17.7. Additivity of Free Energy Changes; Coupled Reactions
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Entropy These processes are shown in reverse. The situations shown are so highly improbable that we would not expect to observe them in nature.
Thermodynamics
Endothermic Reaction Solid barium hydroxide octahydrate (Ba(OH)2*8H2O) and ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) are mixed in a beaker, which is then placed on a few drops of water on a small board. The reaction that occurs is highly endothermic.
Thermodynamics : ATPFromGlucose (8 Variations)
When glucose is oxidized in the human body it releases a lot of Gibbs free energy. Rather than waste this free energy, the body stores much of it in the form of ATP. The following reaction shows this process of storing some of the energy from glucose in ATP. This is an example of coupled reactions in a biological system.
The label on a can of Coke says that it contains 39 g of sugar. Assume that all of the sugar is glucose (even though it isn't), and calculate how many moles of ATP can be produced theoretically by the oxidation of 39.0 g of glucose.
Thermodynamics |
Reactions |
Chemometrics
Thermodynamics : CompareEntropyQual (16 Variations) Indicate which substance in each of the following pairs of substances you expect to have higher entropy. Assume that you have a mole of each substance and all substances are at the same temperature.
The Use of Limits in an Advanced Placement Chemistry CoursePaul S. Matsumoto, Jonathan Ring, and Jia Li (Lily) Zhu This article describes the use of limits in topics usually covered in advanced placement or first-year college chemistry. This approach supplements the interpretation of the graph of an equation since it is usually easier to evaluate the limit of a function than to generate its graph. Matsumoto, Paul S.; Ring, Jonathan; Zhu, Jia Li (Lily). J. Chem. Educ.2007, 84, 1655.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Gases |
Mathematics / Symbolic Mathematics |
Thermodynamics
Discovering the Thermodynamics of Simultaneous Equilibria. An Entropy Analysis Activity Involving Consecutive EquilibriaThomas H. Bindel This activity explores the thermodynamics of simultaneous, consecutive equilibria and is appropriate for second-year high school or AP chemistry. Students discover that a reactant-favored (entropy-diminishing) reaction can be caused to happen if it is coupled with a product-favored reaction of sufficient entropy production. Bindel, Thomas H. J. Chem. Educ.2007, 84, 449.
Acids / Bases |
Equilibrium |
Thermodynamics
Teaching Entropy Analysis in the First-Year High School Course and BeyondThomas H. Bindel A 16-day teaching unit is presented that develops chemical thermodynamics at the introductory high school level and beyond from exclusively an entropy viewpoint referred to as entropy analysis. Many concepts are presented, such as: entropy, spontaneity, the second law of thermodynamics, qualitative and quantitative entropy analysis, extent of reaction, thermodynamic equilibrium, coupled equilibria, and Gibbs free energy. Entropy is presented in a nontraditional way, using energy dispersal. Bindel, Thomas H. J. Chem. Educ.2004, 81, 1585.
Standard Enthalpies of FormationEd Vitz, John W. Moore A section of ChemPrime, the Chemical Educations Digital Library's free General Chemistry textbook.
Thermodynamics
Disorder (GCMP)David M. Whisnant Disorder: this is a resource in the collection "General Chemistry Multimedia Problems". A spontaneous change is one that has a natural tendency to occur without needing to be driven by an external influence. This problem will explore the influence of entropy, a measure of disorder, on the spontaneity of a few processes. General Chemistry Multimedia Problems ask students questions about experiments they see presented using videos and images. The questions asked apply concepts from different parts of an introductory course, encouraging students to decompartmentalize the material.
Thermodynamics
Two Solids (GCMP)David M. Whisnant Two Solids: this is a resource in the collection "General Chemistry Multimedia Problems". When two solids barium hydroxide octahydrate, Ba(OH)2. 8H2O and ammonium thiocyanate, NH4SCN are mixed, they react. We will explore the thermodynamics of the reaction. General Chemistry Multimedia Problems ask students questions about experiments they see presented using videos and images. The questions asked apply concepts from different parts of an introductory course, encouraging students to decompartmentalize the material.
