| Journal Articles: 180 results |
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On Capillary Rise and Nucleation R. Prasad
A comparison of capillary rise and nucleation shows that both phenomena result from a balance between two competing energy factors: a volume energy and a surface energy. This comparison may help to introduce nucleation with capillary rise, a topic familiar to students.
Prasad, R. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1389.
Liquids |
Materials Science |
Metallurgy |
Solids
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Fog Machines, Vapors, and Phase Diagrams Ed Vitz
This series of demonstrations elucidate the operation of commercial fog machines using common laboratory materials and can be adapted for elementary through tertiary levels. The formation of fogs is discussed in terms of the phase diagram for water and other chemical principles.
Vitz, Ed. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1385.
Liquids |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Physical Properties |
Water / Water Chemistry
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Polymeric, Metallic and Other Glasses in Introductory Chemistry Stephen J. Hawkes
Polymeric, metallic, and other glasses and their importance are described in a manner suitable for introductory chemistry.
Hawkes, Stephen J. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 1377.
Consumer Chemistry |
Materials Science |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Solids
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Exploring Solid-State Structure and Physical Properties: A Molecular and Crystal Model Exercise Thomas H. Bindel
This laboratory allows students to examine relationships among the microscopicmacroscopicsymbolic levels using crystalline mineral samples and corresponding crystal models. The exercise also reinforces Lewis dot structures, VSEPR theory, and the identification of molecular and coordination geometries.
Bindel, Thomas H. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 822.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Molecular Modeling |
Solids |
VSEPR Theory |
Lewis Structures |
Physical Properties
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Determination of the Formula of a Hydrate: A Greener Alternative Marc A. Klingshirn, Allison F. Wyatt, Robert M. Hanson, and Gary O. Spessard
This article describes how the principles of green chemistry were applied to a first-semester, general chemistry courses, specifically in relation to the determination of the formula of a copper hydrate salt that changes color when dehydrated and is easily rehydrated with steam.
Klingshirn, Marc A.; Wyatt, Allison F.; Hanson, Robert M.; Spessard, Gary O. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 819.
Gravimetric Analysis |
Green Chemistry |
Solids |
Stoichiometry
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Easy-To-Make Cryophoruses Rubin Battino and Trevor M. Letcher
This article describes some simple and easy-to-make cryophoruses, ideal for demonstrating evaporative cooling to students at all levels.
Battino, Rubin; Letcher, Trevor M. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 561.
Lipids |
Physical Properties |
Thermodynamics |
Liquids
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Use of the Primitive Unit Cell in Understanding Subtle Features of the Cubic Close-Packed Structure John A. Hawkins, Linda M. Soper, Jeffrey L. Rittenhouse, and Robert C. Rittenhouse
Examines the pedagogical advantages in presenting the primitive rhombohedral unit cell as a means of helping students to gain greater insight into the nature of the cubic close-packed structure.
Hawkins, John A.; Soper, Linda M.; Rittenhouse, Jeffrey L.; Rittenhouse, Robert C. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 90.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Metals |
Solids
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Effects of a Cooperative Learning Strategy on Teaching and Learning Phases of Matter and One-Component Phase Diagrams Kemal Doymus
Describes a study whose objective was to determine the effects of cooperative learning (using the jigsaw method) on students' achievement in a general chemistry course.
Doymus, Kemal. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1857.
Gases |
Liquids |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Solids
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Stuffed Derivatives of Close-Packed Structures Bodie E. Douglas
Examines a variety of stuffed silica crystal structures in terms of the close-packing of one set of atoms or ions (P sites) with other atoms or ions in tetrahedral (T) or octahedral (O) sites and filled or partially filled layers in the regular pattern, PTOT.
Douglas, Bodie E. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1846.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Group Theory / Symmetry |
Materials Science |
Metals |
Solid State Chemistry |
Solids
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Dancing Crystals: A Dramatic Illustration of Intermolecular Forces Donald W. Mundell
Crystals of naphthalene form on the surface of an acetone solution and dance about in an animated fashion illustrating surface tension, crystallization, and intermolecular forces. Additional experiments reveal the properties of the solution and previous demonstrations of surface motion are explored.
Mundell, Donald W. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1773.
Aromatic Compounds |
Liquids |
Molecular Mechanics / Dynamics |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Physical Properties |
Surface Science |
Noncovalent Interactions
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Which Method Is Most Precise; Which Is Most Accurate? A. D. Jordan
The main objective of this experiment, which involves determining the density of a liquid by several methods, is to familiarize students with the concepts of precision and accuracy using data that can be acquired easily with a variety of apparatus and analyzed by simple statistics and a linear regression.
Jordan, A. D. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1459.
Liquids |
Physical Properties |
Quantitative Analysis
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Enthalpy of Vaporization and Vapor Pressures: An Inexpensive Apparatus Rubin Battino, David A. Dolson, Michael R. Hall, and Trevor M. Letcher
Describes an inexpensive apparatus for the determination of the vapor pressure of a liquid as a function of temperature for the purpose of calculating enthalpy changes of vaporization. Also described are a simple air thermostat and an inexpensive temperature controller based on an integrated temperature sensor.
Battino, Rubin; Dolson, David A.; Hall, Michael R.; Letcher, Trevor M. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 822.
Gases |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Lipids |
Phenols |
Physical Properties |
Thermodynamics |
Liquids |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
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Using Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures To Determine the Vapor Pressure of a Volatile Liquid Fred R. Hilgeman, Gary Bertrand, and Brent Wilson
This experiment, designed for a general chemistry laboratory, illustrates the use of Dalton's law of partial pressures to determine the vapor pressure of a volatile liquid.
Hilgeman, Fred R.; Bertrand, Gary; Wilson, Brent. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 469.
Gases |
Liquids |
Physical Properties |
Solutions / Solvents
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Teaching Physical Chemistry Experiments with a Computer Simulation by LabVIEW A. Belletti, R. Borromei, and G. Ingletto
This article reports on a computer simulation developed with the software LabVIEW of the physical chemistry experiment regarding the vapor pressure measurements of a pure liquid as a function of temperature, as well as a system of data collecting that emphasizes the similarities between the virtual and real experiment.
Belletti, A.; Borromei, R.; Ingletto, G. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1353.
Equilibrium |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
Liquids |
Thermodynamics |
Gases |
Student-Centered Learning
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Classifying Matter: A Physical Model Using Paper Clips Bob Blake, Lynn Hogue, and Jerry L. Sarquis
By using colored paper clips, students can represent pure substances, mixtures, elements, and compounds and then discuss their similarities and differences. This model is advantageous for the beginning student who would not know enough about the detailed composition of simple materials like milk, brass, sand, and air to classify them properly.
Blake, Bob; Hogue, Lynn; Sarquis, Jerry L. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1317.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |
Solids |
Student-Centered Learning
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A Demonstration of Refractive Index Matching Using Isopropyl Alcohol and MgF2 Frederick C. Sauls
Isopropyl alcohol and magnesium fluoride have nearly identical refractive indices; thus a chip of MgF2 disappears when immersed in isopropanol.
Sauls, Frederick C. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 1170.
Mathematics / Symbolic Mathematics |
Physical Properties |
Solids |
Materials Science
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Demonstrating Void Space in Solids: A Simple Demonstration To Challenge a Powerful Misconception Mary Whitfield
The concept of bridging analogies is used in a simple demonstration to illustrate the substantial quantity of empty space that remains when solid spheres are packed together. The same demonstration also shows that the percentage of empty space is independent of particle size.
Whitfield, Mary. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 749.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Materials Science |
Solids
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Filling in the Hexagonal Close-Packed Unit Cell Robert C. Rittenhouse, Linda M. Soper, and Jeffrey L. Rittenhouse
The illustrations of the hcp unit cell that are used in textbooks at all levels and also in crystallography and solid-state reference works are incomplete, in that they fail to include fractions of middle layer atomic spheres with centers lying outside of the unit cell.
Rittenhouse, Robert C.; Soper, Linda M.; Rittenhouse, Jeffrey L. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 175.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Metals |
Solids
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Sedimentation Time Measurements of Soil Particles by Light Scattering and Determination of Chromium, Lead, and Iron in Soil Samples via ICP Patricia Metthe Todebush and Franz M. Geiger
In this two-part general chemistry laboratory activity, students study soil samples from home and from campus. In part one, the samples are placed in water and the suspended colloid fraction is separated using filtration, followed by a determination of colloid sedimentation rates via light scattering. In part two, the solid phase of the soil samples is dissolved in acid and analyzed for chromium, lead, and iron using an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer. The experiment can be expanded to include arsenic. Through these experiments students can draw conclusions about the physical and chemical behavior of solid components in soil, paying particular attention to their propensity for transporting and chemically transforming pollutants in the environment.
Todebush, Patricia Metthe; Geiger, Franz M. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1542.
Colloids |
Geochemistry |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Solids |
Surface Science |
Metals
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Rotational Mobility in a Crystal Studied by Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy. An Experiment for the Physical Chemistry Laboratory Madalena S. C. Dionísio, Hermínio P. Diogo, J. P. S. Farinha, and Joaquim J. Moura-Ramos
In this article we present a laboratory experiment for an undergraduate physical chemistry course. The purpose of this experiment is the study of molecular mobility in a crystal using the technique of dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. The experiment illustrates important physical chemistry concepts. The background of the experimental technique deals with the concepts of orientational and induced polarization and frequency-dependent relative permittivity (or dielectric constant). The kinetic concepts of temperature-dependent relaxation time, activation energy, and activation entropy are involved in the concept of molecular mobility.
Dionísio, Madalena S. C.; Diogo, Hermínio P.; Farinha, J. P. S.; Moura-Ramos, Joaquim J. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1355.
Kinetics |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Solids |
Crystals / Crystallography
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Chemistry of Moth Repellents Gabriel Pinto
A real-life example consisting of the study of the different substances used as moth repellents is presented to introduce students to miscellaneous topics such as sublimation, intermolecular forces, insecticides, and the effect of moths on clothes. A set of questions about the most common moth repellents, well known to students, is used to motivate them to understand several everday phenomena through chemistry concepts.
Pinto, Gabriel. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 1321.
Noncovalent Interactions |
Applications of Chemistry |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Solids |
Physical Properties |
Consumer Chemistry
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Thermal Expansion: Using Calculator-Based Laboratory Technology To Observe the Anomalous Behavior of Water Mario Branca and Isabella Soletta
This is a simple experiment to observe variations in the density of water and other liquids at different temperatures with CBL technology. Using it students can observe the anomalous behavior of water at temperatures between 0 C and 4 C.
Branca, Mario; Soletta, Isabella. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 613.
Liquids |
Physical Properties |
Water / Water Chemistry
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Self-Assembled Colloidal Crystals: Visualizing Atomic Crystal Chemistry Using Microscopic Analogues of Inorganic Solids Neal M. Abrams and Raymond E. Schaak
Monodisperse spherical colloids spontaneously crystallize into close-packed crystals, in analogy to the simple crystal structures of many of the elements. Since colloids are orders of magnitude larger than atoms, students can directly observe crystal structure and behavior in a microscope using colloidal crystals. This laboratory exercise provides a modular series of materials science experiments appropriate for undergraduate chemistry and engineering majors. The individual modules include aspects of chemical synthesis (monodisperse SiO2 and polymer spheres), self-assembly (colloidal crystallization), and structural characterization through microscopy (optical and scanning electron microscopies) and optical spectroscopy (optical diffraction and UVvisible spectroscopy).
Abrams, Neal M.; Schaak, Raymond E. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 450.
Colloids |
Materials Science |
Solid State Chemistry |
Solids
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Copper Metal from Malachite circa 4000 B.C.E. Gordon T. Yee, Jeannine E. Eddleton, and Cris E. Johnson
The experiment starts with a naturally occurring ore, malachite, essentially pure Cu2CO3(OH)2, which is readily available at modest cost in bead form from jewelry stores. Using only a Bunsen burner, a porcelain crucible, and a charcoal briquette, the experiment demonstrates two steps in the ancient processing of copper ore: roasting and reduction. The product is a shiny copper metal bead that can then be hammered, polished, and shown to be electrically conductive.
Yee, Gordon T.; Eddleton, Jeannine E.; Johnson, Cris E. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 1777.
Metals |
Oxidation / Reduction |
Solids
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Empirical Formulas and the Solid State: A Proposal William B. Jensen
This brief article calls attention to the failure of most introductory textbooks to point out explicitly the fact that nonmolecular solids do not have molecular formulas and suggests some practical remedies for improving textbook coverage of this subject. The inadequacies of the terms "empirical formula" and "molecular formula" are also discussed, and the terms "relative compositional formula" and "absolute compositional formula" are proposed as more appropriate alternatives.
Jensen, William B. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 1772.
Solid State Chemistry |
Solids |
Stoichiometry |
Nomenclature / Units / Symbols
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Surface Tension Gradients Induced by Temperature: The Thermal Marangoni Effect Marcos Gugliotti, Mauricio S. Baptista, and Mario J. Politi
This article presents a simple experiment to demonstrate the motion of liquids induced by surface tension gradients generated by local heating.
Gugliotti, Marcos; Baptista, Mauricio S.; Politi, Mario J. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 824.
Liquids |
Surface Science |
Lasers
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Boiling Point versus Mass Michael Laing
I am very pleased that Ronald Rich has written making these comments, because he is pre-eminent in this field, beginning with his early book, Periodic Correlations.
Laing, Michael. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 642.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Noncovalent Interactions |
Liquids |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
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Boiling Point versus Mass Ronald L. Rich
Laing gave a useful examination of the boiling points of small molecules versus molecular mass. However, a molecule escaping from a liquid is not closely analogous to a satellite breaking free from the earths gravitational field with the requirement of a minimum escape velocity, such that the required kinetic energy is proportional to the mass of the satellite at that escape velocity.
Rich, Ronald L. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 642.
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Liquids |
Noncovalent Interactions |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
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Three-Dimensional Model for Water: Magnets as Dipoles Samuel H. Yalkowsky and Jennifer L. H. Johnson
Reply to comments on original article.
Yalkowsky, Samuel H.; Johnson, Jennifer L. H. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 34.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Noncovalent Interactions |
Hydrogen Bonding |
Lipids |
Liquids |
Molecular Modeling |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Solutions / Solvents |
Water / Water Chemistry
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Three-Dimensional Model for Water: Magnets as Chemical Bonds Roy W. Clark
Concerns over students confusing electrical and magnetic fields.
Clark, Roy W. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 34.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Noncovalent Interactions |
Hydrogen Bonding |
Lipids |
Liquids |
Molecular Modeling |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Solutions / Solvents |
Water / Water Chemistry
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Paper-and-Glue Unit Cell Models James P. Birk and Ellen J. Yezierski
Templates for a variety of unit cells that can be copied, cut out, and assembled.
Birk, James P.; Yezierski, Ellen J. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 157.
Solid State Chemistry |
Solids |
Crystals / Crystallography |
Molecular Modeling
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Salt Crystals—Science behind the Magic Charles F. Davidson and Michael R. Slabaugh
Discussion of sodium chloride and factors that influence the shape of the crystals it forms.
Davidson, Charles F.; Slabaugh, Michael R. J. Chem. Educ. 2003, 80, 155.
Consumer Chemistry |
Crystals / Crystallography |
Descriptive Chemistry |
Solids
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The Liquid Nitrogen Fountain Robin McRae, Jeffrey A. Rahn, Timothy W. Beamer, and Norm LeBret
Pouring liquid nitrogen into a one-half liter plastic soda bottle and sealing with a large balloon.
McRae, Robin; Rahn, Jeffrey A.; Beamer, Timothy W.; LeBret, Norm . J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 1220.
Liquids
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A Three-Dimensional Model for Water J. L. H. Johnson and S. H. Yalkowsky
Using Molymod spheres and magnets to simulate the structure and properties of water and aqueous systems.
Johnson, J. L. H.; Yalkowsky, S. H. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 1088.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Covalent Bonding |
Lipids |
Liquids |
Solutions / Solvents |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
|
Is Salt Melting When It Dissolves in Water? Alan Goodwin
Analysis of the chemical meaning of the terms melting and dissolving.
Goodwin, Alan. J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 393.
Liquids |
Solids |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
|
Boiling Points of the Family of Small Molecules CHwFxClyBrz: How Are They Related to Molecular Mass? Michael Laing
Investigating the role of molecular mass in determining boiling points of small molecules.
Laing, Michael. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1544.
Atomic Properties / Structure |
Noncovalent Interactions |
Liquids |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Physical Properties
|
The Use of an Inexpensive Laser Pointer to Perform Qualitative and Semiquantitative Laser Refractometry Amarílis de Vicente Finageiv Neder, Edgardo García, and Leonardo N. Viana
A simple, low-cost refractometry experiment designed for inexperienced students or use as a demonstration to estimate the refractive index of various liquids.
Neder, Amarílis de Vicente Finageiv; García, Edgardo; Viana, Leonardo N. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1481.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Lasers |
Spectroscopy |
Liquids |
Qualitative Analysis |
Physical Properties
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JCE Classroom Activity: Out of "Thin Air": Exploring Phase Changes John J. Vollmer
This Activity illustrates sublimation/deposition with para-dichlorobenzene (mothballs) and evaporation/condensation with water.
Vollmer, John J. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 488A.
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Crystals / Crystallography |
Physical Properties |
Solids |
Gases
|
Thermodynamics of Water Superheated in the Microwave Oven B. H. Erné
Water is conveniently heated above its normal boiling point in a microwave oven in a glass microwave oven teapot. Water stops boiling soon after heating is interrupted, but subsequently added rough particles can still act as nucleation centers for a brief, spectacular burst of steam bubbles. The heat to make those steam bubbles obviously comes from the water itself, so that one can conclude that the boiling water was superheated, which is confirmed with a thermometer.
Erné, B. H. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1309.
Thermodynamics |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Liquids
|
A Chemical-Medical Mystery: Gold Jewelry and Black Marks on Skin Barbara B. Kebbekus
Gold jewelry at times makes a black mark or smudge on skin. This may be caused by abrasive powders on the skin (e.g. zinc oxide) but the phenomenon may also be caused by other skin conditions, possibly the presence of chloride ion, acidity, or sulfur-containing amino acids.
Kebbekus, Barbara B. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1298.
Bioorganic Chemistry |
Geochemistry |
Hormones |
Metals |
Solids |
Applications of Chemistry
|
Turbulent Motion in Ethyl Acetate-Water System Jamil Ahmad
4 mL of ethyl acetate is added to 10 mL of water in a Petri dish. Within a minute or so, an image of turbulent motion appears on the screen, at first at a few centers that eventually organize themselves in a line. The image of the line of turbulence is quite striking and resembles a moving front of dancing flames.
Ahmad, Jamil. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1182.
Liquids |
Solutions / Solvents |
Surface Science
|
Using TOPEX Satellite El Niño Altimetry Data to Introduce Thermal Expansion and Heat Capacity Concepts in Chemistry Courses Harvey F. Blanck
Warm water is less dense than cool water and will float somewhat like ice, with a portion above the surface of the cooler surrounding water. The height of the bump can be used to estimate the excess thermal energy in the warmer water.
Blanck, Harvey F. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1635.
Liquids |
Thermodynamics |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry
|
The Solubility of Ionic Solids and Molecular Liquids C. Baer and Sheila M. Adamus
The solubilities of three ionic salts (NaCl, PbCl2, and KAl(SO4)2.12H2O) in water are measured at four temperatures. The concept of recrystallization is introduced as students cool a high-temperature solution and observe crystal formation. Spreadsheet calculations are performed with the group data, which are then graphed, and students observe the wide variance in solubility behavior for the three salts.
Baer, Carl; Adamus, Sheila M. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1540.
Noncovalent Interactions |
Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |
Liquids |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Solutions / Solvents
|
On the Surface: Mini-Activities Exploring Surface Phenomena
Activities listed can be used to introduce surface tension and surface area when discussing liquids and gases.
J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 176A.
Surface Science |
Liquids |
Gases |
Kinetics
|
How To Learn and Have Fun with Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) and White Glue V. de Zea Bermudez, P. Passos de Almeida, and J. Féria Seita
The general behavior of Newtonian, shear-thinning, shear-thickening, thixotropic, negative thixotropic, and viscoelastic fluids is characterized and briefly discussed in terms of existing theoretical models. Whenever possible, examples of these types of fluids taken from everyday life are given for better understanding.
de Zea Bermudez, Verónica; de Almeida, P. Passos; Seita, J. Féria. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 1410.
Alcohols |
Liquids
|
Solid State Resources CD-ROM: Abstract of Special Issue 12, 2nd Edition George C. Lisensky , Joey M. Blackwell, and Arthur B. Ellis
The Solid State Resources CD-ROM for Mac OS and Windows compatible computers has been updated with a new HTML interface and video identical to that published in the General Chemistry Collection, 2nd Edition. This includes both new video and improved versions of some of the movies on the original Solid State Resources CD.
Lisensky, George C.; Blackwell, Joey M.; Ellis, Arthur B. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 1351.
Materials Science |
Solids
|
Teaching Distillation Knowledge: A Video Film about Distillation Bridging a Gap Between Theory and Practice Martin J. Goedhart, Hanno van Keulen, Theo M. Mulder, Adri H. Verdonk, and Wobbe De Vos
The authors observed that first year students hardly used their knowledge of phase theory in the design and performance of distillations. They therefore developed a video in which they confront students with the boiling properties of liquid mixtures.
Goedhart, Martin J.; van Keulen, Hanno; Mulder, Theo M.; Verdonk, Adri H.; De Vos, Wobbe. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 378.
Learning Theories |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Separation Science |
Liquids |
Physical Properties
|
The Disappearing Liquid H. D. Gesser and Ian Ward
Mixing ethanol and water in a volumetric flask results in a noticeable reduction in the volume of the mixture.
Gesser, H. D.; Ward, Ian. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1357.
Liquids |
Solutions / Solvents |
Atomic Properties / Structure
|
Solid State Structures (Abstract of Volume 5D, Number 2) Ludwig A. Mayer
Solid State Structures is a collection of image files that allows the user to display, rotate, and examine individually a large collection of 3-D structure models.
Mayer, Ludwig A. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1144.
Solid State Chemistry |
Metals |
Solids |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Molecular Modeling
|
A Window on the Solid State: Part I: Structures of Metals; Part II: Unit Cells of Metals; Part III: Structures of Ionic Solids; Part IV: Unit Cells of Ionic Solids (Abstract of Volume 5D, Number 2) William R. Robinson and Joan F. Tejchma
A Window on the Solid State helps students understand and instructors present the structural features of solids. The package provides a tour of the structures commonly used to introduce features of the solid state.
Robinson, William R.; Tejchma, Joan F. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1143.
Solid State Chemistry |
Metals |
Solids |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Molecular Modeling
|
A Quantitative Conductance Apparatus Danny Burns and Don Lewis
Circuitry, electrode configuration and calibration procedures are described for a conductance device. An alternative construction of the circuit is given allowing computer capture of the instrument response.
Burns, Danny; Lewis, Don. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 570.
Instrumental Methods |
Conductivity |
Liquids |
Solutions / Solvents |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Micropath Distillation Apparatus N. K. Hazra and D. Mal
A shortpath distillation apparatus in its inverted position can be used for microscale distillation of a liquid sample. This article describes the process.
Hazra, N. K.; Mal, D. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, A103.
Microscale Lab |
Separation Science |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Liquids
|
Easy Filling of Capillaries in an Inert Atmosphere Francisco J. Arnáiz
The procedure described in this article offers a simpler way to charge capillaries or tubes in an inert atmosphere using inexpensive materials.
Arnaiz, Francisco J. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, A102.
Microscale Lab |
Solids |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Laboratory Management
|
Air Stream-Assisted Sublimation on a Microscale: A Rapid Procedure Suitable for Sophomore Laboratory Prem D. Sattsangi
Using familiar apparatus, such as a 3-mL reaction vial, an air condenser, a stream of clean air/nitrogen/argon, an aluminum heating block and a hot plate, several compounds in the microscale amounts (50 mg), with its melting points ranging from 50-240 C, have been successfully sublimed in 40 minutes.
Sattsangi, Prem D. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, A3.
Microscale Lab |
Separation Science |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Solids |
Physical Properties
|
The Solubility of Gases in Liquids L. H. Holmes, Jr.
This short article addresses the solubility of gases in liquids. It describes the confusion that appears in some general chemistry textbooks concerning the qualitative dependence of solubility on temperature for gases and offers an opinion on the subject.
Holmes, L. H., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 143.
Precipitation / Solubility |
Gases |
Liquids
|
A No-Cost Model of Liquid Structure Allikayala Ramachandraiah
This article describes a no-cost and readily available model for visualizing the structure of a liquid.
Ramachandraiah, Allikayala. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 59.
Liquids |
Kinetic-Molecular Theory
|
Dynamite Demo? Dale D. Clyde
Caution for boiling-water-with-ice demonstration.
Clyde, Dale D. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 1130.
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Liquids |
Gases
|
Solid State Resources CD George C. Lisensky and Arthur B. Ellis
Description of the Solid State Resources CD-ROM.
Lisensky, G. C.; Ellis, A. B. . J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 918.
Solids
|
Experiments for Modern Introductory Chemistry: The Temperature Dependence of Vapor Pressure Kildahl, Nicholas; Berka, Ladislav H.
Gas chromatography experiment that allows the discovery of the temperature dependence of the vapor pressure of a pure liquid; includes sample data and analysis.
Kildahl, Nicholas; Berka, Ladislav H. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 258.
Gases |
Liquids |
Gas Chromatography
|
Journey around a Phase Diagram Kildahl, Nicholas K.
This paper deals in depth with questions that arise from phase diagrams in an introductory level chemistry course.
Kildahl, Nicholas K. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 1052.
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Gases |
Liquids
|
A Simple "Back of the Envelope" Method for Estimating the Densities and Molecular Volumes of Liquids and Solids Girolami, Gregory S.
The method described for the estimation of densities and molecular volumes are surprisingly accurate and very simple.
Girolami, Gregory S. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 962.
Physical Properties |
Liquids |
Solids
|
Experiments for Modern Introductory Chemistry: Intermolecular Forces and Raoult's Law Berka, Ladislav H.; Kildahl, Nicholas
Procedure that illustrates the liquid-vapor phase equilibrium of ideal and nonideal solutions.
Berka, Ladislav H.; Kildahl, Nicholas J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 613.
Noncovalent Interactions |
Gas Chromatography |
Gases |
Liquids |
Equilibrium |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Solid State Structures for MacMolecule Mayer, Ludwig A.
Provides an effective visualization of extended structure solids.
Mayer, Ludwig A. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 421.
Solid State Chemistry |
Solids |
Molecular Modeling |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
A Window on the Solid-State Robinson, William R.
"Part I: Structures of Metals" introduces the four basic structural types found in metals. "Part II: Unit Cells of Metals" discusses how to use a unit cell to describe a two-dimensional structure.
Robinson, William R. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 300.
Solid State Chemistry |
Solids |
Metals
|
Pictorial analogies IX: Liquids and their properties Fortman, John J.
Liquids on the molecular level, surface tension, and vapor pressure are explained through visual analogies of a class reunion and movie patrons.
Fortman, John J. J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 881.
Liquids |
Gases |
Surface Science
|
The importance of understanding structure Galasso, Frank
Solid state chemistry and its link with atomic structure is a topic that is still being neglected in students' education., despite the interesting scientific discoveries and developments that will likely be relevant in students' lives and possible careers.
Galasso, Frank J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 287.
Solid State Chemistry |
Materials Science |
Solids |
Physical Properties
|
A spontaneous exothermic reaction between two solids: A safe demonstration Scott, Earle S.
Reaction between equal masses of hydroxylamine hydrochloride and sodium nitrite.
Scott, Earle S. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 1028.
Solids |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |
Reactions
|
Viscosity of polymer solutions Bertrand, Gary L.
This program contains three components: "Density of Liquids", "Viscosity of Liquids", and "Viscosity of Polymer Solutions".
Bertrand, Gary L. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 818.
Solutions / Solvents |
Physical Properties |
Liquids
|
Conducting midshipmen - A classroom activity modeling extended bonding in solids Lomax, Joseph F.
Using the electron-hopping model (analogous to people sitting in chairs) to explain electron movement and conductivity in insulators, semiconductors, and metals.
Lomax, Joseph F. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 794.
Solids |
Solid State Chemistry |
Conductivity |
Metals |
Semiconductors
|
A modern vapor pressure apparatus based on the isoteniscope. Van Hecke, Gerald R.
Equipment used for vapor pressure measurements that eliminates use of a mercury manometer.
Van Hecke, Gerald R. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 681.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Gases |
Liquids
|
Simple soda bottle solubility and equilibria Snyder, Cheryl A.; Snyder, Dudley C.
Using a bottle of selzter water and bromocresol green to demonstrate gas-liquid solubility (carbon dioxide in water).
Snyder, Cheryl A.; Snyder, Dudley C. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 573.
Solutions / Solvents |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Equilibrium |
Gases |
Liquids |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Water / Water Chemistry
|
Vapor pressure demonstrations using a butane lighter Delumyea, R. Del
The concept of the change of state of matter and particularly the volatitlity of liquids is an important concept taught in introductory chemistry courses.
Delumyea, R. Del J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 321.
Gases |
Physical Properties |
Liquids |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
|
A demonstration of hexagonal close-packed and cubic close-packed crystal structures Foote, John D.; Blanck, Harvey F.
The advantage of the models in this demonstration is that they are not static, they show dynamically that spheres prefer HCP and CCP arrangements.
Foote, John D.; Blanck, Harvey F. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 777.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solids
|
Colorful layers and purple globs Waye, Les
Colorful demonstration that illustrates concepts of polarity.
Waye, Les J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 666.
Liquids
|
Densities and miscibilities of liquids and liquid mixtures Franz, David A.
A sequence of demonstrations that lend themselves to quantitative calculations regarding density.
Franz, David A. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 594.
Physical Properties |
Liquids
|
Demonstrations of interfacial phenomena Prall, Bruce R.
Overhead projector demonstrations that illustrate the interfacial interactions of the following systems: 1) water and carbon tetrachloride, 2) copper wire and water, 3) 1-Octanol and water.
Prall, Bruce R. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 592.
Surface Science |
Liquids |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Viscosity races Hemmerlin, William M.; Abel, Kenton B.
A simple demonstration that illustrates the relationship between molecular size and viscosity.
Hemmerlin, William M.; Abel, Kenton B. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 417.
Physical Properties |
Liquids
|
Diffraction of a laser light by a memory chip Klier, Kamil; Taylor, J. Ashley
A way of demonstrating the relationship between structure and diffraction.
Klier, Kamil; Taylor, J. Ashley J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 155.
X-ray Crystallography |
Solids |
Solid State Chemistry |
Surface Science |
Materials Science
|
Direct visualization of Bragg diffraction with a He-Ne laser and an ordered suspension of charged microspheres Spencer, Bertrand H.; Zare, Richard N.
Bragg diffraction from colloidal crystals proves to be an excellent teaching tool. Only modest equipment and lab skill are needed to produce a diffraction pattern to provide students with an in-depth understanding of what ordered structure is and how it can be probed by diffraction techniques.
Spencer, Bertrand H.; Zare, Richard N. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 97.
X-ray Crystallography |
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solids |
Lasers |
Materials Science
|
The optical transform: Simulating diffraction experiments in introductory courses Lisensky, George C.; Kelly, Thomas F.; Neu, Donald R.; Ellis, Arthur B.
Using optical transforms to prepare slides with patterns that will diffract red and green visible light from a laser.
Lisensky, George C.; Kelly, Thomas F.; Neu, Donald R.; Ellis, Arthur B. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 91.
X-ray Crystallography |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solids |
Lasers |
Materials Science
|
A vapor pressure demonstration Sears, Jerry A.
The fact that all liquids exert a vapor pressure is an abstract concept that many students have difficulty understanding. The following demonstration offers dramatic, visual evidence of the pressure exerted by the vapor of a liquid.
Sears, Jerry A. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 427.
Alkanes / Cycloalkanes |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Liquids
|
High-efficiency condenser for low-boiling liquids and gases Ali, Saqib; Mazhar, M.
Constructing a high-efficiency condenser for low-boiling liquids and gases using a 2 L plastic bottle.
Ali, Saqib; Mazhar, M. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 786.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Gases |
Liquids |
Physical Properties
|
The liquid phase of carbon dioxide: A simple lecture demonstration Andrews, Lester
Demonstrating that liquid CO2 can exist at higher pressures.
Andrews, Lester J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 597.
Liquids |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
|
Using a Dumas bulb to determine the molecular weight of a volatile liquid Kawa, Christopher J.
The use of an aspirator improves the filling and emptying process of a Dumas bulb.
Kawa, Christopher J. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 336.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Laboratory Management |
Liquids
|
Buoyancy measurements for teaching and research Miller, Bernard
The following examination of the venerable buoyancy principle can serve as a simple but rigorous illustration of a falsification test that not only clears up a possible misconception but also points the way to a number of practical uses of buoyancy measurements that have not generally been recognized.
Miller, Bernard J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 267.
Liquids |
Physical Properties
|
Interfacial phenomena Anwander, Alberto E.; Grant, Richard P. J. S.; Letcher, Trevor M.
The interfaces between liquids, and liquids and gases, have a number of possible permutations that lead to exotic phenomenon such as antibubbles, floating drops, boules, polyaphrons, and hanging air bubbles. The authors give directions for demonstrating these in the classroom or lab.
Anwander, Alberto E.; Grant, Richard P. J. S.; Letcher, Trevor M. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 608.
Surface Science |
Liquids |
Gases |
Physical Properties |
Water / Water Chemistry |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
|
A Charles's Law/vapor pressure apparatus Hall, Philip K.
A simple apparatus to illustrate either Charles's law gas expansion of the vapor pressure created by liquids.
Hall, Philip K. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 969.
Gases |
Liquids
|
Demonstration of vapor pressure Richardson, W. S.
Demonstrating the vapor pressure of several different materials using a water manometer.
Richardson, W. S. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 968.
Gases |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Liquids
|
Modifications of some traditional demonstrations with liquids Stedjee, Brian
Immiscible liquid pairs with similar indexes of refraction.
Stedjee, Brian J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 894.
Liquids |
Solutions / Solvents |
Physical Properties
|
Physical and chemical properties Boschmann, Erwin
A series of overhead demonstrations regarding physical and chemical properties.
Boschmann, Erwin J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 891.
Physical Properties |
Liquids |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Magnetic Properties |
Kinetic-Molecular Theory |
Crystals / Crystallography |
Gases
|
A safe cell for viewing the critical point of CO2 Botch, Beatrice; Battino, Rubin
Design, construction, and use of a safe cell for viewing the critical point of CO2.
Botch, Beatrice; Battino, Rubin J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 347.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Gases |
Liquids
|
The density of solids Hill, William D, Jr.
Supplement to and application of this experiment.
Hill, William D, Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 92.
Solids |
Physical Properties
|
Crystal model kits for use in the general chemistry laboratory Kildahl, Nicholas K.; Berka, Ladislav, H.; Bodner, George M.
This paper describes dynamic crystal models which were developed independently at the Worcester Polytech institute and Purdue University.
Kildahl, Nicholas K.; Berka, Ladislav, H.; Bodner, George M. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 62.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solids |
Solid State Chemistry
|
Composition of gas hydrates. New answers to an old problem Cady, George H.
The author provides a discussion on nonstoichiometric crystalline solids as they deserve attention in elementary chemistry courses because they are interesting and increasingly important. Laboratory activities are included.
Cady, George H. J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 915.
Stoichiometry |
Solids |
Crystals / Crystallography
|
An improvement for chromatography Chiong, Hung-Cheh; Wang, Pei-Lin
A simpler setup for conducting chromatography experiments with colorless liquids.
Chiong, Hung-Cheh; Wang, Pei-Lin J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 419.
Chromatography |
Liquids |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
Le Châtelier's principle: the effect of temperature on the solubility of solids in liquids Brice, L. K.
The purpose of this article is to provide a rigorous but straightforward thermodynamic treatment of the temperature dependence of solubility of solids in liquids that is suitable for presentation at the undergraduate level. The present discussion may suggest how to approach the qualitative aspects of the subject for freshman.
Brice, L. K. J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 387.
Thermodynamics |
Liquids |
Solids |
Chemometrics |
Equilibrium
|
An effective demonstration of some properties of real vapors Metsger, D. Scott
The apparatus described in this article has been found by the authors to be the most effective in vividly illustrating the behavior of a nearly ideal gas to first year chemistry students.
Metsger, D. Scott J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 67.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Gases |
Physical Properties |
Solids
|
The use of a filmstrip projector to present a critical point demonstration Nyquist, H. LeRoy
A demonstration to illustrate the concepts of critical temperature and critical pressure.
Nyquist, H. LeRoy J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 522.
Gases |
Liquids
|
Entropy and its role in introductory chemistry Bickford, Franklin R.
The concept of entropy as it applies to phase changes.
Bickford, Franklin R. J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 317.
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Thermodynamics |
Solids |
Liquids |
Gases
|
The experimental determination of the heat of vaporization of volatile liquids Chames, Frances; Farver, Nina; Grieve, Catherine; Lynche, Archie; Mac, Michelle; Rickel, Renee; Sears, Jerry
An experiment whereby the heat of vaporization of a volatile liquid can be determined from an Arrhenius plot.
Chames, Frances; Farver, Nina; Grieve, Catherine; Lynche, Archie; Mac, Michelle; Rickel, Renee; Sears, Jerry J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 362.
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |
Liquids |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
|
Illustrating chemical concepts through food systems: Introductory chemistry experiments Chamber, IV, E.; Setser, C. S.
Illustrating the vaporization of liquids, reaction rates, adsorption, properties of solutions, colloidal dispersions, suspensions, and hydrogen ion concentration using foods.
Chamber, IV, E.; Setser, C. S. J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 312.
Food Science |
Applications of Chemistry |
Liquids |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Solutions / Solvents |
Colloids |
Acids / Bases
|
Lecture demonstration of vanishing meniscus in vapor liquid transition Duus, H. C.
Shows how the interface between vapor and liquid propane vanishes.
Duus, H. C. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 614.
Liquids |
Gases |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
|
An experiment oriented approach to teaching the kinetic molecular theory Wiseman, Frank L., Jr.
A series of experiments designed to illustrate the kinetic molecular theory and the differences between solids, liquids, and gases.
Wiseman, Frank L., Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 1979, 56, 233.
Kinetic-Molecular Theory |
Gases |
Solids |
Liquids |
Nonmajor Courses
|
Simple liquid-liquid extraction experiment for freshmen Jones, Mark M.; Champion, Gwendalyn R.
A procedure can be described here can be carried out with the equipment normally present in a typical freshman laboratory. The experiment turns out to be a very good test of the student' technique and understanding.
Jones, Mark M.; Champion, Gwendalyn R. J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 119.
Separation Science |
Liquids |
Titration / Volumetric Analysis
|
Some structural principles for introductory chemistry Wells, A. F.
Unit cells in repeating patterns and descriptions of simple structures.
Wells, A. F. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 273.
Solids |
Crystals / Crystallography
|
Freshman-level chemistry shapes the nuclear power industry Plumb, Robert C.; Bridgman, W. B.; Wilbur, Leslie C.
Applying the modeling of a crystalline lattice to the changes occurring in a nuclear reactor.
Plumb, Robert C.; Bridgman, W. B.; Wilbur, Leslie C. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 523.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Molecular Modeling |
Solids |
Solid State Chemistry |
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Applications of Chemistry
|
Solid state labs: The bubble raft McCormick, P. D.
Method for producing bubble rafts and experiments for using them to demonstrate the properties of crystals.
McCormick, P. D. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 521.
Solids |
Solid State Chemistry |
Crystals / Crystallography
|
Unit cells Olsen, Robert C.; Tobiason, Fred L.
An easy way to construct of have students construct a unit cell in three dimensions.
Olsen, Robert C.; Tobiason, Fred L. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 509.
Solids |
Molecular Modeling |
Crystals / Crystallography
|
Construction of a tetrahedron packing model: A puzzle in structural chemistry Schweikert, William W.
Proposes the assembly of a tetrahedrally shaped packing model as a game or puzzle for students.
Schweikert, William W. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 501.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Molecular Modeling |
Solids
|
The failings of the law of definite proportions Suchow, Lawrence
Inorganic solids often violate the law of definite proportions.
Suchow, Lawrence J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 367.
Stoichiometry |
Solids |
Transition Elements |
Metals
|
Simple tensile testing McCormick, P. D.
Describes a simple tensiometer capable of giving good approximations to Young's Modulus.
McCormick, P. D. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 242.
Materials Science |
Solids
|
Brass McCormick, P. D.
A spectacular illustration of a diffusion process in solid copper - transforming a copper penny into brass (or "gold") using NaOH and zinc.
McCormick, P. D. J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 102.
Metals |
Solids
|
Computer simulation of countercurrent distribution experiments Coleman, George H.
A routine for simulating liquid-liquid countercurrent distribution data.
Coleman, George H. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 825.
Liquids
|
An inexpensive method to produce plastic models of solids Salmon, J. F. S. J.; Polley, C. A.
Method for using moulage to produce plastic models of solids.
Salmon, J. F. S. J.; Polley, C. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 726.
Solids |
Molecular Modeling |
Solid State Chemistry
|
Models for simple, close-packed crystal structures Mann, A. W.
This paper describes some simple crystallographic models made from styrofoam balls.
Mann, A. W. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 652.
Molecular Modeling |
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solids
|
Construction of a self-filling pycnometer in five minutes McCullough, Thomas, C.S.C.
Procedure for constructing a self-filling pycnometer for precise determinations of the specific gravities of liquids.
McCullough, Thomas, C.S.C. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 546.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Physical Properties |
Liquids
|
Auto windows - Strong but self-destructing Stookey, S. D.
Auto windowglass illustrates the principles of metastable equilibrium.
Stookey, S. D. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 131.
Applications of Chemistry |
Solids |
Equilibrium
|
Lecture demonstration of a phase transition in a solid Kennedy, John H.; Chen, Fred
The solid-solid phase transition between two different allotropes of silver iodide.
Kennedy, John H.; Chen, Fred J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 109.
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Solids |
Physical Properties
|
Demonstration of close-packing phenomena Birnbaum, Edward R.
Relies in layers of styrofoam balls and an overhead projector for illustrating close-packed structure.
Birnbaum, Edward R. J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 674.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solids
|
Demonstration of 2-dimensional crystal lattice Morrison, James D.; Driscoll, Jerry A.
A laser passing through wire cloth produces a characteristic interference pattern.
Morrison, James D.; Driscoll, Jerry A. J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 558.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solids
|
Density gradients in chemistry teaching Miller, P. J.
Outlines experiments in which a density gradient may be used to advantage, including the analysis of organic compounds, aqueous solutions, binary mixtures of organic compounds, solids, and solvent extractions.
Miller, P. J. J. Chem. Educ. 1972, 49, 278.
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Solids |
Physical Properties |
Solutions / Solvents
|
An introduction to principles of the solid state. Extrinsic semiconductors Weller, Paul F.
Includes a previous analogy is extended to cover n- and p-type semiconductors and discussions of the concepts of donors and acceptors, donor and acceptor activation energies and the corresponding charge carrier production at various temperatures, and the effects of the presence of both donors and acceptors.
Weller, Paul F. J. Chem. Educ. 1971, 48, 831.
Solid State Chemistry |
Solids |
Semiconductors
|
The chemical pousse-caf Worley, John David
Production of a density column with a series of liquids with varying densities.
Worley, John David J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, A389.
Liquids |
Physical Properties
|
Sealed tube experiments Campbell, J. A.
Lists and briefly describes a large set of "sealed tube experiments," each of which requires less than five minutes to set-up and clean-up, requires less than five minutes to run, provides dramatic results observable by a large class, and illustrates important chemical concepts.
Campbell, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 273.
Thermodynamics |
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solids |
Liquids |
Gases |
Rate Law |
Equilibrium
|
A lecture-laboratory experiment in gas-liquid partition chromatography McKay, Edward S.; Vasers, Alise
After being introduced to the chromatographic process in lecture, each student is given a copy of a chromatogram of an unknown mixture and asked to identify its composition and the concentration of each component.
McKay, Edward S.; Vasers, Alise J. Chem. Educ. 1970, 47, 239.
Gases |
Liquids |
Chromatography |
Gas Chromatography |
Quantitative Analysis |
Qualitative Analysis
|
Baby bottles and elementary chemistry Davenport, D. A.
Presents several experiments that rely on baby bottles, including Charles' Law expansion, vapor pressure of volatile liquids, molecular weights of volatile liquids, and closed-atmosphere experiments.
Davenport, D. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 878.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Laboratory Management |
Gases |
Liquids |
Oxidation / Reduction
|
Diffusion of potassium permanganate as a lecture demonstration Conard, C. R.; Bent, H. E.
Dropping crystals of potassium permanganate into a tall column of water leads to the slow dissolution and diffusion of the potassium permanganate throughout the column over a semester's time.
Conard, C. R.; Bent, H. E. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 758.
Transport Properties |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Kinetic-Molecular Theory |
Solutions / Solvents |
Liquids
|
A three-dimensional model of dendritic structure Olsen, Robert C.
A simple procedure for growing dendritic crystals in a gel that may serve as a model of dendritic structure.
Olsen, Robert C. J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 496.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solids
|
The structure of solid aluminum chloride Bigelow, M. Jerome
Many general chemistry textbooks have been vague or mistaken with regards to the structure of solid aluminum chloride.
Bigelow, M. Jerome J. Chem. Educ. 1969, 46, 495.
Solids
|
Safe use of flammable liquids in laboratories Shaw, A. J.
Examines the properties of flammable liquids, as well as their safe handling and proper safety equipment.
Shaw, A. J. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, A821.
Liquids |
Laboratory Management
|
A simple vacuum apparatus for lecture experiments Peterson, L. K.; Ruddy, F. H.
Describes a simple vacuum apparatus and examples of its use in lecture situations.
Peterson, L. K.; Ruddy, F. H. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 742.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Gases |
Liquids |
Physical Properties |
Transport Properties |
Stoichiometry |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry
|
A simple and accurate dilatometer for liquids Wagner, Robert E.; Meyer, Edwin F.
The density of a liquid as a function of temperature may be readily measured using this dilatometer.
Wagner, Robert E.; Meyer, Edwin F. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 349.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Liquids |
Physical Properties
|
Structure units: Aids in the interpretation of chemical reactions Strong, Laurence E.
the proposal to define structure units as generators of the various properties of a substance has a considerable advantage over the usual definition of a structure unit as the endpoint of some prescribed scheme of subdivision.
Strong, Laurence E. J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 51.
Learning Theories |
Molecular Properties / Structure |
Solids |
Liquids |
Gases
|
Atomic structure. Radioactivity (continued) Alyea, Hubert N.
Formation of the complex Cu(NH3)4++ as an example of coordinate covalent bonding and hydrogen bonding as evidenced by viscosity.
Alyea, Hubert N. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, A599.
Coordination Compounds |
Covalent Bonding |
Hydrogen Bonding |
Liquids
|
Crystal models Olsen, Robert C.
This short note illustrates a model designed to demonstrate the number of particles in a crystal that can be assigned to a unit cell.
Olsen, Robert C. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 728.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Molecular Modeling |
Solids |
Metals |
Metallic Bonding
|
The nature of " ionic" solids: The coordinated polymeric model Sanderson, R. T.
The author discusses and questions the validity of considering some solids as purely ionic and offers the coordinated polymeric model as a plausible alternative.
Sanderson, R. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 516.
Solids |
Ionic Bonding
|
The teaching of crystal geometry in the introductory course Livingston, R. L.
It is the purpose of this paper to outline an approach to the teaching of crystal structure at the elementary level that will prepare the student for more advanced work in this field or that could be used as the beginning in a more advanced course.
Livingston, R. L. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 376.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solids
|
Liquid-liquid extraction Joseph-Nathan, P.
Describes how liquid-liquid extraction can be done using commercially available substances and an apparatus of small dimensions that still allows an experiment to be followed visually.
Joseph-Nathan, P. J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 176.
Separation Science |
Liquids |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus
|
States of matter (Continued). D. Solid state Owens, Charles; Klug, Evangeline B; Wnukowski, Lucian J.; Cooper, Edwin H.; Klug, Evangeline B.; Jackman, Kenneth; Alyea, Hubert N.; Young, James A.
Demonstrations include writing with alum crystals, the rate of crystallization and crystal size, purification by crystallization, growing salol crystals in a polarizer, growing crystal blossoms, the melting point of eutectic (salol + benzophenone) and butectic (p-toluidine + a-naphthol), sublimation of organic substances (methyl oxalate), and the pseudo-sublimation of naphthalene.
Owens, Charles; Klug, Evangeline B; Wnukowski, Lucian J.; Cooper, Edwin H.; Klug, Evangeline B.; Jackman, Kenneth; Alyea, Hubert N.; Young, James A. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, A241.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Physical Properties |
Solids
|
Hard sphere simulation of statistical mechanical behavior of molecules Plumb, Robert C.
Describes the design and use of a demonstration device to illustrate the kinetic behavior of gases, liquids, and solids.
Plumb, Robert C. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 648.
Statistical Mechanics |
Gases |
Liquids |
Solids |
Kinetic-Molecular Theory |
Equilibrium |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
|
Manometric apparatus for vapor and solution studies Taha, Ahmed A.; Grigsby, Ronald D.; Johnson, James R.; Christian, Sherril D.; Affsprung, Harold E.
Presents a device that can be sued to obtain vapor density and PVT measurements, vapor pressures of solutions and liquids, dew-point pressures and compositions, solubilities of gases in liquids, solubilities of slightly-miscible liquids, equilibrium constants for association reactions in solutions, interactions of vapors and gases with solids, and gas and vapor viscosities.
Taha, Ahmed A.; Grigsby, Ronald D.; Johnson, James R.; Christian, Sherril D.; Affsprung, Harold E. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 432.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Physical Properties |
Solutions / Solvents |
Gases |
Liquids |
Solids
|
Simple two-dimensional magnetic disc models of ionic liquids Angell, C. A.; Gruen, D. M.
Modeling ionic liquids using magnetic, elastomer-bonded materials capable of floating on water.
Angell, C. A.; Gruen, D. M. J. Chem. Educ. 1966, 43, 194.
Molecular Modeling |
Liquids |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Crystals: Their Role in Nature and in Science (Bunn, Charles) Templeton, David H.
Templeton, David H. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, A550.
Solids |
Crystals / Crystallography
|
Enthalpies of formation of solid salts Neidig, H. A.; Yingling, R. T.
This investigation introduces the student to several important areas of thermochemistry, including enthalpies of neutralization, enthalpies of dissolution, enthalpies of formation, and Hess' Law.
Neidig, H. A.; Yingling, R. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 474.
Thermodynamics |
Solids |
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Acids / Bases |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry
|
Letters Robertson, R. E.
Describes a safe solution to problems with squeeze bottles containing high vapor pressure liquids.
Robertson, R. E. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 457.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Liquids
|
8-Hydroxyquinaldine crystals Phillips, J. P.; Faller, J. W.
The crystallization of 8-hydroxyquinaldine by the natural; evaporation of a saturated benzene solution at room temperature produces very large crystals.
Phillips, J. P.; Faller, J. W. J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42, 328.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solids
|
Demonstration notes: Fog formation Benson, John E.
Suggests a modification to producing a cloud in a jar.
Benson, John E. J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, A477.
Gases |
Liquids |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
|
The direct reactions of solids Feigl, F.
Provides suggestions for student research based on an earlier article published in the Journal.
Feigl, F. J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, A135.
Undergraduate Research |
Reactions |
Solids
|
Some models of close packing Sime, Rodney J.
Presents models constructed from styrofoam balls and connected with toothpicks.
Sime, Rodney J. J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, 61.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solids |
Molecular Modeling
|
Standard ionic crystal structures Gehman, William G.
Examines the topics of cubic and hexagonal closest packed atom lattices; interstice lattices; standard crystal structures of type MaXb; standard CCP and HCP crystal structures; and deviations from ideal closest packing.
Gehman, William G. J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, 54.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solids |
Molecular Modeling |
Solid State Chemistry
|
Hypodermic syringes in quantitative elementary chemistry experiments. Part 2. General chemistry experiments Davenport, Derek A.; Saba, Afif N.
Presents a variety of experiments that make use of hypodermic syringes in quantitative elementary chemistry.
Davenport, Derek A.; Saba, Afif N. J. Chem. Educ. 1962, 39, 617.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Gases |
Liquids |
Reactions |
Equilibrium |
Stoichiometry
|
Flow of glass under its own weight Dingledy, David
A common misconception of the nature of glass found in general chemistry texts is that ordinary glass will flow under its own weight at room temperatures.
Dingledy, David J. Chem. Educ. 1962, 39, 84.
Solids
|
Paper-made crystal models Komuro, Yasuyuki; Sone, Kozo
Three-dimensional models of a number of simple ionic crystals are constructed from a box and pieces of cellophane.
Komuro, Yasuyuki; Sone, Kozo J. Chem. Educ. 1961, 38, 580.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solids
|
A constant temperature reaction vessel for the thermal decomposition of solids Prout, E. G.; Herley, P. J.
Describes an apparatus suitable for studying the thermal decomposition of potassium permanganate in high vacuum.
Prout, E. G.; Herley, P. J. J. Chem. Educ. 1960, 37, 643.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Solids |
Rate Law |
Kinetics
|
Demonstrating the relative polarity of non-conducting liquids Siegel, S.
The apparatus described is based on the principle that an increase in the dielectric constant of the medium causes a decrease in the force of attraction between charged particles (in this case, two plastic beads).
Siegel, S. J. Chem. Educ. 1960, 37, 368.
Liquids
|
Kinetic molecular theory from a jukebox Easley, W. K.; Powers, Glenn F.
Uses dancers to various styles of music as an analogy for differences between the atomic and molecular motions in solids, liquids, and gases.
Easley, W. K.; Powers, Glenn F. J. Chem. Educ. 1960, 37, 302.
Kinetic-Molecular Theory |
Solids |
Liquids |
Gases
|
Inexpensive and convenient method for powdering solids for melting point determinations Pinkus, A. G; Waldrop, P. G.
Recently a new mulling technique for preparing samples for infrared spectra was reported which makes use of ground glass plates.
Pinkus, A. G; Waldrop, P. G. J. Chem. Educ. 1959, 36, 618.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Solids |
Physical Properties
|
Rapid dispensing of liquids for large laboratory classes Radin, Norman S.
Describes an automatic syringe that is useful for rapidly dispensing liquids for large laboratory classes.
Radin, Norman S. J. Chem. Educ. 1959, 36, 579.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Laboratory Management |
Liquids
|
Vapor density apparatus for general chemistry laboratory Masterton, W. L.; Williams, T. R.
Presents the design of an apparatus that eliminates errors due to absorption and evaporation in the determination of molecular weights of volatile liquids.
Masterton, W. L.; Williams, T. R. J. Chem. Educ. 1959, 36, 528.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Gases |
Physical Properties |
Liquids
|
Hollow lantern slides illustrating crystal structure Kenney, Malcolm E.; Skinner, Selby M.
The structure of simple crystals can be illustrated by enclosing a layer of bearing balls in a hollow lantern slide and projecting the shadow pattern.
Kenney, Malcolm E.; Skinner, Selby M. J. Chem. Educ. 1959, 36, 495.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solids
|
Determination of vapor pressure: A general chemistry laboratory experiment Wolthuis, Enno; Brummel, Roger; Bout, Paul Vanden
Provides a method for obtaining good vapor pressure measurements using simple equipment.
Wolthuis, Enno; Brummel, Roger; Bout, Paul Vanden J. Chem. Educ. 1959, 36, 494.
Gases |
Liquids |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
|
Crystal models Slabaugh, W. H.
Describes the production of crystal models made of Plexiglass.
Slabaugh, W. H. J. Chem. Educ. 1959, 36, 288.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solids
|
Chemical geometryApplication to salts Gibb, Thomas R. P., Jr.; Winnerman, Anne
It is the purpose of this article to illustrate how one may delve rather deeply into some aspects of crystal structure that are of special interest chemically without becoming involved in the symbology and semantic complexities of conventional crystallography.
Gibb, Thomas R. P., Jr.; Winnerman, Anne J. Chem. Educ. 1958, 35, 578.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solids
|
Textbook errors: XX. Miscellanea No. 2 Mysels, Karol J.
Subjects considered include the meaning of "element," the solubility of phenol in carbonate solutions, and the change of vapor pressure with temperature.
Mysels, Karol J. J. Chem. Educ. 1958, 35, 568.
Precipitation / Solubility |
Phenols |
Gases |
Liquids
|
Permanent packing type crystal models Kenney, Malcolm E.
Crystal models made of styrofoam balls are more durable if packed in clear plastic boxes.
Kenney, Malcolm E. J. Chem. Educ. 1958, 35, 513.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solids |
Molecular Modeling
|
Face-centered cube and cubical close-packing Barnett, E. De Barry
Instructions for the construction of simple models designed to illustrate the face-centered cube and cubical close-packing.
Barnett, E. De Barry J. Chem. Educ. 1958, 35, 186.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solids
|
Letters to the editor Fisher, D. Jerome
The author comments on definitions of crystal systems.
Fisher, D. Jerome J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 259.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solids
|
Textbook errors: Guest column. XII: The lubricating properties of graphite Lavrakas, Vasilis
The presentation of the correct lamellar structure of graphite is generally followed in textbooks by an erroneous statement that the lubricating properties of graphite are due to the easy slippage between layers.
Lavrakas, Vasilis J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 240.
Solids |
Gases
|
A new type of crystal model Westbrook, J. H.; DeVries, R. C.
Describes the design and construction of a crystal model in which the positions of atoms are represented by colored lights that can be lit to illustrate various structures.
Westbrook, J. H.; DeVries, R. C. J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 220.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solids |
Molecular Modeling
|
Some simple solid models Campbell, J. A.
Describes the use of hard spheres to illustrate a variety of concepts with respect solids, including closest packing and the effects of temperature and alloying.
Campbell, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 210.
Solids |
Crystals / Crystallography |
Molecular Modeling
|
Construction of crystal models from styrofoam spheres Gibb, Thomas R. P., Jr.; Bassow, Herbert
Presents a method for constructing crystal models from styrofoam spheres using a specialized aluminum jig.
Gibb, Thomas R. P., Jr.; Bassow, Herbert J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 99.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Molecular Modeling |
Solids
|
Textbook errors: X. The classification of crystals Mysels, Karol J.
The classification of crystals into several systems (e.g., cubic, tetragonal, orthorombic) is generally based in textbooks on a consideration of crystal axes, particularly their relative lengths and direction; this approach usually gives correct assignments but occasionally leads to an error.
Mysels, Karol J. J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 40.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solids
|
Growing crystals: A survey of laboratory methods Fehlner, Francis P.
The purpose of this article is to provide basic information and readily available references for anyone wishing to begin the production of crystals.
Fehlner, Francis P. J. Chem. Educ. 1956, 33, 449.
Crystals / Crystallography |
Solids
|
Demonstration of dynamic nature of ions using I131 Blake, Richard F.
This demonstration presents visual evidence of the ionic nature of solid salts and the dynamic equilibrium existing between dissolved and undissolved ions.
Blake, Richard F. J. Chem. Educ. 1956, 33, 354.
Isotopes |
Aqueous Solution Chemistry |
Solids |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Equilibrium
|
Calorimeter for determining heat capacities of liquids Greene, Stanley A.
This paper describes a method for utilizing a constant-power heating device that eliminates the need for a preponderance of equipment yet permits reasonable accuracy in determining the heat capacities of liquids.
Greene, Stanley A. J. Chem. Educ. 1955, 32, 577.
Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Liquids
|
A Raoult's law experiment for the general chemistry course: Manometry without a manometer Harris, Frank E.; Nash, Leonard K.
This paper describes an experiment illustrating Raoult's law that does not require a manometer, vacuum system, or mercury.
Harris, Frank E.; Nash, Leonard K. J. Chem. Educ. 1955, 32, 575.
Liquids
|
Textbook errors: III. The solubility of gases in liquids Mysels, Karol J.
Rising temperature is generally said to reduce the solubility of gases in liquids, yet the facts disagree with any such generalization.
Mysels, Karol J. J. Chem. Educ. 1955, 32, 399.
Gases |
Liquids |
Precipitation / Solubility |
Solutions / Solvents
|
Recent history of the notion of a chemical species Bulloff, Jack J.
Quantum and nuclear chemistry have challenged the doctrine that chemical elements are homogeneous entities while studies of the structure and stoichiometry of solids invite a change in our ideas of definite proportions in chemical combinations.
Bulloff, Jack J. J. Chem. Educ. 1953, 30, 78.
Nuclear / Radiochemistry |
Isotopes |
Stoichiometry |
Solids
|
Micro bump-rockets: A demonstration of the power of superheated liquids. Woodbridge, Richard G., III
This demonstration uses the energy stored in a small amount of superheated liquid to propel a small rocket made of a glass melting-point tube.
Woodbridge, Richard G., III J. Chem. Educ. 1952, 29, 623.
Liquids
|
A method of estimating the boiling points of organic liquids Pearson, D. E.
Discusses the relationship between the molecular structure of organic liquids and their boiling point.
Pearson, D. E. J. Chem. Educ. 1951, 28, 60.
Liquids |
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |
Physical Properties |
Molecular Properties / Structure
|
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