12.4 Separating the Hydrocarbons by Fractional Distillation
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Centrifuging a SampleJohn W. Moore, Jerrold J. Jacobsen, Lois M. Browne, John F. Zimmerman The demonstration on this page shows a technique that should not be used by undergraduate chemistry laboratory. This video shows what happens to sample in a centrifuge while the centrifuge is on, and the result of stopping the centrifuge improperly. A narrative is included in this video: The centrifuging process allows the solvent to completely settle out. The jarring caused by hand braking destroys the distinct separation between supernatant and solid.
Separation Science |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
Centrifuge Centrifuging safety considerations, centrifuging a sample, loading and unloading a centrifuge, removing the supernatant, and washing the precipitate are discussed and demonstrated.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Separation Science
Extraction Use of a separatory funnel to carry out extraction is demonstrated.
Analysis of the Thickening Agents in Automotive Greases by GC–MSDavid Mayotte, Craig J. Donahue, and Cheryl A. Snyder Describes a laboratory procedure for the identification of the thickening agents in lubricating greases by GCMS. Mayotte, David; Donahue, Craig J.; Snyder, Cheryl A. J. Chem. Educ.2006, 83, 902.
Applications of Chemistry |
Consumer Chemistry |
Gas Chromatography |
Industrial Chemistry |
Mass Spectrometry |
Separation Science |
Fatty Acids
Fractional Distillation of Air and Other Demonstrations with Condensed GasesMaria Oliver-Hoyo and William L. Switzer, III This demonstration builds upon the commonly performed liquefaction of air not only to show the presence of nitrogen and oxygen, but also the presence of two other components, carbon dioxide and water. Several extensions are suggested: one to show boiling point elevation in solution and another to show the elevation of both boiling point and sublimation point with pressure. No special apparatus is required permitting presentations to audiences in a variety of settings. These demonstrations give the opportunity to discuss properties of gases, solution chemistry, and phase equilibria. Oliver-Hoyo, Maria; Switzer, William L., III. J. Chem. Educ.2005, 82, 251.
Gases |
Qualitative Analysis |
Atmospheric Chemistry |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Separation Science
Potential Hazard Jean B. Umland Use of the apparatus for fractional distillation shown in Figure 4 of the article Learning in Chemistry with Virtual Laboratories would be very likely to cause an explosion because the apparatus shown has no vent. Umland, Jean B. J. Chem. Educ.2004, 81, 641.
The Separation of MixturesEd Vitz, John W. Moore A section of ChemPrime, the Chemical Educations Digital Library's free General Chemistry textbook.
Separation Science
DistillationEd Vitz, John W. Moore A section of ChemPrime, the Chemical Educations Digital Library's free General Chemistry textbook.
Physical Properties |
Separation Science
Nitrogen and Its Compounds Volume 04, issue 04 of a series of leaflets covering subjects of interest to students of elementary chemistry distributed in 1929 - 1932.
