15.7 Vapor Pressures, Boiling Points, and Freezing Points of Solutions
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Liquefaction of Carbon Dioxide Dry ice is placed into an acrylic plastic cylinder. A valve is closed and pressure in the cylinder increases. When the pressure reaches 350 kPa (50 psi) it stops increasing and liquid CO2 appears.
Equilibrium |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Physical Properties
Phase Changes By using a coolant at a temperature below the boiling point of the gases chlorine, bromine and iodine, the gases are condensed into liquid form.
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
Critical Point of Benzene A sealed tube containing benzene liquid and vapor is heated. As the critical temperature is approached, the meniscus flattens. At the critical temperature the meniscus disappears, and separate liquid and vapor phases can no longer be detected.
Thermodynamics : EntropyPhaseChange (13 Variations)
Aluminum can be evaporated in a vacuum to form highly reflective coatings. Aluminum boils at 2792K and has a heat of vaporization of 70.0 kcal/mol. Calculate the entropy change for the vaporization of one mole of aluminum.
Thermodynamics |
Chemometrics |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
Thermochemistry : PhaseChanges (8 Variations)
Steam at 100oC is condensed by an ice-water mixture at 0oC. Assuming that there is still ice present when the process is over, how much ice will be melted if 10.0 g of steam is condensed? The following may be useful: enthalpy of vaporization of water = 40.7 kJ/mol; enthalpy of fusion of water = 6.07 kJ/mol; specific heat capacity of water = 4.184 J/g•K.
Using Graphs of Gibbs Energy versus Temperature in General Chemistry Discussions of Phase Changes and Colligative PropertiesRobert M. Hanson, Patrick Riley, Jeff Schwinefus, and Paul J. Fischer The use of qualitative graphs of Gibbs energy versus temperature is described in the context of chemical demonstrations involving phase changes and colligative properties at the general chemistry level. Hanson, Robert M.; Riley, Patrick; Schwinefus, Jeff; Fischer, Paul J. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 1142.
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Physical Properties |
Thermodynamics
EQVAPSIM: A Vapor–Liquid Equilibria of Binary Systems Computer Simulation by LabVIEWA. Belletti, R. Borromei, and G. Ingletto Reports the results of a program using LabVIEW software to simulate the construction of a phase diagram representing a liquidvapor equilibrium. The program models work in a real laboratory, including mistakes commonly made in this context. Belletti, A.; Borromei, R.; Ingletto, G. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 879.
Equilibrium |
Thermodynamics |
Student-Centered Learning
Understanding the Clausius–Clapeyron Equation by Employing an Easily Adaptable Pressure CookerMonica Galleano, Alberto Boveris, and Susana Puntarulo Describes a laboratory exercise to understand the effect of pressure on phase equilibrium as described by the ClausiusClapeyron equation. The equipment required is a pressure cooker adapted with a pressure gauge and a thermometer in the lid, allowing the measurement of the pressure and the temperature of the chamber containing the water heated until vaporization. Galleano, Monica; Boveris, Alberto; Puntarulo, Susana. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 276.
Vapor-Liquid EquilibriumEd Vitz, John W. Moore A section of ChemPrime, the Chemical Educations Digital Library's free General Chemistry textbook.
Equilibrium |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
General Chemistry Multimedia ProblemsDavid M. Whisnant General Chemistry Multimedia Problems ask students questions about experiments they see presented using videos and images. The questions asked apply concepts from different parts of an introductory course, encouraging students to decompartmentalize the material.
