15.7 Vapor Pressures, Boiling Points, and Freezing Points of Solutions
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Phase Changes By using a coolant at a temperature below the boiling point of the gases chlorine, bromine and iodine, the gases are condensed into liquid form.
Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams
Critical Point of Benzene A sealed tube containing benzene liquid and vapor is heated. As the critical temperature is approached, the meniscus flattens. At the critical temperature the meniscus disappears, and separate liquid and vapor phases can no longer be detected.
The Fuge Tube Diode Array SpectrophotometerB. T. Arneson, S. R. Long, K. K. Stewart, and J. J. Lagowski Presents details for adapting a diode array UVvis spectrophotometer to incorporate the use of polypropylene microcentrifuge tubesfuge tubesas cuvettes. The fuge tubes also can serve as reaction vessels, which permits the ready study of chemical systems involving heterogeneous phases by eliminating the need for tedious separations. Arneson, B. T.; Long, S. R.; Stewart, K. K.; Lagowski, J. J. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 1663.
Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |
Solutions / Solvents |
Spectroscopy |
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
Investigating the Stability of Benzoyl Peroxide in Over-the-Counter Acne MedicationsMarina Canepa Kittredge, Kevin W. Kittredge, Melissa S. Sokol, Arlyne M. Sarquis, and Laura M. Sennet Students use peroxide strips to investigate the stability of the benzoyl peroxide found in an over-the-counter acne medication when added to various solutions of water, ethanol, polyethylene glycol, and isopropyl myristate. Canepa Kittredge, Marina; Kittredge, Kevin W.; Sokol, Melissa S.; Sarquis, Arlyne M.; Sennet, Laura M. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 1655.
Consumer Chemistry |
Drugs / Pharmaceuticals |
Nonmajor Courses |
Solutions / Solvents
Fog Machines, Vapors, and Phase DiagramsEd Vitz This series of demonstrations elucidate the operation of commercial fog machines using common laboratory materials and can be adapted for elementary through tertiary levels. The formation of fogs is discussed in terms of the phase diagram for water and other chemical principles. Vitz, Ed. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 1385.
