
Esters
|
Cooking with chemistry Grosser, Arthur E.
Two demonstrations involving cooking eggs and suggestions for many more examples of cooking that illustrate important principles of chemistry. From the "State-of-the-Art Symposium for Chemical Educators: Chemistry of the Food Cycle".
Grosser, Arthur E. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 362.
Food Science |
Gases |
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Kinetics
|
The effect of neutral ions on acid-base balance Poplin, Loyd E.
Illustrates errors regarding and clarifies the role of neutral ions in acid-base balance.
Poplin, Loyd E. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 117.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
The photochemical isomerization of maleic to fumaric acid: an undergraduate organic chemistry experiment Castro, Albert J.; Ellenberger, Suzanne R.; Sluka, James P.
An undergraduate organic chemistry experiment in the photochemical isomerization of maleic to fumaric acid.
Castro, Albert J.; Ellenberger, Suzanne R.; Sluka, James P. J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 521.
Acids / Bases |
Photochemistry |
Constitutional Isomers
|
The synthesis of 4,4'-di-tertbutyl biphenyl: a sophomore organic chemistry experiment Horne, Deane A.
A brief note providing a sequence of experiments for an introductory organic course that is inexpensive and does not pose a health hazard.
Horne, Deane A. J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 246.
Acids / Bases |
Aromatic Compounds |
Catalysis |
Alkylation |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Titration calculations- a problem-solving approach Waddling, Robin E. L.
This author shares a strategy for helping students who might be struggling with understanding how to calculate and understand titration data.
Waddling, Robin E. L. J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 230.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Chemometrics
|
A hydration of an alkyne illustrating steam and vacuum distillation Wasacz, J. P.; Badding, V. G.
The conversion of 2,5-dimethylhexyn-2,5-diol to 2,2,5,5-tetramethyltetrahydrofuran-3-one using aqueous mercuric sulfate.
Wasacz, J. P.; Badding, V. G. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 694.
Alkynes
|
A colorful extraction experiment Hobbs, Gregory D.; Woodyard, James D.
Separating differently colored organic compounds (azobenzene, benzoic acid, and m-nitroaniline).
Hobbs, Gregory D.; Woodyard, James D. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 386.
Acids / Bases |
Separation Science
|
The negatively-charged nitrogen in ammonium ion and derived concepts of acidity, basicity, proton affinity, and ion energetics Greenberg, Arthur; Winkler, Robert; Smith, Barbara L.; Liebman, Joel F.
The concept of atomic charges is intimately related to those of acidity, basicity, proton affinity, and ion energetics; among the plethora of numbers derived by calculation and experiment lie simple and useful rules for the understanding and prediction of chemical behavior.
Greenberg, Arthur; Winkler, Robert; Smith, Barbara L.; Liebman, Joel F. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 367.
Acids / Bases |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Hydrogen bonding and proton transfer Joesten, Melvin D.
A review of the types of hydrogen bonds and discussion of the application of spectroscopic and diffraction methods to studies of moderate and strong hydrogen bonds.
Joesten, Melvin D. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 362.
Hydrogen Bonding |
Acids / Bases |
IR Spectroscopy |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Spectroscopy
|
Buffers Gold, Marvin
A demonstration based on buffer calculations.
Gold, Marvin J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 155.
Acids / Bases |
Chemometrics
|
The construction of inexpensive digital pH meters Warner, Brian D.; Boehme, Gerhard; Pool, Karl L.
Parts list and circuit diagram for a low-cost pH meter.
Warner, Brian D.; Boehme, Gerhard; Pool, Karl L. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 65.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
pH |
Acids / Bases |
Quantitative Analysis
|
Amperometric determination of phenol bromination kinetics Cohen, R.; Matzek, C.; Schlosser, S.; Huber, C. O.
A laboratory that allows students to explore bromination substitution reactions as examples of important non-aqueous solution kinetics including the role of a catalyst, the relationship between rate laws and mechanisms, and acid-base properties.
Cohen, R.; Matzek, C.; Schlosser, S.; Huber, C. O. J. Chem. Educ. 1981, 58, 823.
Acids / Bases |
Kinetics |
Catalysis |
Electrochemistry |
Reactions
|
Dissociation of a weak acid Ladd, M. F. C.
An earlier treatment of the equilibrium of a weak acid in water gives, for certain ranges of concentration, significantly incorrect results.
Ladd, M. F. C. J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 669.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Chemometrics
|
Bent-bond models using framework molecular models Sund, Eldon H.; Suggs, Mark W.
Using tubing to represent double and triple bonds.
Sund, Eldon H.; Suggs, Mark W. J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 638.
Molecular Modeling |
Alkenes |
Alkynes |
Covalent Bonding
|
Apple dunking O'Connor, Rod
Question regarding the ratio between ions of p-nitrophenylhydrazone in reducing the pH of basic effluent.
O'Connor, Rod J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 598.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Solutions / Solvents |
pH |
Industrial Chemistry
|
Bent bonds and multiple bonds Robinson, Edward A.; Gillespie, Ronald J.
Considers carbon-carbon multiple bonds in terms of the bent bond model first proposed by Pauling in 1931.
Robinson, Edward A.; Gillespie, Ronald J. J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 329.
Covalent Bonding |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Molecular Modeling |
Alkenes |
Alkynes
|
Illustrating chemical concepts through food systems: Introductory chemistry experiments Chamber, IV, E.; Setser, C. S.
Illustrating the vaporization of liquids, reaction rates, adsorption, properties of solutions, colloidal dispersions, suspensions, and hydrogen ion concentration using foods.
Chamber, IV, E.; Setser, C. S. J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 312.
Food Science |
Applications of Chemistry |
Liquids |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Solutions / Solvents |
Colloids |
Acids / Bases
|
"To sink or swim" O'Connor, Rod
A problem regarding the maximum water hardness that can be permitted in a swimming pool if it is desired to avoid calcite formation given the carbonate ion concentration. [Debut]
O'Connor, Rod J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 151.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Solutions / Solvents
|
The great fallacy of the H+ ion: And the true nature of H3O+ Giguere, Paul A.
The hydronium ion is as real as its counterpart, the hydroxide ion.
Giguere, Paul A. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 571.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
The barium hydroxide ammonium thiocyanate reaction: A titrimetric continuous variations experiment Harris, Arlo D.
Experiment that uses acid-base titrimetry to study the stoichiometry of a novel solid state reaction.
Harris, Arlo D. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 477.
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Acids / Bases |
Solid State Chemistry |
Stoichiometry
|
Acid-base half-reactions - A useful formalism for review lessons Atkinson, G. F.
An effective way to draw analogies between acid-base and redox effects while reviewing both.
Atkinson, G. F. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 238.
Oxidation / Reduction |
Reactions |
Acids / Bases |
Enrichment / Review Materials
|
Titration curve for a programmable pocket calculator Williams, Howard P.
A titration curve program written for a TI-58 or TI-59 programmable pocket calculator.
Williams, Howard P. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 237.
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis
|
A nonaqueous conductimetric titration for the analysis of alkaloids in cigarette tobacco Brand, M. J.; Hiller, J. M.; Mohan, M. S.
A conductimetric titration in glacial acetic acid is used to determine total alkaloids in cigarette tobacco.
Brand, M. J.; Hiller, J. M.; Mohan, M. S. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 207.
Electrochemistry |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Acids / Bases |
Quantitative Analysis
|
The standardization of pH meters: A comparison of procedures for different types of instruments Lund, Walter
Discusses the various approaches to the standardization of pH meters and the limitations of the various procedures.
Lund, Walter J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 129.
Instrumental Methods |
pH |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Laboratory Management |
Calibration |
Acids / Bases
|
Buffer effect demonstration on the overhead projector Hobe, Paul G., Jr.
Illustrates that one drop of dilute acid or base will change the pH of water by a large amount while larger amounts can be added to a buffer solution before any change is noted.
Hobe, Paul G., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 47.
Acids / Bases |
pH
|
Double scales for equilibria Chaston, S. H. H.
The acid / base, oxidant / reductant, and solid / solute scales described here can be used as visual representations of equilibria expressions.
Chaston, S. H. H. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 24.
Equilibrium |
Acids / Bases |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Solutions / Solvents |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
p-Carboxystyrene. A Wittig procedure in aqueous medium Broos, Rene; Tavernier, Dirk; Anteunis, Marc
In this paper, the authors present a student preparation of p-carboxyl group, as it makes the reaction product soluble in alkaline and insoluble in acid medium, provides for an easy way of separation.
Broos, Rene; Tavernier, Dirk; Anteunis, Marc J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 813.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Acids / Bases |
Carboxylic Acids |
Separation Science
|
Synthesis of chrysanthemic acid: A multistep organic synthesis for undergraduate students Schatz, Paul F.
This laboratory is geared toward intermediate organic chemistry laboratory courses that will acquaint students, predominantly chemistry majors, with the strategies and techniques in carrying out a multistep synthesis.
Schatz, Paul F. J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 468.
Synthesis |
Acids / Bases |
Aldehydes / Ketones |
Stereochemistry
|
Chemical predictions from pKa values Hassanali, A.
The problem presented here develops student understanding of both pKa calculations and organic acids.
Hassanali, A. J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 378.
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Chemometrics
|
Unified calculation of titration curves Stairs, Robert A.
A method of calculation is presented that the author hopes will supplement the traditional methods based on appropriate approximations.
Stairs, Robert A. J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 99.
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Chemometrics |
Acids / Bases |
pH
|
Derivatives of oxo acids III. Functional derivatives Fernelius, W. C.; Loening, Kurt; Adams, Roy
The authors consider some general aspects of nomenclature for the so-called functional derivatives of the inorganic oxo acids.
Fernelius, W. C.; Loening, Kurt; Adams, Roy J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 30.
Acids / Bases |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols
|
Molecular weight determination of weak acids Wilson, Stephen A.; Weber, James H.
The use of virial equations for the calculation of molecular weights of weak acids from colligative property experiments.
Wilson, Stephen A.; Weber, James H. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 513.
Physical Properties |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Acids / Bases |
pH
|
Belousov's oscillating reaction in acid medium other than sulfuric acid Mishra, H. C.; Singh, C. M.
Reports of the existence of oscillatory phenomenon in the Mn+2 catalyzed reaction between citric acid and potassium bromate in phosphoric and nitric acids.
Mishra, H. C.; Singh, C. M. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 377.
Acids / Bases |
Reactions |
Catalysis
|
Adapting a pH meter for lecture demonstrations: Construction of an auxiliary scale for overhead projectors Stanko, Joseph A.; Haas, Charles G.; Lotz, John R.
A pH meter adopted for display on an overhead.
Stanko, Joseph A.; Haas, Charles G.; Lotz, John R. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 365.
Acids / Bases |
pH
|
Exact equation for calculating titration curves for dibasic salts Knudson, George E.; Nimrod, Dale
A computer program that calculates titration curves for dibasic salts.
Knudson, George E.; Nimrod, Dale J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 351.
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Acids / Bases |
pH
|
Calculation of potentiometric titration curves. The master variable concept Still, Ebbe; Sara, Rolf
Provides compact algorithms for the calculation of some potentiometric titration curves.
Still, Ebbe; Sara, Rolf J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 348.
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Acids / Bases
|
Organic derivatives of oxo acids. Part I. Acids, salts, and esters of group VIA elements / Knowledge is ready cash Fernelius, W. C.; Loening, Kurt; Adams, Roy
Nomenclature of organic derivatives of oxo acids and their salts and esters that are derived from the polybasic acids of the nonmetallic elements of Group IIIA through Group VIA.
Fernelius, W. C.; Loening, Kurt; Adams, Roy J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 299.
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |
Acids / Bases |
Esters
|
Visual aid for acid-base concepts Olson, Virgil K.; Osteryoung, Janet; Christie, Joseph H.; Turner, John A.
Three plots that the authors have found particularly useful in concisely illustrating a number of acid-base concepts relating to buffer capacity and acid-base titrations.
Olson, Virgil K.; Osteryoung, Janet; Christie, Joseph H.; Turner, John A. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 220.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Computer simulation of acid-base behavior Hefter, Jesse; Zuehlke, Richard W.
Simulates the spectrophotometric determination of the pK of an acid-base indicator.
Hefter, Jesse; Zuehlke, Richard W. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 63.
Acids / Bases
|
Imidazole - Versatile today, prominent tomorrow Matuszak, C. A.; Matuszak, A. J.
Imidazole chemistry has pedagogical utility for all the organic chemistry students pursing careers in the life sciences.
Matuszak, C. A.; Matuszak, A. J. J. Chem. Educ. 1976, 53, 280.
Grignard Reagents |
Aromatic Compounds |
Heterocycles |
Phenols |
Acids / Bases |
Catalysis |
Coordination Compounds |
Hydrogen Bonding
|
Compact compacts Evilia, R. F.
The referenced method requires unrealistically accurate pH measurements to yield acceptable results.
Evilia, R. F. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 806.
pH |
Acids / Bases |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Physical Properties
|
Oil formation. An "unexpected" difficulty in an elementary organic laboratory experiment Lewis, Dennis A.
A chemical extraction experiment that involves the separation of an unknown solid organic acid (a substituted benzoic acid) and an unknown solid organic base requires students to adjust to an "unexpected" situation.
Lewis, Dennis A. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 601.
Acids / Bases
|
Collision and transition state theory approaches to acid-base catalysis Dunford, H. B.
Shows that the description of acid-catalyzed chemical reactions in terms of transition state acid dissociation constants is formally equivalent to the collision theory approach, in which dissociation constants of acid groups on initial reactants are utilized.
Dunford, H. B. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 578.
Acids / Bases |
Catalysis |
Kinetics |
Equilibrium
|
Protective cover for glass electrodes DeWitt, H. D.
Slipping a piece of perforated vinyl tubing over the end of a glass electrode.
DeWitt, H. D. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 498.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
pH |
Acids / Bases
|
Modification of a constant flow buret Sturtevant, Floyd; Hartman, Kenneth
Modification and testing of an earlier presented design for of a constant flow buret.
Sturtevant, Floyd; Hartman, Kenneth J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 393.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Acids / Bases |
Quantitative Analysis
|
Computer simulated titration curves Wilson, C. E.
Three computer programs for generating theoretical titration curves.
Wilson, C. E. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 344.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis
|
Questions [and] Answers Campbell, J. A.
180-183. Four biochemistry questions and their answers.
Campbell, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 241.
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Photochemistry |
Photosynthesis |
Acids / Bases |
pH
|
A new chemistry program for nursing and allied health students Stanitski, Conrad L.; Sears, Curtis T., Jr.
Outlines and discusses the topics considered in a chemistry program for nursing and allied health students.
Stanitski, Conrad L.; Sears, Curtis T., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 226.
Nonmajor Courses |
Applications of Chemistry |
Medicinal Chemistry |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Catalysis |
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Metabolism |
Drugs / Pharmaceuticals
|
A comparison of base strengths using visual and EMF observations Campbell, J. A.
A series of sequentially added dilute aqueous solutions whose changes provide evidence for different degrees of dissociation of a series and complexes.
Campbell, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 185.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Coordination Compounds |
Precipitation / Solubility
|
An easily fabricated pH cell Hendrixson, R. R.
A pH cell for use in titration experiments where the solution should be protected from the air.
Hendrixson, R. R. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 109.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
pH |
Quantitative Analysis |
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
A computer program for the analysis of titration data Scholler, D. M.; Lyndrup, M. L.
A computer program to analyze titration data for monoprotic and diprotic acids.
Scholler, D. M.; Lyndrup, M. L. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 106.
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis |
Acids / Bases |
pH
|
Preparation of succinct acid from maleic anhydride: A simple organic laboratory reduction Kolb, Kenneth E.; Pacey, Gilbert E.
In the experiment described in this paper reduction is accompanied in good yield using readily available chemicals and simple equipment in a short experiment.
Kolb, Kenneth E.; Pacey, Gilbert E. J. Chem. Educ. 1974, 51, 345.
Acids / Bases
|
Preparative reduction of benzil: Use of a polarographic analyzer and simple current booster Carney, J. H.; Mullis, O. J.
The authors report a simple laboratory experiment which demonstrates some of the preparative and mechanistic electrochemistry of ketones in acid solution. The also describe a simple and inexpensive apparatus for preparative scale electrochemistry.
Carney, J. H.; Mullis, O. J. J. Chem. Educ. 1974, 51, 343.
Electrochemistry |
Aldehydes / Ketones |
Acids / Bases |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
A crossed aldol condensation for the undergraduate laboratory Angres, Isaac; Zieger, Herman E.
This two-step experiment for undergraduate organic chemistry students illustrates three basic ideas: organic chemistry students illustrate three basic ideas (1) crossed aldol condensation; (2) the acidity of benzylic hydrogen in hydrocarbons; and (3) reduction of a double bond in hydride transfer.
Angres, Isaac; Zieger, Herman E. J. Chem. Educ. 1974, 51, 64.
Aromatic Compounds |
Aldehydes / Ketones |
Acids / Bases |
Alcohols
|
Nitric acid in rain water Gleason, Geoffrey I.
This trace analysis experiment is based on the conversion of nitrate to nitrite using a cadmium amalgam reductor column.
Gleason, Geoffrey I. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 718.
Acids / Bases |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Atmospheric Chemistry
|
A nonaqueous gravimetric titration. Determination of 8-hydroxyquinoline with p-toluenesulfonic acid in acetonitrile Kratochvil, B.; Findlay, E. J.; Harris, W. E.
This experiment demonstrates the techniques of gravimetric titrimetry and photometric end-point detection.
Kratochvil, B.; Findlay, E. J.; Harris, W. E. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 629.
Gravimetric Analysis |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Acids / Bases |
Photochemistry
|
A graphical-analytical iterative procedure for equivalence point determinations Sellers, Neal G.; Caruso, Joseph A.
An iterative approach has been developed that combines graphical measurements with analytical calculations to give an exact potentiometric endpoint irrespective of the stoichiometry of the reaction and magnitude of the associated equilibrium constants.
Sellers, Neal G.; Caruso, Joseph A. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 547.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Questions [and] Answers Campbell, J. A.
Four questions requiring an application of chemical principles.
Campbell, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 498.
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Acids / Bases
|
A questionable method of distinguishing maleic and fumaric acids Noldan, Lawrence R.; Pollard, Bruce
Fumaric acid causes no change in the blue color of ditto print, but maleic acid turns it a bright green.
Noldan, Lawrence R.; Pollard, Bruce J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 457.
Acids / Bases |
Qualitative Analysis
|
Lewis acid-base equilibria. An undergraduate laboratory experiment Brice, L. K.
Describes an experiment involving the spectrophotometric determination of formation constants of Lewis adducts formed between metal halides and organic bases in diethyl ether as a solvent.
Brice, L. K. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 430.
Acids / Bases |
Lewis Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Quantitative Analysis
|
Derivatives of oxo acids. IUPAC Publications on Nomenclature. Other International Reports. SI Units Fernelius, W. C.; Loening, Kurt; Adams, Roy M.
Summarizes the nomenclature of oxo acid derivatives.
Fernelius, W. C.; Loening, Kurt; Adams, Roy M. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 341.
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |
Acids / Bases
|
A simple, effective demonstration of titration curves and indicator selection Nathan, Lawrence C.
The concepts of acid-base titration curves and selection of the appropriate indicator for an acid-base titration can be easily and effectively demonstrated by use of a potentiometric titration.
Nathan, Lawrence C. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 262.
Acids / Bases |
Dyes / Pigments |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
pH |
Quantitative Analysis
|
Stomach upset caused by aspirin Hobey, William D.; Davenport, Horace W.
The chemistry behind the slight damage that aspirin causes to the lining of the stomach.
Hobey, William D.; Davenport, Horace W. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 212.
Acids / Bases |
Solid State Chemistry |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Equilibrium |
Consumer Chemistry |
Drugs / Pharmaceuticals |
Lipids
|
Oxoacids and their salts Fernelius, W. C.; Loening, Kurt; Adams, Roy M.
Reviews the conventions for naming oxoacids and their salts.
Fernelius, W. C.; Loening, Kurt; Adams, Roy M. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 123.
Acids / Bases |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols
|
Extraction of acid with aqueous base Silversmith, Ernest F.
This is a visual demonstration of the principle that acidic organic substances can be extracted from an organic solvent via conversion to a salt, and the latter extracted from the aqueous solution via reconversion to the acid form.
Silversmith, Ernest F. J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, A694.
Acids / Bases
|
The difference in oxidizing strength of dilute and concentrated nitric acid Glasoe, Paul K.
H2S gas is bubbled through dilute and concentrated HNO3.
Glasoe, Paul K. J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, A644.
Acids / Bases |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
Safe handling of the perchloric acid in the laboratory Muse, Lowell A.
Following a perchloric acid explosion at the University of Georgia, a practical set of recommendations for the safe handling and storage of perchloric acid was developed.
Muse, Lowell A. J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, A463.
Laboratory Management |
Acids / Bases
|
Caffeine and benzoic acid in soft drinks Laswick, Patty Hall; Laswick, John A.
Simple procedures for isolating caffeine and benzoic acid from commercial soft drinks.
Laswick, Patty Hall; Laswick, John A. J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 708.
Acids / Bases |
Separation Science |
Consumer Chemistry
|
Polybasic weak acids indistinguishable from monobasic ones by acid-base titrimetry Meites, Louis
Presents a general equation describing the statistical ratio of the ith an (i + 1)th dissociation constants of a j-basic acid and shows that any such acid whose dissociation constants conform to those ratios will give a titration curve indistinguishable from that obtained for a monobasic acid at an appropriate concentration.
Meites, Louis J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 682.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Prediction of periodic acid oxidation products Blackman, David
Presents an even simpler approach than that offered in the cited article.
Blackman, David J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 379.
Periodicity / Periodic Table |
Acids / Bases |
Oxidation State
|
Acid and base catalyzed isomerization of 5-cholesten-3-one. An experiment in UV/kinetics Dimmel, Donald R.; McKinney, Michael A.
This experiment is designed to introduce the student to the principles of ultraviolet spectroscopy and point out its application to following the rate of a chemical change; the experiment also clearly demonstrates that a conjugated system is thermodynamically more stable than a nonconjugated system.
Dimmel, Donald R.; McKinney, Michael A. J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 373.
Acids / Bases |
Catalysis |
Kinetics |
Rate Law |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Location of the equivalence point in potentiometric titrations. A simulated laboratory exercise Kozarek, W. J.; Fernando, Quintus
The simulated laboratory experiment described introduces the use of a small computer in the analytical chemistry laboratory and demonstrates the practical utility of Gran's method for the location of the equivalence point in potentiometric titrations.
Kozarek, W. J.; Fernando, Quintus J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 202.
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis |
Electrochemistry |
Acids / Bases
|
Computer evaluation of titrations by Gran's method. An analytical chemistry experiment MacDonald, Timothy J.; Barker, Barbara J.; Caruso, Joseph A.
A computer program has been developed for the evaluation of potentiometric redox titration data by Gran's method.
MacDonald, Timothy J.; Barker, Barbara J.; Caruso, Joseph A. J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 200.
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Electrochemistry |
Acids / Bases
|
Pain: A chemical explanation Plumb, Robert C.; Lindahl, Olov
In sensing pain the nervous system acts like a pH meter.
Plumb, Robert C.; Lindahl, Olov J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 179.
pH |
Acids / Bases |
Applications of Chemistry |
Medicinal Chemistry
|
The structure and properties of choleic acids. A biologically oriented organic experiment Jesaitis, R. G.; Krantz, A.
The experiment described here introduces students to techniques which are often not introduced in the context of a laboratory experiment.
Jesaitis, R. G.; Krantz, A. J. Chem. Educ. 1971, 48, 137.
Acids / Bases |
Aromatic Compounds |
Stoichiometry |
Quantitative Analysis |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
|
Acid-base reaction parameters Freiser, Henry
The author demonstrates how the combined algebraic graphical approach can be extended to acid-base titration curve calculations as well as to buffer and sharpness index formulation.
Freiser, Henry J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 809.
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Chemometrics
|
Representation of titration errors in logarithmic diagrams Inczedy, J.
This work attempts to give uniform treatment for the titration error in all kinds of titrations.
Inczedy, J. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 769.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis
|
Titration behavior of monoprotic and diprotic acids Hamann, S. D.
Defines the conditions of concentration and pK for which an earlier published distinction between weak diprotic and monoprotic acids is valid.
Hamann, S. D. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 658.
Acids / Bases |
Quantitative Analysis |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
pH
|
An automatic titrator for demonstrating indicator color change Stock, John T.
two high-sensitivity relays and a latching relay are used in a device for demonstrating the behavior of an acid-base indicator upon alternate addition of acid and alkali.
Stock, John T. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 311.
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Quantitative Analysis |
Acids / Bases
|
Equivalence point potential in redox titrations Heyn, Arno H. A.
Many analytical chemistry textbooks ignore or mistake the effect of [H+] on the equivalence point potential.
Heyn, Arno H. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 240.
Electrochemistry |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Quantitative Analysis |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Acids / Bases |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Ratio diagrams: A simple graphical representation of complicated equilibria de Levie, R.
Introduces and demonstrates the usefulness and general applicability of ratio diagrams as the simplest graphical representation of equilibria involving mononuclear species.
de Levie, R. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 187.
Equilibrium |
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Precipitation / Solubility
|
Computer programs for calculating equivalent conductivity and dissociation constants Zimmerman, A. A.
Lists several computer programs available for calculating equivalent conductivity and dissociation constants.
Zimmerman, A. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 146.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Hydrofluoric acid burn treatment Reinhardt, C. F.; Hume, W. G.; Linch, A. K.; Wetherhold, J. M.
Discusses the treatment of chemical burns due to hydrofluoric acid and the effectiveness of this new method.
Reinhardt, C. F.; Hume, W. G.; Linch, A. K.; Wetherhold, J. M. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, A171.
Laboratory Management |
Acids / Bases
|
Analog computer simulation of log(K)-pH profiles Lordi, Nicholas G.
This report describes the computer simulation of log (K)-pH profiles used to characterize aqueous phase stabilities of drugs, particularly hydrolytic degradations.
Lordi, Nicholas G. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 861.
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
The pKa of a weak acid as a function of temperature and ionic strength: An experiment using a pH meter Bada, Jeffrey L.
This report presents a procedure for using a pH meter to determine the pKa of a weak acid as a function of temperature and ionic strength.
Bada, Jeffrey L. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 689.
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Instrumental Methods |
Equilibrium
|
Correlation of composition of acid solutions with activity and acidity functions O'Connor, Charmian J.
Presents correlation tables of percentage composition with molarity, molality, activity coefficient, water activity, and Hammett Acidity function for aqueous solutions of hydrochloric, perchloric, phosphoric, and sulfuric acids.
O'Connor, Charmian J. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 686.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Solutions / Solvents |
Kinetics
|
Computer programs for calculating pH Schlessinger, Gert G.
A brief note on the availability of a Fortran II program for calculating the pH of weak acids and bases and salts of these species in aqueous solution.
Schlessinger, Gert G. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 680.
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Chemical queries. Especially for introductory chemistry teachers Young, J. A.; Malik, J. G.; House, J. E., Jr.; Campbell, J. A.
(1) When is the rule valid that the rate of reaction approximately doubles with a ten-degree temperature rise? - answer by House. (2) On the colors of transition metal complexes. (3) On an electrolysis experiment in which an acid solution is used to minimize the hydrolysis of Cu 2+. - answer by Campbell.
Young, J. A.; Malik, J. G.; House, J. E., Jr.; Campbell, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 674.
Rate Law |
Kinetics |
Transition Elements |
Coordination Compounds |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Electrochemistry |
Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials |
Acids / Bases
|
Graphical method for acidity constants Heck, Ludwig
The author presents a graphical method for the determination of acidity constants of very weak acids.
Heck, Ludwig J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 535.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
pH
|
A distribution experiment Campbell, J. A.; Nelson, Douglas; Rudesill, John
An experiment to determine the distribution coefficient of an acid between an aqueous and nonaqueous phase.
Campbell, J. A.; Nelson, Douglas; Rudesill, John J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 454.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Thermodynamics |
Equilibrium |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Monoprotic or diprotic? Goldman, James A.
The author demonstrates that the results of an earlier article are not altogether unexpected.
Goldman, James A. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 123.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
pH
|
Circular slide rule conversion of pH to [H+] Grimm, Larry C.
This short note discusses the use of a circular slide rule to convert pH to [H+].
Grimm, Larry C. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 22.
Chemometrics |
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
The chemistry of the OH group (Clapp, Leallyn B.) Massie, Samuel P.
Massie, Samuel P. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, A700.
Acids / Bases
|
Preparation and standardization of constant boiling hydrochloric acid McGuinness, E. T.; Clarke, K. S.
Presents a procedure for producing a calibration curve for the standardization of constant boiling hydrochloric acid.
McGuinness, E. T.; Clarke, K. S. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 740.
Acids / Bases |
Calibration |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Errors in calculating hydrogen ion concentration House, J. E., Jr.; Reiter, R. C.
The possibility of avoiding the full quadratic calculation in determining hydrogen ion concentration depends on both the dissociation constant and the concentration of the acid or base.
House, J. E., Jr.; Reiter, R. C. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 679.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
pH
|
Corrections for simple equations for titration curves of monoprotic acids Cortelyou, W. P.
Presents corrections for simple equations for titration curves of monoprotic acids and their derivations.
Cortelyou, W. P. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 677.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
pH |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Acid-base indicators: An experiment in aqueous equilibria Brown, William E.; Campbell, J. A.
Examines absorbtivity values for six acid-base indicators under various conditions.
Brown, William E.; Campbell, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 674.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Spectroscopy |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Dyes / Pigments
|
Hard and soft acids and bases, HSAB, part II: Underlying theories Pearson, Ralph G.
Explores possible explanations for and presents applications of the principles of hard and soft acids and bases.
Pearson, Ralph G. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 643.
Acids / Bases |
Lewis Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Solutions / Solvents |
Ionic Bonding |
Covalent Bonding
|
Equations for potentiometric titration (the author replies) Sturrock, Peter E.
Response to the cited letter.
Sturrock, Peter E. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 621.
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Equations for potentiometric titration Lomax, Ann; Bard, Allen J.
Examines some difficulties arising with assumptions made in a previously published experiment.
Lomax, Ann; Bard, Allen J. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 621.
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Acids / Bases |
pH
|
Hard and soft acids and bases, HSAB, part 1: Fundamental principles Pearson, Ralph G.
Using the principles of hard and soft acids and bases to estimate the strength and softness of an acid or base.
Pearson, Ralph G. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 581.
Acids / Bases |
Lewis Acids / Bases |
Coordination Compounds
|
Acids as derivatives of aldehydes prepared with silver oxides Thomason, Sandra C.; Kubler, Donald G.
Examines the use of silver(i) and silver(II) oxide to convert aldehydes into acid derivatives.
Thomason, Sandra C.; Kubler, Donald G. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 546.
Acids / Bases |
Aldehydes / Ketones |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Synthesis
|
Le Chtelier and ionic equilibria Ringbom, Anders
When s solution contains several weak acids, the squares of the separately calculated hydrogen ion concentrations of all weak acids in the solution are additive.
Ringbom, Anders J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 442.
Equilibrium |
Acids / Bases |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Chromic acid oxidation of alcohols: A simple experiment on reaction rates Lanes, Rose M.; Lee, Donald G.
In this experiment, students determine the relative rates of oxidation by adding quantities of several different alcohols to a solution of chromium(VI) in dilute sulfuric acid and visually monitoring the course of the reaction.
Lanes, Rose M.; Lee, Donald G. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 269.
Rate Law |
Kinetics |
Acids / Bases |
Alcohols
|
The chemistry of orthophosphoric acid and its sodium salts Neidig, H. A.; Teates, T. G.; Yingling, R. T.
The purpose of this article is to suggest a number of possible laboratory investigations of the chemistry of phosphoric acid and its sodium salts involving potentiometric titration studies and thermochemical studies.
Neidig, H. A.; Teates, T. G.; Yingling, R. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 57.
Acids / Bases
|
Dissociation of weak acids and bases at infinite dilution Stock, D. Irwin
It is all too easy to forget that in a solution of infinite dilution the solvent itself is ionized to an extent governed by its ionization constant, and that the concentration of its ions will appear in the expression for the dissociation constant of the solute.
Stock, D. Irwin J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 764.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Le Chtelier's principle and rigorous ionic equilibria equations Goldman, James A.
Presents an approach, exemplified by acid-base and solubility equilibria, that relates the concept of Le Chtelier's principle to rigorous ionic equilibria equations.
Goldman, James A. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 658.
Equilibrium |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Evaluation of titration analyses with logarithmic concentration diagrams Yingst, Austin
Examines the use of logarithmic concentration diagrams in the evaluation of strong and weak acid-base titrations.
Yingst, Austin J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 601.
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Quantitative Analysis
|
A pH scaler Alpern, D. K.
Describes a convenient pocket size scale made using log paper and a linear graph sheet.
Alpern, D. K. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 330.
pH |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
The intrinsic basicity of the hydroxide ion Jolly, William L.
Examines the basicity of the hydroxide ion.
Jolly, William L. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 304.
Acids / Bases
|
Acid-base titration and distribution curves Waser, Jurg
Presents an alternative method for the calculation of acid-base titration curves.
Waser, Jurg J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 274.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Theoretical error in acid-base titrations Butcher, John; Quintus, Fernanado
The purpose of this report is to describe simple derivations of equations for titration error calculations for a number of acid-base titrations, and to show error curves for some typical cases.
Butcher, John; Quintus, Fernanado J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 546.
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis |
Acids / Bases
|
The interaction of chromium(III) ion with hydroxide ion. An experiment for the undergraduate inorganic laboratory Reinhardt, Richard A.
In the interactions with hydroxide ion, at least three different types of reactions may be considered: protolysis, the formation of a sparingly soluble hydroxide, and the formation of polymeric species.
Reinhardt, Richard A. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 382.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Transition Elements |
Metals |
Qualitative Analysis |
Acids / Bases
|
Demonstration of chemical reaction via aerosol spray reagents Stedman, Earl D.
Demonstrations of chemical reactions via aerosol spray reagents may include acid-base indicators and precipitation reactions.
Stedman, Earl D. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 377.
Acids / Bases |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Reactions
|
Lewis acid-base titration in fused salts Schlegel, James M.
Dichromate ion, a Lewis acid, is titrated with carbonate ion, a Lewis base, in a fused KNO3-NaNO3 solvent.
Schlegel, James M. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 362.
Lewis Acids / Bases |
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis
|
Letter to the editor Onwood, D. P.
Discusses variations in the usage of the terms "acid" and "base," including Lowry-Bronsted and Lewis systems.
Onwood, D. P. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 335.
Acids / Bases |
Lewis Acids / Bases |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols
|
Hydration of an alkyne: Undergraduate organic chemistry experiment Rose, Norman C.
The hydration of 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol to yield 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone is a very suitable reaction for undergraduates who have had little prior experience in the organic laboratory.
Rose, Norman C. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 324.
Alkynes |
Aldehydes / Ketones |
Alcohols
|
Letter to the editor Roberts, N. K.
Discusses the action of buffer solutions to resist changes in pH.
Roberts, N. K. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 108.
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
A computer program for use in teaching chemical equilibrium Zajicek, O. T.
Describes a computer program for use in teaching chemical equilibrium.
Zajicek, O. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 622.
Equilibrium |
Acids / Bases |
pH
|
The ionization of polyhydric acids: Numerical results for phosphoric acid Cooke, S. L., Jr.
Presents calculated ionization values for phosphoric acid across the normal aqueous pH range.
Cooke, S. L., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 620.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium
|
Potentiometric titration of aspirin in ethanol Shen, Samuel Y.; Gilman, Alfred J.
This experiment illustrates the potentiometric end point in nonaqueous acid-base titrations.
Shen, Samuel Y.; Gilman, Alfred J. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 540.
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Electrochemistry |
Quantitative Analysis |
Acids / Bases
|
Effect of amine structure on the relative acidity of conjugate acids Griswold, Robert E.
the primary objectives of this experiment are to investigate the effect of structure of amines on the relative acidity of their conjugate acids and to study some of the factors affecting equilibrium constants.
Griswold, Robert E. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 483.
Acids / Bases |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Amines / Ammonium Compounds |
Equilibrium |
pH
|
Applications of sodium-lead alloy in qualitative inorganic analysis Edge, Robert A.; Fowles, Gerald W. A.
This note describes how sodium-lead alloy may be used n qualitative inorganic analysis, both as a reductant in acid and alkaline media, and as a source of sodium hydroxide for hydroxide precipitations.
Edge, Robert A.; Fowles, Gerald W. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 436.
Qualitative Analysis |
Acids / Bases
|
Preparation of chromic acid cleaning solution Krause, Richard E.
This short note describes a simple method for the preparation of chromic acid cleaning solution.
Krause, Richard E. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 426.
Acids / Bases |
Laboratory Management |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Potentiometric titrations using Gran plots: A textbook omission Rossotti, F. J. C.; Rossotti, Hazel
Describes Gran's graphical method of end point determination for the precise analysis of acids and bases.
Rossotti, F. J. C.; Rossotti, Hazel J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 375.
Electrochemistry |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis |
Acids / Bases
|
Lineweaver-Burk treatment of acid-base dissociation Solomons, C. C.
The advantage of using the Lineweaver-Burk treatment of acid-base dissociation before introducing the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation lies in the fact that K (dissociation) is determined by a straight-line relationship which is nonlogarithmic.
Solomons, C. C. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 225.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Computer program for the calculation of acid-base titration curves Emery, Allan R.
Describes the development of a computer program for the calculation of acid-base titration curves.
Emery, Allan R. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 131.
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Chemometrics
|
Teaching ionic equilibrium: Use of log chart transparencies Freiser, Henry; Fernando, Quintus
The use of graphical methods brings the problem of significance of various terms in complicated expressions into proper focus. Furthermore, a pictorial representation permits the student to see at a glance how the concentrations of various species in a system at equilibrium change with conditions.
Freiser, Henry; Fernando, Quintus J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 35.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Equilibrium |
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Chemometrics |
Brønsted-Lowry Acids / Bases
|
Solubility and pH Calculations (Butler, James N.) Ramette, R. W.
Ramette, R. W. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, A970.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Precipitation / Solubility |
pH |
Acids / Bases |
Chemometrics |
Enrichment / Review Materials
|
Systematic names for the tartaric acids Baxter, J. N.
Examines the use of the small capital letters D and L in naming tartaric acids.
Baxter, J. N. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 619.
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |
Acids / Bases |
Carbohydrates |
Chirality / Optical Activity |
Enantiomers
|
The hydration of carbon dioxide: A double clock experiment Jones, P.; Haggett, Max L.; Longridge, Jethro L.
This extension of the "Soda Water Clock" experiment provides a quantitative kinetics investigation.
Jones, P.; Haggett, Max L.; Longridge, Jethro L. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 610.
Reactions |
Rate Law |
Kinetics |
pH |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
The effect of mineral acid on methyl violet solutions McKaig, Nelson, Jr.
Test results indicate that the four common strong mineral acids cause fading of methyl violet indicator.
McKaig, Nelson, Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 441.
Qualitative Analysis |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Letters Byer, Albert J.
Suggestion for obtaining sharp endpoints in the titration of saponified acids.
Byer, Albert J. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 288.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
A versatile and inexpensive pH recording electrometer Malmstadt, H. V.
Presents the design and operation of a modular pH unit with automatic temperature compensation.
Malmstadt, H. V. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 148.
pH |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Development of the pH concept: A historical survey Szabadvary, Ferenc; Oesper, Ralph E., trans.
Traces the historical development of the following: a recognition of the importance of hydrogen ion concentration; an understanding of buffer solutions; and the concept and measurement of pH.
Szabadvary, Ferenc; Oesper, Ralph E., trans. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 105.
pH |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
An easily prepared wide range buffer series Carmody, W. R.
Provides suggestions for research to accompany earlier published articles.
Carmody, W. R. J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, A386.
Undergraduate Research |
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Demonstration of some properties of Prussian blue Kohn, M.
Provides suggestions for student research based on an earlier article published in the Journal.
Kohn, M. J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, A135.
Undergraduate Research |
Dyes / Pigments |
Coordination Compounds |
Acids / Bases
|
The hydrated hydronium ion Clever, H. Lawrence
It is the purpose of this brief review to cite and discuss some of the evidence for the existence of the trihydrated hydronium ion.
Clever, H. Lawrence J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, 637.
Water / Water Chemistry |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Acids / Bases |
Brønsted-Lowry Acids / Bases
|
The dissociation quotient of bromcresol green: A class study of ionic strength effects Ramette, Richard
The purposes of this study include the use of spectrophotometry, a thorough application of various acid-base equilibrium principles, and a realistic look at the behavior of activity coefficients.
Ramette, Richard J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, 252.
Equilibrium |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
pH |
Dyes / Pigments
|
The decarboxylation of organic acid March, Jerry
Simple aliphatic acids (except for acetic) do not give good yields of the corresponding alkanes through decarboxylation, although many organic chemistry textbooks cite this as a general method for the preparation of alkanes.
March, Jerry J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, 212.
Acids / Bases |
Reactions |
Synthesis |
Alkanes / Cycloalkanes |
Carboxylic Acids
|
Graphical treatment simplifies acid-base equilibria calculations Thomas, E. B.
In dealing with equilibria involving polybasic acids, considerable simplification of the calculation of the relative distribution of the various species with changes in pH may be obtained by a graphical treatment of the ratios involved.
Thomas, E. B. J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, 70.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Chemometrics |
pH
|
Calculating titration errors Butler, James N.
This paper presents some explicit expressions for the titration error in acid-base and precipitation titrations, as well as a simple method for deciding qualitatively whether or not a given titration is feasible.
Butler, James N. J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, 66.
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Chemometrics |
Quantitative Analysis |
Equilibrium |
Acids / Bases |
Precipitation / Solubility
|
Nitric acid: Manufacture and uses (Miles, Frank Douglas) Sisler, Harry H.
Sisler, Harry H. J. Chem. Educ. 1962, 39, A694.
Acids / Bases |
Industrial Chemistry
|
Acids, Bases, and the Chemistry of the Covalent Bond (VanderWerf, Calvin A.) Eblin, Lawrence P.
Eblin, Lawrence P. J. Chem. Educ. 1962, 39, 273.
Acids / Bases |
Covalent Bonding
|
Determining ionization constants from ion exchange equilibrium measurements Bonner, O. D.; Jackson, R.; Rogers, O. C.
This discussion shows how measurements of ion exchange equilibria may be used as a rapid and convenient method for the estimation of the ionization constants.
Bonner, O. D.; Jackson, R.; Rogers, O. C. J. Chem. Educ. 1962, 39, 37.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Ion Exchange |
Equilibrium |
Acids / Bases
|
Structural variety of natural products Roderick, William R.
Classes of natural products examined includes alkynes; quinones; benzpyrones; small and large rings; sulfur, nitrogen, and halogen-containing compounds; and new amino acids.
Roderick, William R. J. Chem. Educ. 1962, 39, 2.
Natural Products |
Amino Acids |
Alkynes |
Aromatic Compounds
|
A titration controller for demonstrating the behavior of acid-base indicators Stock, John T.
Presents a circuit diagram for a device that permits the automatic back-and-forth titration with acid and alkali of a solution containing an appropriate indicator.
Stock, John T. J. Chem. Educ. 1961, 38, 633.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Instrumental Methods |
Quantitative Analysis
|
Easily prepared wide range buffer series Carmody, Walter R.
A series of buffers with pH values ranging from 2.0 to 12.0 that requires the preparation of only two stock solutions and requires only three common chemicals.
Carmody, Walter R. J. Chem. Educ. 1961, 38, 559.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Laboratory Management
|
A simple test for nitric acid fumes Chan, Alfred, Jr.
This simple test for nitric acid fumes relies on an ordinary kraft paper towel.
Chan, Alfred, Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1961, 38, 412.
Acids / Bases |
Qualitative Analysis
|
The chemistry of benzyne Bunnett, Joseph F.
Examines the chemistry of benzyne and alkynes.
Bunnett, Joseph F. J. Chem. Educ. 1961, 38, 278.
Aromatic Compounds |
Reactions |
Mechanisms of Reactions |
Alkynes
|
An approach to complex equilibrium problems Butler, James N.
Presents an approach to equilibrium problems that sets up enough equations relating the various concentrations present to define the system completely and then makes approximations that simplify the equations.
Butler, James N. J. Chem. Educ. 1961, 38, 141.
Equilibrium |
Chemometrics |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Acid-base titrations with the tellurium electrode Ricketts, John A.; Bowen, Ronald E.
Describes the use of the tellurium-tellurium oxide electrode for determining hydrogen ion activity.
Ricketts, John A.; Bowen, Ronald E. J. Chem. Educ. 1960, 37, 473.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis |
Ion Selective Electrodes
|
Letters Hines, Wallis G.
Recommends a mixture of chromic and sulfuric acids as a superior general purpose glass cleaner.
Hines, Wallis G. J. Chem. Educ. 1960, 37, 315.
Laboratory Management |
Acids / Bases
|
Letters Franks, F.
Compares chromic and nitric acids for cleaning laboratory glassware.
Franks, F. J. Chem. Educ. 1960, 37, 315.
Acids / Bases |
Laboratory Management
|
A separation and identification experiment for elementary organic chemistry laboratory Laughton, Paul M.
The student selects a test tube containing two unknowns and is told only that they have been selected from two of three possible groups: a primary or tertiary amine, an aldehyde or ketone, and an acid or phenol. The components are to be separated, their physical properties determined, their categories assigned, and one specific derivative prepared for each.
Laughton, Paul M. J. Chem. Educ. 1960, 37, 133.
Separation Science |
Qualitative Analysis |
Amines / Ammonium Compounds |
Aldehydes / Ketones |
Acids / Bases |
Phenols |
Physical Properties |
Synthesis
|
pH meters (continued) Lewin, S. Z.
Considers the standardization, calibration, and testing of pH meters, as well as Beckman pH meters.
Lewin, S. Z. J. Chem. Educ. 1959, 36, A595.
Instrumental Methods |
pH |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Calibration
|
pH meters Lewin, S. Z.
Examines the operation and individual components of pH meters.
Lewin, S. Z. J. Chem. Educ. 1959, 36, A477.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
pH |
Acids / Bases
|
The chemistry of silicic acid Greenberg, S. A.
This article attempts to address the many incorrect concepts regarding silicic acid that still appear in textbooks and the literature.
Greenberg, S. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1959, 36, 218.
Acids / Bases
|
The dissociation constant of iodic acid: Experiments for the analytical laboratory Ramette, Richard
This paper describes a replacement for an earlier equilibrium constant experiment.
Ramette, Richard J. Chem. Educ. 1959, 36, 191.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium
|
Acidity measurements with indicators in glacial acetic acid Kolling, Orland W.
In the measurement of acidity in glacial acetic acid solutions of acids as strong as perchloric, the color change of a basic indicator may be used.
Kolling, Orland W. J. Chem. Educ. 1958, 35, 452.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Lewis Acids / Bases
|
Textbook errors: Guest column- XIX. The relative reactivity of acetylenes and olefins toward bromine Mysels, Karol J.; Daniels, Ralph; Bauer, Ludwig
Many contemporary textbooks and laboratory manuals in organic chemistry either state explicitly or imply that bromine ass much faster to acetylenes than to olefins.
Mysels, Karol J.; Daniels, Ralph; Bauer, Ludwig J. Chem. Educ. 1958, 35, 444.
Reactions |
Addition Reactions |
Alkylation |
Alkynes
|
Letters to the editor Nightingale, E. R., Jr.
The symmetry of the Charlot equation belies the ease with which it may be solved.
Nightingale, E. R., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 574.
Chemometrics |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Acids / Bases
|
Letters to the editor Hitchcock, David I.
The author clarifies mathematical expressions found in an earlier article.
Hitchcock, David I. J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 520.
Acids / Bases |
Chemometrics |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Letters to the editor Freedman, Jules
Commentary on the D and L convention as applied to tartaric acid.
Freedman, Jules J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 362.
Acids / Bases |
Stereochemistry |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Chirality / Optical Activity
|
Letters to the editor Pickering, Roger A.
Commentary on the D and L convention as applied to tartaric acid.
Pickering, Roger A. J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 362.
Stereochemistry |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |
Acids / Bases |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Enantiomers |
Chirality / Optical Activity
|
Preparation of carbonate-free bases Powell, Jack E.; Hiller, Maynard A.
Various methods for producing carbonate-free base to be used in titrations.
Powell, Jack E.; Hiller, Maynard A. J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 330.
Acids / Bases |
Synthesis |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis
|
The use of exact expressions in calculating hydrogen ion concentrations Nightingale, E. R., Jr.
If an exact expression for hydrogen ion concentration is to be obtained, approximations in the derivation cannot be permitted.
Nightingale, E. R., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 277.
pH |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Chemometrics |
Acids / Bases
|
Safe mixing and storage of acid or alkali solutions Nicholson, Douglas G.
Describes specialized containers for the safe mixing and storage of acid or alkali solutions.
Nicholson, Douglas G. J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 254.
Acids / Bases |
Laboratory Management
|
Assignment of D and L prefixes to the tartaric acids: The Wohl conventions Abernethy, John Leo
Examines the Wohl system for designating dextro- and levorotatory tartaric acids.
Abernethy, John Leo J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 150.
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Enantiomers |
Stereochemistry |
Chirality / Optical Activity |
Acids / Bases
|
Assignment of D and L prefixes to the tartaric acids: An unsettled stereochemical question Nenitzescu, Costin D.
Examines the Wohl and Freudenberg systems of designating dextro- and levorotatory tartaric acids.
Nenitzescu, Costin D. J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 147.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |
Acids / Bases |
Stereochemistry |
Enantiomers |
Chirality / Optical Activity
|
Indicators and the basis for their use Gorin, George
Describes the method for selecting appropriate indicators and the teaching of this subject.
Gorin, George J. Chem. Educ. 1956, 33, 318.
Dyes / Pigments |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Quantitative Analysis |
pH
|
Why is hydrofluoric acid a weak acid? An answer based on a correlation of free energies, with electronegativities Pauling, Linus
The puzzling behavior of hydrofluoric acid is explained by considering the factors that determine the free energy of hydrogen halogenide molecules and hydrohalogenide ions.
Pauling, Linus J. Chem. Educ. 1956, 33, 16.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Thermodynamics |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Amphoteric molecules, ions and salts Davidson, David
It is the aim of this paper to call attention to the splendid opportunity amphoteric substances afford for the teaching of acid-base principles.
Davidson, David J. Chem. Educ. 1955, 32, 550.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Acids / Bases |
pH |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
A mnemonic for dicarboxylic acids Cox, Gerald J.
This short note provides a mnemonic for the names of the dicarboxylic acids.
Cox, Gerald J. J. Chem. Educ. 1955, 32, 363.
Acids / Bases |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |
Carboxylic Acids
|
A general equation for approximate hydronium ion calculations Drenan, James W.
Presents a general equation for simplifying calculations of the hydronium ion.
Drenan, James W. J. Chem. Educ. 1955, 32, 36.
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
pH |
Chemometrics
|
Note on the representation of the electronic structures of acetylene and benzene Noller, Carl R.
The three dimensional nature of molecular orbitals in acetylene and benzene are illustrated.
Noller, Carl R. J. Chem. Educ. 1955, 32, 23.
Alkenes |
Alkynes |
Aromatic Compounds |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding |
MO Theory
|
Electronegativities in inorganic chemistry. III Sanderson, R. T.
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate some of the practical applications of electronegativities and charge distribution.
Sanderson, R. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1954, 31, 238.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Covalent Bonding |
Acids / Bases
|
Calculating the concentrations of the species present in complex buffers King, Edward L.
Presents a relatively simple approach by which the composition of even the most complicated buffer solutions can be calculated.
King, Edward L. J. Chem. Educ. 1954, 31, 183.
Chemometrics |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Acids / Bases
|
Two experiments in spectrophotometry Phillips, John P.
Presents procedures for determining the ionization constants of weak acids and a complex formula by the method of continuous variations through spectrophotometry.
Phillips, John P. J. Chem. Educ. 1954, 31, 81.
Spectroscopy |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Coordination Compounds
|
Investigation of complex metal ions by the polarographic method Gayer, Karl H.; Demmler, Anita; Elkind, Michael J.
The purpose of this paper is to present in a simplified and readily understandable manner the outline of one of the instrumental methods that, in recent years, has become an increasingly prominent tool in the investigation of complex metal ions.
Gayer, Karl H.; Demmler, Anita; Elkind, Michael J. J. Chem. Educ. 1953, 30, 557.
Coordination Compounds |
Instrumental Methods |
Electrochemistry |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Letters Davidson, David
Responds to comments made in a related letter.
Davidson, David J. Chem. Educ. 1953, 30, 534.
Equilibrium |
Chemometrics |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
Letters Ricci, John E.
Discusses the question of teaching students how to "solve" problems requiring more than one equilibrium constant.
Ricci, John E. J. Chem. Educ. 1953, 30, 532.
Equilibrium |
Chemometrics |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
Carbonate alkalinity indicators Brooke, Maxey
Compares the properties of a variety of acid / base indicators.
Brooke, Maxey J. Chem. Educ. 1953, 30, 419.
Quantitative Analysis |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
The action of nitric acid on metals Tillu, Mahadeo M.
A general equation for the action of nitric acid on metals has been computed.
Tillu, Mahadeo M. J. Chem. Educ. 1953, 30, 290.
Acids / Bases |
Metals |
Reactions
|
The algebra of simultaneous equilibria Davidson, David; Geller, Kenneth
Presents a series of rules for dealing with simultaneous equilibria using simple algebra.
Davidson, David; Geller, Kenneth J. Chem. Educ. 1953, 30, 238.
Equilibrium |
Chemometrics |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
pH approximations McBay, Arthur J.
Describes the use of data from tables to approximate pH values.
McBay, Arthur J. J. Chem. Educ. 1952, 29, 526.
pH |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Letters Miller, Julius Sumner
The author discusses the importance of mathematical competence in physical chemistry and physics.
Miller, Julius Sumner J. Chem. Educ. 1952, 29, 262.
Mathematics / Symbolic Mathematics |
Acids / Bases
|
Acid-base titration curves: An experiment in acidimetry Hendel, James M.
The purpose of this activity is to introduce a bit of research into the quantitative analysis course and to illustrate the value of titration curves in deciding what indicator should be used for a particular acid-base titration.
Hendel, James M. J. Chem. Educ. 1952, 29, 148.
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Quantitative Analysis
|
A common misunderstanding of Hess' law Davis, Thomas. W.
The statement, sometimes attributed to Hess, that "In any series of chemical or physical changes the total heat effect is independent of the path by which the system goes from its initial to its final state" is incorrect.
Davis, Thomas. W. J. Chem. Educ. 1951, 28, 584.
Stoichiometry |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry
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Teaching amino acid formulation Patton, A. R.
Presents a device that aids in explaining the concept of dipolar ions necessary to an understanding of the behavior of amino acids and proteins.
Patton, A. R. J. Chem. Educ. 1951, 28, 471.
Amino Acids |
Proteins / Peptides |
Acids / Bases |
pH
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The effect of nitrous acid on the oxidizing power of nitric acid Brasted, Robert C.
this demonstration illustrates that the oxidizing action of nitric acid may be considerably enhanced by small quantities of nitrous acid which are usually present.
Brasted, Robert C. J. Chem. Educ. 1951, 28, 442.
Acids / Bases |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
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An experiment for the pH meter Pecsok, Robert L.
These procedures are designed for a Beckman Model H-2 line operated pH meter and include standardization, measurement of pH, titration curve of phosphoric acid, standardization of base, and analysis of mixed phosphate solutions.
Pecsok, Robert L. J. Chem. Educ. 1951, 28, 252.
pH |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Acids / Bases |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis
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