| Journal Articles: 92 results |
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On Capillary Rise and Nucleation R. Prasad
A comparison of capillary rise and nucleation shows that both phenomena result from a balance between two competing energy factors: a volume energy and a surface energy. This comparison may help to introduce nucleation with capillary rise, a topic familiar to students.
Prasad, R. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1389.
Liquids |
Materials Science |
Metallurgy |
Solids
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An Inexpensive Semiautomatic Pressurized Microfiltration Device E. Rodríguez-Fernandez, M. A. Vicente, J. J. Criado, and J. L. Manzano
Using the device shown, the filtration of small volumes (= 10 mL) of liquid can be facilitated by replacing the vacuum or manual pressure on the piston with pressure exerted by a rubber band on the piston. The filtration is thus conducted in a semiautomatic way.
Rodríguez-Fernandez, E.; Vicente, M. A.; Criado, J. J.; Manzano, J. L. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1051.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Liquids |
Microscale Lab
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Easy-To-Make Cryophoruses Rubin Battino and Trevor M. Letcher
This article describes some simple and easy-to-make cryophoruses, ideal for demonstrating evaporative cooling to students at all levels.
Battino, Rubin; Letcher, Trevor M. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 561.
Lipids |
Physical Properties |
Thermodynamics |
Liquids
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ATR–FTIR Spectroscopy in the Undergraduate Chemistry Laboratory Jennifer D. Schuttlefield and Vicki H. Grassian
Presents several examples of the use of attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the undergraduate chemistry laboratory, including measuring the infrared spectra of solid and liquid organic compounds commonly used as unknowns and of inorganic solids synthesized by students.
Schuttlefield, Jennifer D.; Grassian, Vicki H. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 279.
IR Spectroscopy |
Liquids |
Qualitative Analysis |
Quantitative Analysis |
Solids |
Undergraduate Research
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Dancing Crystals: A Dramatic Illustration of Intermolecular Forces Donald W. Mundell
Crystals of naphthalene form on the surface of an acetone solution and dance about in an animated fashion illustrating surface tension, crystallization, and intermolecular forces. Additional experiments reveal the properties of the solution and previous demonstrations of surface motion are explored.
Mundell, Donald W. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1773.
Aromatic Compounds |
Liquids |
Molecular Mechanics / Dynamics |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Physical Properties |
Surface Science |
Noncovalent Interactions
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Coupling Molecular Modeling to the Traditional "IR-ID" Exercise in the Introductory Organic Chemistry Laboratory Heather Stokes-Huby and Dale E. Vitale
In this exercise students are required to identify unknowns from their IR spectra, but must also match some of the absorptions with frequencies generate by computer molecular models. Animations of the corresponding bonds in the model are then used to obtain descriptions of the observed vibrations.
Stokes-Huby, Heather; Vitale, Dale E. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1486.
Computational Chemistry |
IR Spectroscopy |
Liquids
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Which Method Is Most Precise; Which Is Most Accurate? A. D. Jordan
The main objective of this experiment, which involves determining the density of a liquid by several methods, is to familiarize students with the concepts of precision and accuracy using data that can be acquired easily with a variety of apparatus and analyzed by simple statistics and a linear regression.
Jordan, A. D. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1459.
Liquids |
Physical Properties |
Quantitative Analysis
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The Quartz-Crystal Microbalance in an Undergraduate Laboratory Experiment Vladimir Tsionsky
Describes a typical student experiment with the quartz-crystal microbalance used as a mass sensor during the electrochemical deposition and dissolution of copper.
Tsionsky, Vladimir. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1340.
Electrochemistry |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Liquids |
Metals
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The Quartz-Crystal Microbalance in an Undergraduate Laboratory Experiment Vladimir Tsionsky
Describes a typical student experiment on the determination of the viscosity of liquids using a quartz-crystal microbalance.
Tsionsky, Vladimir. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1337.
Alcohols |
Alkanes / Cycloalkanes |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Liquids |
Physical Properties |
Solutions / Solvents
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The Quartz-Crystal Microbalance in an Undergraduate Laboratory Experiment Vladimir Tsionsky
Presents the fundamentals of quartz-crystal microbalance techniques and instrumentation.
Tsionsky, Vladimir. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1334.
Electrochemistry |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Liquids
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Enthalpy of Vaporization and Vapor Pressures: An Inexpensive Apparatus Rubin Battino, David A. Dolson, Michael R. Hall, and Trevor M. Letcher
Describes an inexpensive apparatus for the determination of the vapor pressure of a liquid as a function of temperature for the purpose of calculating enthalpy changes of vaporization. Also described are a simple air thermostat and an inexpensive temperature controller based on an integrated temperature sensor.
Battino, Rubin; Dolson, David A.; Hall, Michael R.; Letcher, Trevor M. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 822.
Gases |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Lipids |
Phenols |
Physical Properties |
Thermodynamics |
Liquids |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
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Axisymmetric Liquid Hanging Drops Erich C. Meister and Tatiana Yu. Latychevskaia
Examinmes the buildup of axially symmetric hanging drops, starting from the YoungLaplace equation and the governing differential equation. The growing of drops is discussed in terms of changing geometrical quantities such as drop volume, height, surface area, and contact angle to the capillary.
Meister, Erich C.; Latychevskaia, Tatiana Yu. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 117.
Computational Chemistry |
Instrumental Methods |
Liquids |
Materials Science |
Surface Science
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Vapor Pressure Measurements in a Closed System Mark Iannone
Describes an inexpensive apparatus for vapor pressure measurements in a closed system and the procedure for its use.
Iannone, Mark. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 97.
Gases |
Liquids |
Physical Properties |
Thermodynamics
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Displacements of Brownian Particles in Terms of Marian von Smoluchowski's Heuristic Model Hermann Klein and Dietrich Woermann
The introductory section of Marian von Smoluchowski's seminal publication on the kinetics of Brownian motion (Ann. Physik 1906, 21, 756) includes a simple model that provides lucid access to the topic.
Klein, Hermann; Woermann, Dietrich. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1642.
Colloids |
Statistical Mechanics |
Thermodynamics |
Kinetic-Molecular Theory |
Liquids
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Organic Spectroscopy Laboratory: Utilizing IR and NMR in the Identification of an Unknown Substance Neil M. Glagovich and Timothy D. Shine
An undergraduate organic laboratory designed to teach the use of IR and NMR spectra interpretation in the identification of an unknown substance has been developed. This laboratory requires the student to obtain the IR spectrum of an unknown substance and, from the interpretation of that spectrum, determine which of several possible functional groups is present in the molecule. Using this information and either the melting point or boiling point of the unknown, the student is able to determine a list of likely candidates (usually between eight and twelve suspects collated from a supplied table of possible compounds). The student will then draw the structures for all candidate compounds and, from those structures, predict the 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra for each.
Glagovich, Neil M.; Shine, Timothy D. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1382.
IR Spectroscopy |
NMR Spectroscopy |
Qualitative Analysis |
Solids |
Liquids
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A Multipurpose Apparatus To Measure Viscosity and Surface Tension of Solutions. The Measurement of the Molecular Cross-Sectional Area of n-Propanol. Xin Zhang, Shouxin Liu, Baoxin Li, Na An, and Fan Zhang
A multipurpose apparatus is described that can be used to measure the viscosity of a solution by the Ostwald method and the surface tension by either the capillary-rise or the drop-weight method.
Zhang, Xin; Liou, Shouxin; Li, Baoxin; An, Na; Zhang, Fan. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 850.
Solutions / Solvents |
Surface Science |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Liquids
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Boiling Point versus Mass Michael Laing
I am very pleased that Ronald Rich has written making these comments, because he is pre-eminent in this field, beginning with his early book, Periodic Correlations.
Laing, Michael. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 642.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Noncovalent Interactions |
Liquids |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
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Boiling Point versus Mass Ronald L. Rich
Laing gave a useful examination of the boiling points of small molecules versus molecular mass. However, a molecule escaping from a liquid is not closely analogous to a satellite breaking free from the earths gravitational field with the requirement of a minimum escape velocity, such that the required kinetic energy is proportional to the mass of the satellite at that escape velocity.
Rich, Ronald L. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 642.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Liquids |
Noncovalent Interactions |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
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Boiling Points of the Family of Small Molecules CHwFxClyBrz: How Are They Related to Molecular Mass? Michael Laing
Investigating the role of molecular mass in determining boiling points of small molecules.
Laing, Michael. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1544.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Noncovalent Interactions |
Liquids |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Physical Properties
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A Useful System for Microscale and Semi-microscale Fractional Distillation of Air-Sensitive Substances with High Boiling Points J. Alfredo Gutiérrez
A procedure to purify air-sensitive liquids with high boiling points using a horizontal distilling apparatus that avoids extreme refluxing and can efficiently separate the fractions of a mixture.
Gutiérrez, J. Alfredo. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 653.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Liquids |
Microscale Lab |
Separation Science |
Laboratory Management
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The Floating Needle F. E. Condon and F. E. Condon Jr.
A mathematico-physical treatment of the floating (on water) needle system is presented. Gravitational potential energy, buoyancy, surface energy, and interfacial energy are taken into account. The floating is regarded as a metastable state resulting from a minimum in the curve relating the energy to the distance of descent.
Condon, F. E.; Condon, F. E., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 334.
Noncovalent Interactions |
Liquids |
Surface Science |
Water / Water Chemistry
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Turbulent Motion in Ethyl Acetate-Water System Jamil Ahmad
4 mL of ethyl acetate is added to 10 mL of water in a Petri dish. Within a minute or so, an image of turbulent motion appears on the screen, at first at a few centers that eventually organize themselves in a line. The image of the line of turbulence is quite striking and resembles a moving front of dancing flames.
Ahmad, Jamil. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1182.
Liquids |
Solutions / Solvents |
Surface Science
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Evaporation Kinetics in Short-Chain Alcohols by Optical Interference Ian M. Rosbrugh, S. Y. Nishimura, and A. M. Nishimura
The evaporation rates of volatile organic liquids may be determined through the observation of optical interference of spatially coincident light that is reflected from the top (air-liquid) and bottom (liquid-surface) of a liquid drop on a glass surface. As an example of what is possible with this technique, the evaporation for a series of short-chain alcohols and acetone is investigated.
Rosbrugh, Ian M.; Nishimura, S. Y.; Nishimura, Allan M. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1047.
Kinetics |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Liquids
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Melting Point and Molecular Symmetry R. J. C. Brown and R. F. C. Brown
In 1882 Thomas Carnelley observed that high molecular symmetry is associated with high melting point. The application of the rule to a number of different molecular crystals is discussed. The rule applies to different categories of crystal for different reasons, which can be explained by thermodynamic analysis.
Brown, R. J. C.; Brown, R. F. C. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 724.
Liquids |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Solids |
Thermodynamics |
Physical Properties |
Aromatic Compounds |
Crystals / Crystallography
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Using TOPEX Satellite El Niño Altimetry Data to Introduce Thermal Expansion and Heat Capacity Concepts in Chemistry Courses Harvey F. Blanck
Warm water is less dense than cool water and will float somewhat like ice, with a portion above the surface of the cooler surrounding water. The height of the bump can be used to estimate the excess thermal energy in the warmer water.
Blanck, Harvey F. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1635.
Liquids |
Thermodynamics |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry
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How To Learn and Have Fun with Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) and White Glue V. de Zea Bermudez, P. Passos de Almeida, and J. Féria Seita
The general behavior of Newtonian, shear-thinning, shear-thickening, thixotropic, negative thixotropic, and viscoelastic fluids is characterized and briefly discussed in terms of existing theoretical models. Whenever possible, examples of these types of fluids taken from everyday life are given for better understanding.
de Zea Bermudez, Verónica; de Almeida, P. Passos; Seita, J. Féria. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 1410.
Alcohols |
Liquids
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Determination of Density of Liquid by a Capillary with Two Pinhole Ends Shui-Ping Yang
To improve the precision and accuracy in measuring the density of a liquid at the microscale level, a capillary with a volume of about 30 L and two pinhole ends has been designed. The density determined by this capillary method is precise to four significant figures.
Yang, Shui-Ping. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 368.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Microscale Lab |
Liquids |
Physical Properties
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Micropath Distillation Apparatus N. K. Hazra and D. Mal
A shortpath distillation apparatus in its inverted position can be used for microscale distillation of a liquid sample. This article describes the process.
Hazra, N. K.; Mal, D. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, A103.
Microscale Lab |
Separation Science |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Liquids
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The Solubility of Gases in Liquids L. H. Holmes, Jr.
This short article addresses the solubility of gases in liquids. It describes the confusion that appears in some general chemistry textbooks concerning the qualitative dependence of solubility on temperature for gases and offers an opinion on the subject.
Holmes, L. H., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 143.
Precipitation / Solubility |
Gases |
Liquids
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Correct Regression Formula Used in determination of Vaporization Enthalpy of Pure Liquids by UV-Visible Spectroscopy Sheng Dai
A recent paper by G. Marin-Puga, M. Guzman L., and F. Hevia [J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 91] attracted my attention. A wrong regression formula was used in the paper to determine the vaporization enthalpy. The expression for the proportionality constant that relates the absorbance of the vapor with the vapor pressure was also wrongly derived.
Dai, Sheng. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 122.
UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
Computational Chemistry |
Thermodynamics |
Liquids
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The Vapor Pressure of Liquid Binary Solutions: An Experiment for the Physical Chemistry Laboratory Luis H. Blanco, Carmen M. Romero, and Ricardo Munar
Procedure to demonstrate the ideal solution model and deviations from it; include data and analysis.
Blanco, Luis H.; Romero, Carmen M.; Munar, Ricardo. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 1144.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Liquids |
Gases |
Solutions / Solvents
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Computation of Vapor Pressure Abrol, Ravinder
180. Bits and pieces, 55. FORTRAN 77 program that computes the vapor pressures for any cubic equation of state using the exact Cardan's solution of a cubic polynomial.
Abrol, Ravinder J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 1083.
Liquids |
Gases
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Liquid-Liquid Extraction: Are n Extractions with V/n mL of Solvent Really More Effective Than One Extraction with V mL? Palleros, Daniel R.
Demonstration that if the partition coefficient between two solvents is very large or very small, dividing up the total amount of solvent into small portions and carrying out several small extractions does not improve the efficiency over a single extraction.
Palleros, Daniel R. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 319.
Separation Science |
Liquids |
Solutions / Solvents
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A Novel Method for Examination of Vapor-Liquid Equilibria Knewstubb, P. F.
Method and apparatus for obtaining reasonably accurate vapor-liquid equilibrium data; sample data and analysis included.
Knewstubb, P. F. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 261.
Rate Law |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Equilibrium |
Gases |
Liquids
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Experiments for Modern Introductory Chemistry: The Temperature Dependence of Vapor Pressure Kildahl, Nicholas; Berka, Ladislav H.
Gas chromatography experiment that allows the discovery of the temperature dependence of the vapor pressure of a pure liquid; includes sample data and analysis.
Kildahl, Nicholas; Berka, Ladislav H. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 258.
Gases |
Liquids |
Gas Chromatography
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Solving Nonlinear Simultaneous Equations by the Method of Successive Substitution: Applications to Equations of State Eberhart, J. G.
Several student programming exercises based on the use of various equations of state to predict a variety of fluid properties are described.
Eberhart, J. G. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 1038.
Liquids |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Physical Properties
|
A Simple "Back of the Envelope" Method for Estimating the Densities and Molecular Volumes of Liquids and Solids Girolami, Gregory S.
The method described for the estimation of densities and molecular volumes are surprisingly accurate and very simple.
Girolami, Gregory S. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 962.
Physical Properties |
Liquids |
Solids
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A Discussion of the Term "Polymorphism" Reinke, Helmut; Dehne, Heinz; Hans, Martin
Authors propose an extended definition for the term "polymorphism", especially in low molecular weight compounds.
Reinke, Helmut; Dehne, Heinz; Hans, Martin J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 101.
Physical Properties |
Liquids |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Solids |
Enrichment / Review Materials |
Hydrogen Bonding
|
Viscosity of polymer solutions Bertrand, Gary L.
This program contains three components: "Density of Liquids", "Viscosity of Liquids", and "Viscosity of Polymer Solutions".
Bertrand, Gary L. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 818.
Solutions / Solvents |
Physical Properties |
Liquids
|
A modern vapor pressure apparatus based on the isoteniscope. Van Hecke, Gerald R.
Equipment used for vapor pressure measurements that eliminates use of a mercury manometer.
Van Hecke, Gerald R. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 681.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Gases |
Liquids
|
Simple soda bottle solubility and equilibria Snyder, Cheryl A.; Snyder, Dudley C.
Using a bottle of selzter water and bromocresol green to demonstrate gas-liquid solubility (carbon dioxide in water).
Snyder, Cheryl A.; Snyder, Dudley C. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 573.
Solutions / Solvents |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Equilibrium |
Gases |
Liquids |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Water / Water Chemistry
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The Clausius equation of state and a two-parameter modification Eberhart, J. G.
The simplified Clausius equation provides better liquid-state molar volumes without a great sacrifice of accuracy in the critical compressibility factor.
Eberhart, J. G. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 113.
Stoichiometry |
Liquids
|
Demonstrations of interfacial phenomena Prall, Bruce R.
Overhead projector demonstrations that illustrate the interfacial interactions of the following systems: 1) water and carbon tetrachloride, 2) copper wire and water, 3) 1-Octanol and water.
Prall, Bruce R. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 592.
Surface Science |
Liquids |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Distillation and the Macintosh: PT Nomograph, an "in-lab" utility Simon, R.; Senecal, T.
115. Bits and pieces, 44. This program duplicates the generic pressure-temperature nomograph, found in a variety of sources, for the detection of the boiling point of a liquid under reduced pressure.
Simon, R.; Senecal, T. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 505.
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Physical Properties |
Liquids
|
Phase diagrams for ternary liquid systems Stead, Rebecca J.; Stead, Keith
A very simple adaptation to the original Clarke procedure allows this experiment to stand alone without the calibration curve.
Stead, Rebecca J.; Stead, Keith J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 385.
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Liquids
|
High-efficiency condenser for low-boiling liquids and gases Ali, Saqib; Mazhar, M.
Constructing a high-efficiency condenser for low-boiling liquids and gases using a 2 L plastic bottle.
Ali, Saqib; Mazhar, M. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 786.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Gases |
Liquids |
Physical Properties
|
Using a Dumas bulb to determine the molecular weight of a volatile liquid Kawa, Christopher J.
The use of an aspirator improves the filling and emptying process of a Dumas bulb.
Kawa, Christopher J. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 336.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Laboratory Management |
Liquids
|
Buoyancy measurements for teaching and research Miller, Bernard
The following examination of the venerable buoyancy principle can serve as a simple but rigorous illustration of a falsification test that not only clears up a possible misconception but also points the way to a number of practical uses of buoyancy measurements that have not generally been recognized.
Miller, Bernard J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 267.
Liquids |
Physical Properties
|
A safe cell for viewing the critical point of CO2 Botch, Beatrice; Battino, Rubin
Design, construction, and use of a safe cell for viewing the critical point of CO2.
Botch, Beatrice; Battino, Rubin J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 347.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Gases |
Liquids
|
Construction of a temperature-composition diagram of a binary mixture: An organic chemistry laboratory experiment Thorstenson, Patricia C.
The procedure described in this article offers a simple means of generating the liquid curve of a temperature-composition diagram for a binary mixture of volatile liquids.
Thorstenson, Patricia C. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 170.
Separation Science |
Liquids
|
The representation of ternary liquid composition diagrams Clare, B. W.; Hefter, G. T.; Kloeden, P. E.
Equilateral triangle coordinates are more convenient for the simple mathematical representation of ternary liquid composition diagrams than right isosceles triangle coordinates.
Clare, B. W.; Hefter, G. T.; Kloeden, P. E. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 680.
Liquids |
Solutions / Solvents
|
An improvement for chromatography Chiong, Hung-Cheh; Wang, Pei-Lin
A simpler setup for conducting chromatography experiments with colorless liquids.
Chiong, Hung-Cheh; Wang, Pei-Lin J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 419.
Chromatography |
Liquids |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Activity coefficients of acetone-chloroform solutions: an undergraduate experiment Ozog, J. Z.; Morrison, J. A.
The simple experiment described in this article gives unsurprisingly good results for the acetone-chloroform system.
Ozog, J. Z.; Morrison, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 72.
Liquids |
Solutions / Solvents |
Separation Science
|
Separation and IR analysis of a mixture of organic compounds Thompson, Evan M.; Almy, John
Introduces students to fractional distillation and analysis of each fraction by gas-liquid chromatography.
Thompson, Evan M.; Almy, John J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 617.
Separation Science |
IR Spectroscopy |
Chromatography |
Gases |
Liquids
|
The use of a filmstrip projector to present a critical point demonstration Nyquist, H. LeRoy
A demonstration to illustrate the concepts of critical temperature and critical pressure.
Nyquist, H. LeRoy J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 522.
Gases |
Liquids
|
Two safety improvements for a standard experiment on the boiling point-composition diagram of a binary system Michiels, Bro. Leo P.; Barile, Raymond C.; de la Fuente, German F.
Replacing the benzene / ethanol system with the less toxic cyclohexane / 2-propanol system and using a hetaing mantle.
Michiels, Bro. Leo P.; Barile, Raymond C.; de la Fuente, German F. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 157.
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Liquids |
Gases |
Laboratory Management
|
Paramagnetism and color of liquid oxygen: A lecture demonstration Shakhashiri, Bassam Z.; Dirreen, Glen E.; Williams, Lloyd G.
Demonstrates the blue color of liquid oxygen and its ability to be held between the poles of a magnet.
Shakhashiri, Bassam Z.; Dirreen, Glen E.; Williams, Lloyd G. J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 373.
Magnetic Properties |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Liquids
|
Illustrating chemical concepts through food systems: Introductory chemistry experiments Chamber, IV, E.; Setser, C. S.
Illustrating the vaporization of liquids, reaction rates, adsorption, properties of solutions, colloidal dispersions, suspensions, and hydrogen ion concentration using foods.
Chamber, IV, E.; Setser, C. S. J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 312.
Food Science |
Applications of Chemistry |
Liquids |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Solutions / Solvents |
Colloids |
Acids / Bases
|
Lecture demonstration of vanishing meniscus in vapor liquid transition Duus, H. C.
Shows how the interface between vapor and liquid propane vanishes.
Duus, H. C. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 614.
Liquids |
Gases |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
|
Organic laboratory Lenox, Ronald S.
This question tests the student's ability to draw scientific conclusions from experimental observations and knowledge of ideal and non-ideal behavior of liquids.
Lenox, Ronald S. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 756.
Liquids
|
Qualitative Observations Concerning Packing Densities for Liquids, Solutions, and Random Assemblies of Spheres Duer, W. C.; Greenstein, J. R.; Oglesby, G. B.; Millero, F. J.
Discusses comparisons of packing densities derived from known molar volume data of liquids and solutions with packing densities that have been observed for assemblies of randomly packed spheres, and suggests further studies that should prove useful in determining the utility of these assemblies of spheres as models for simple liquids and solutions.
Duer, W. C.; Greenstein, J. R.; Oglesby, G. B.; Millero, F. J. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 139.
Solutions / Solvents |
Liquids |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
The mercury-water system. A deviation from Raoult's Law Sanders, M. L.; Beckett, R. R.
Mercury covered with a layer of water will continue to vaporize and escape as if the water were not even there.
Sanders, M. L.; Beckett, R. R. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 117.
Liquids |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Thermodynamics
|
Computer simulation of countercurrent distribution experiments Coleman, George H.
A routine for simulating liquid-liquid countercurrent distribution data.
Coleman, George H. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 825.
Liquids
|
A simple and inexpensive constant rate driver for syringes Lustig, Robert S.
Presents a simple and inexpensive constant rate driver to add small quantities of liquids at a constant rate.
Lustig, Robert S. J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 370.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Liquids |
Laboratory Management
|
A simple, versatile weighing tube for reactive liquids Smith, Wayrie L.
Provides a design for a simple, versatile weighing tube for reactive liquids.
Smith, Wayrie L. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 381.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Liquids
|
Sealed tube experiments Campbell, J. A.
Lists and briefly describes a large set of "sealed tube experiments," each of which requires less than five minutes to set-up and clean-up, requires less than five minutes to run, provides dramatic results observable by a large class, and illustrates important chemical concepts.
Campbell, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 273.
Thermodynamics |
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solids |
Liquids |
Gases |
Rate Law |
Equilibrium
|
LTE. A TMS sampling technique Montecalvo, Donald F.; Lawlor, Joseph F.
Calls attention to an alternative simple technique for the transfer of tetramethylsilane into NMR sample tubes.
Montecalvo, Donald F.; Lawlor, Joseph F. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 701.
NMR Spectroscopy |
Laboratory Management |
Liquids
|
Degassing samples of low volatility Rondeau, Roger E.
Presents a device and procedure for degassing liquid samples with low volatility.
Rondeau, Roger E. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 504.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Liquids |
Gases
|
Qualitative transfer device for volatile liquids Giza, Chester A.
Design for a simple, easily made device for qualitative transfer of low-boiling or very volatile liquids.
Giza, Chester A. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 289.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Liquids
|
Safe use of flammable liquids in laboratories Shaw, A. J.
Examines the properties of flammable liquids, as well as their safe handling and proper safety equipment.
Shaw, A. J. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, A821.
Liquids |
Laboratory Management
|
Moisture measurement Ewing, Galen W.
Reviews a wide variety of analytical methods and commercial devices for measuring moisture content in gases, liquids, and solids.
Ewing, Galen W. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, A377.
Instrumental Methods |
Gases |
Liquids |
Solids |
Water / Water Chemistry
|
Liquid nitrogen level control Andrew, John T. S.; Current, Jerry H.
This short not presents a circuit diagram for a simple liquid nitrogen level control device.
Andrew, John T. S.; Current, Jerry H. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 803.
Liquids |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
A simple vacuum apparatus for lecture experiments Peterson, L. K.; Ruddy, F. H.
Describes a simple vacuum apparatus and examples of its use in lecture situations.
Peterson, L. K.; Ruddy, F. H. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 742.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Gases |
Liquids |
Physical Properties |
Transport Properties |
Stoichiometry |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry
|
A simple and accurate dilatometer for liquids Wagner, Robert E.; Meyer, Edwin F.
The density of a liquid as a function of temperature may be readily measured using this dilatometer.
Wagner, Robert E.; Meyer, Edwin F. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 349.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Liquids |
Physical Properties
|
Structural chemistry in the nuclear age Hamilton, Walter C.
Considers methods of neutron diffraction and scattering to examine light and heavy atoms and the structure of biological compounds and liquids.
Hamilton, Walter C. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 296.
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Liquids |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
Liquid-liquid extraction Joseph-Nathan, P.
Describes how liquid-liquid extraction can be done using commercially available substances and an apparatus of small dimensions that still allows an experiment to be followed visually.
Joseph-Nathan, P. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 176.
Separation Science |
Liquids |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Hard sphere simulation of statistical mechanical behavior of molecules Plumb, Robert C.
Describes the design and use of a demonstration device to illustrate the kinetic behavior of gases, liquids, and solids.
Plumb, Robert C. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 648.
Statistical Mechanics |
Gases |
Liquids |
Solids |
Kinetic-Molecular Theory |
Equilibrium |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
|
Manometric apparatus for vapor and solution studies Taha, Ahmed A.; Grigsby, Ronald D.; Johnson, James R.; Christian, Sherril D.; Affsprung, Harold E.
Presents a device that can be sued to obtain vapor density and PVT measurements, vapor pressures of solutions and liquids, dew-point pressures and compositions, solubilities of gases in liquids, solubilities of slightly-miscible liquids, equilibrium constants for association reactions in solutions, interactions of vapors and gases with solids, and gas and vapor viscosities.
Taha, Ahmed A.; Grigsby, Ronald D.; Johnson, James R.; Christian, Sherril D.; Affsprung, Harold E. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 432.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Physical Properties |
Solutions / Solvents |
Gases |
Liquids |
Solids
|
A versatile continuous percolator-extractor Ciereszko, Leon S.
An apparatus that may be used either for the continuous percolation of solids or for the continuous extraction of liquids is presented.
Ciereszko, Leon S. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 252.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Separation Science |
Solids |
Liquids
|
Simple two-dimensional magnetic disc models of ionic liquids Angell, C. A.; Gruen, D. M.
Modeling ionic liquids using magnetic, elastomer-bonded materials capable of floating on water.
Angell, C. A.; Gruen, D. M. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 194.
Molecular Modeling |
Liquids |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Letters Robertson, R. E.
Describes a safe solution to problems with squeeze bottles containing high vapor pressure liquids.
Robertson, R. E. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 457.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Liquids
|
Method for the determination of liquid-vapor binary equilibria Colgate, S. O.; Hanrahan, R. J.
In the method described here, which is a modification of the refluxing procedure, provision is made for collecting samples of both condensed vapor and liquid without disturbing the equilibrium.
Colgate, S. O.; Hanrahan, R. J. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 433.
Equilibrium |
Liquids |
Gases |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Countercurrent distribution: Apparatus for a simple experiment Verzele, M.; Schamp, N.
Presents an apparatus and its application to perform a countercurrent distribution.
Verzele, M.; Schamp, N. J. Chem. Educ. 1962, 39, 97.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Separation Science |
Liquids
|
Demonstrating the relative polarity of non-conducting liquids Siegel, S.
The apparatus described is based on the principle that an increase in the dielectric constant of the medium causes a decrease in the force of attraction between charged particles (in this case, two plastic beads).
Siegel, S. J. Chem. Educ. 1960, 37, 368.
Liquids
|
Rapid dispensing of liquids for large laboratory classes Radin, Norman S.
Describes an automatic syringe that is useful for rapidly dispensing liquids for large laboratory classes.
Radin, Norman S. J. Chem. Educ. 1959, 36, 579.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Laboratory Management |
Liquids
|
Textbook errors: XX. Miscellanea No. 2 Mysels, Karol J.
Subjects considered include the meaning of "element," the solubility of phenol in carbonate solutions, and the change of vapor pressure with temperature.
Mysels, Karol J. J. Chem. Educ. 1958, 35, 568.
Precipitation / Solubility |
Phenols |
Gases |
Liquids
|
A simplified isoteniscope for vapor pressure measurements Sternberg, James C.
A modified isoteniscope method has been developed using an isoteniscope that is simple to operate and which the undergraduate can easily assemble himself.
Sternberg, James C. J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 442.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Liquids |
Gases
|
A convenient method of determining vapor pressures Leonard, J. M; Bultman, J. D.
This apparatus can be used with equal facility for solids and liquids.
Leonard, J. M; Bultman, J. D. J. Chem. Educ. 1956, 33, 623.
Liquids |
Gases |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Solids
|
Calorimeter for determining heat capacities of liquids Greene, Stanley A.
This paper describes a method for utilizing a constant-power heating device that eliminates the need for a preponderance of equipment yet permits reasonable accuracy in determining the heat capacities of liquids.
Greene, Stanley A. J. Chem. Educ. 1955, 32, 577.
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Liquids
|
Textbook errors: III. The solubility of gases in liquids Mysels, Karol J.
Rising temperature is generally said to reduce the solubility of gases in liquids, yet the facts disagree with any such generalization.
Mysels, Karol J. J. Chem. Educ. 1955, 32, 399.
Gases |
Liquids |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Micro bump-rockets: A demonstration of the power of superheated liquids. Woodbridge, Richard G., III
This demonstration uses the energy stored in a small amount of superheated liquid to propel a small rocket made of a glass melting-point tube.
Woodbridge, Richard G., III J. Chem. Educ. 1952, 29, 623.
Liquids
|
A method of estimating the boiling points of organic liquids Pearson, D. E.
Discusses the relationship between the molecular structure of organic liquids and their boiling point.
Pearson, D. E. J. Chem. Educ. 1951, 28, 60.
Liquids |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Physical Properties |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
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